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SummaryCoulomb Counting (CC) method plays an important role in the state of charge (SOC) estimation theory of lithium‐ion batteries, and a lot of improvement and optimization strategies are based on it. With the increasing demand for precise management of lithium‐ion battery systems, the performance of the traditional CC method is no longer suitable for more complex working conditions. First, the battery aging, extreme temperature, and high‐rate discharging were considered as the main influencing factors which limit the SOC estimation accuracy of the CC method, and the performance degradation mechanism of the traditional CC method under the influence of the above factors are experimentally analyzed, especially the change of battery total dischargeable capacity after aging, and the change rules of key parameters in the CC equation are analyzed. Then the initial SOC and the total dischargeable capacity of the CC method are modified and estimated respectively to realize the accurate estimation of SOC under complex working conditions, especially the accurate SOC estimation during the whole life cycle of lithium‐ion batteries. The experimental results show that the improved CC method can effectively deal with complex working conditions, and the comprehensive estimation accuracy of SOC is within 3.6%.

This paper investigates the interactive relationships between oil price shocks and Chinese stock market using multivariate vector auto-regression. Oil price shocks do not show statistically significant impact on the real stock returns of most Chinese stock market indices, except for manufacturing index and some oil companies. Some "important" oil price shocks depress oil company stock prices. Increase in oil volatility may increase the speculations in mining index and petrochemicals index, which raise their stock returns. Both the world oil price shocks and China oil price shocks can explain much more than interest rates for manufacturing index.

Energy has a signifcant function in the sustainable development strategy of every country. Over the last three decades, scholars have attempted to examine energy– growth nexus in diferent countries and country groups using various explanatory variables. Trade openness based on the volume of trade has been commonly utilized in these estimations. However, recently, some scholars have highlighted the importance of export quality in the economic growth of nations, but there is no empirical evidence to support this claim. In this context, this empirical research intends to expand the energy–growth nexus by using export quality as an explanatory variable instead of trade openness in the sample of 10 newly industrialized countries (NICs). The empirical results verifed that export quality has a positive and crucial role in the economic growth of NICs. Based on these novel fndings, the study discussed policy implications to enhance export quality for achieving sustainable growth. WOS:000767018600001

Abstract This study investigates the impact of natural resources in the presence of research and development and energy prices on the improvement of financial development for the Group of Seven (G7) economies for the period of 1990–2017. In doing so, the study employs a cross-sectional dependence test, Westerlund cointegration approach, and Common Correlated Effect Mean Group methods. Moreover, for robustness checks, this study uses cross-sectionally augmented ARDL (CS-ARDL) and augmented mean group (AMG) tests. Unlike previous studies, our study uses a multidimensional approach to financial development, which captures the performance, accessibility, and depth of both financial institutions and markets. The outcomes indicate that natural resource abundance for G-7 countries helps expand financial development. In contrast, rising energy prices adversely affect the expansion of financial development. However, research and development expenditures increase financial development. From the empirical findings, this study suggests the promotion of research and development expenditures, control the increasing energy prices to further benefit from the abundance of natural resources in G-7 economies.

AbstractArable soil continues to be the dominant anthropogenic source of nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions owing to application of nitrogen (N) fertilizers and manures across the world. Using laboratory and in situ studies to elucidate the key factors controlling soil N2O emissions remains challenging due to the potential importance of multiple complex processes. We examined soil surface N2O fluxes in an arable soil, combined with in situ high‐frequency measurements of soil matrix oxygen (O2) and N2O concentrations, in situ 15N labeling, and N2O 15N site preference (SP). The in situ O2 concentration and further microcosm visualized spatiotemporal distribution of O2 both suggested that O2 dynamics were the proximal determining factor to matrix N2O concentration and fluxes due to quick O2 depletion after N fertilization. Further SP analysis and in situ 15N labeling experiment revealed that the main source for N2O emissions was bacterial denitrification during the hot‐wet summer with lower soil O2 concentration, while nitrification or fungal denitrification contributed about 50.0% to total emissions during the cold‐dry winter with higher soil O2 concentration. The robust positive correlation between O2 concentration and SP values underpinned that the O2 dynamics were the key factor to differentiate the composite processes of N2O production in in situ structured soil. Our findings deciphered the complexity of N2O production processes in real field conditions, and suggest that O2 dynamics rather than stimulation of functional gene abundances play a key role in controlling soil N2O production processes in undisturbed structure soils. Our results help to develop targeted N2O mitigation measures and to improve process models for constraining global N2O budget.

While natural resource consumption is critical for almost all production processes, the overdependence on and poor governance of those resources might result not only in natural resource depletion but also in ecological unsustainability. Against this background, the present research explores the novel perspective on how financial inclusivity moderates the effects of decentralized governance systems and natural resource reliance on ecological sustainability in the presence of research and development (R&D) expenditures. This research employs a novel method of moments quantile regression on data from eight selected OECD countries during 1995–2020. It is found that decentralized governance systems deteriorate ecological sustainability across all quantiles, with a more substantial impact for higher quantiles of ecological intensity. Natural resource reliance also hinders ecological sustainability, with the degree of effects decreasing from lower to higher quantiles of ecological intensity. Financial inclusion directly mitigates ecological unsustainability, manifesting a more powerful influence in ecologically more intensive countries. Concerning moderation, financial inclusivity negatively moderates the influence of decentralized governance systems and natural resource reliance on ecological intensity, showing stronger relationships in ecologically more intensive countries. Taking the other covariates into account, the EKC curve is uncovered to exist for all levels of ecological sustainability. Moreover, the labor force participation rate exerts ecological pressures, especially for countries with low ecological sustainability. Besides, R&D expenditures are negatively associated with ecological intensity and are responsible for the betterment of the OECD's ecological sustainability. The baseline findings are robust to those of additional models employing ecological footprint as an alternative dependent variable. Findings implicate that subnational governments should promote (i) green microfinancing to resource-efficient investments, (ii) funding to small businesses extending sustainable business solutions, (iii) green finance thinking among the general public, and (iv) financing to localized sustainability projects. © 2023 International Association for Gondwana Research

In this study, we investigate the driving forces behind the changes in residential energy consumption (rec) in china’s urban and rural areas over the 2001–2012 period. Based on the logarithmic mean divisia index method, the rec changes are decomposed into seven driving forces, which are climate change, energy price, energy expenditure mix, energy cost share (in total expenditure), expenditure share (in income), per capita income and population effects. According to the results, climate effect due to increasing days with abnormal temperature, energy cost share effect characterized by more expenditure to be paid for energy use, income effect describing constant income growth in the residential sector definitely increase rec in both urban and rural areas. In contrast, energy prices and energy expenditure mix effects negatively contribute to the rec increase, respectively because of the increase in energy prices and the transition from the low-priced energy to high-priced energy. Expenditure share and population effects play opposite roles in urban and rural areas, and the reasons and implications are analysed in depth.

Abstract In the renewable energy (RE) sectors, foreign direct investments are becoming an important mean of regional integration between China and Europe, as a result of the combined effect of Europe–China dialog on energy issues; Chinese energy policy; and Chinese Go Global policy. Using a firm level data set from the Chinese Ministry of Commerce, we perform an analysis on location choice by Chinese RE firms from 2004 to 2013, within Europe. We depict a map of “where to where” (home province vs. host country) and “who to where” (firm level characteristics vs. host country), to find out how characteristics of home and host regions affecting the integration of Chinese and European RE markets. Main results are the following. Investment pairs in RE sectors reflect a duality: firms tend to seek countries with similar institutional environment, compared with their origin regions. Countries with weak and immature institutions are attractive for immature and inexperienced Chinese firms. Main features of Chinese investors are the following: private, non-listed firms, entering through greenfield, focusing on sales. Market-seeking investors tend to enter countries with both well-developed institutional environment and industry development base. R&D-oriented investments are more likely to flow to countries with well-developed institutional environment.