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Structure of energy carriers in Poland used for electricity differs from that in highly developed countries significantly. Currently almost 95% of electricity in our country is produced from coal and lignite. An increasing demand for electricity as well as European law result in the need of making more use of other energy resources including renewable energy sources (OZE). In 2010 the largest part of energy was produced from biomass (53,1%), followed by water (26,8%) and wind (16,7%). When it comes to energy production from biogas, its significance is low. In the analyzed year this kind of energy represented only 3,3% of the whole energy produced with OZE. Currently, the lowest cost of electricity production (370 PLN/MWh) characterizes coal power stations. Production of electricity using renewable sources of energy is a little bit more expensive (approximately 400 PLN/MWh). Energy produced by the coal power stations will meet more and more difficulties caused by the acquisition of rights to emit the carbon dioxide. As a result, there is a prospect of production of energy using its renewable sources. Power sector based on these resources does not produce waste, does not destroy environment and besides has a positive impact on local development. Production of energy using biogas is especially important. It follows from the fact that these power stations use in energy production both municipal, food industry and agricultural production waste, and support pro-ecological policy of European Union. In addition they both directly and indirectly reduce pollution. There are 34 bio-mass power stations currently operating in Poland with total capacity of almost 40MWh ; Struktura nośników energii w Polsce wykorzystywanych do energii elektrycznej znacznie rożni się od tej w wysoko rozwiniętych państwach. Aktualnie prawie 95% energii elektrycznej w naszym kraju produkowane jest z węgla kamiennego i brunatnego. Wzrastające zapotrzebowanie na energię elektryczną oraz przepisy unijne sprawiają, że istnieje konieczność większego ...

We present the architecture and design of the IANOS scheduling framework. The goal of the new Grid scheduling system is to provide a general job submission framework allowing optimal positioning and scheduling of HPCN applications. The scheduling algorithms used to calculate best-suited resources are based on an objective cost function that exploits information on the parameterization of applications and resources. This standard-based, interoperable scheduling framework comprises four general web services and three modules. The middleware is complemented with one client and one admin console. The implementation is based on proposed Grid and Web services standards (WSRF, WS-Agreement, JSDL, and GLUE). It is agnostic to a specific Grid middleware. The beta version of IANOS has been tested and integrated with UNICORE. The validation of IANOS is in progress by running different types of HPCN applications on a large-scale Grid testbed.

This deliverable includes the methodology in EnergyPROSPECTS for an in-depth study of energy citizenship. It features the criteria used for selecting the cases for indepth study, the list of cases selected for in-depth study as well as key research foci and empirical research questions.

Facile sol–gel synthesis of Mo:BiVO4 thin films with optimized morphology results in reduced surface recombination and enhanced hole transfer efficiency.

In biomedical scientific investigations, expositions of findings are conceptually simplest when they comprise comparisons of discrete groups of individuals or involve discrete features or characteristics of individuals. But the descriptive benefits of categorization become outweighed by their limitations in studies involving dose-response relationships, as in many teratogenic and environmental exposure studies. This article addresses a pair of categorization issues concerning the effects of prenatal alcohol exposure that have important public health consequences: the labeling of individuals as fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) versus fetal alcohol effects (FAE) or alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder (ARND), and the categorization of prenatal exposure dose by thresholds. We present data showing that patients with FAS and others with FAE do not have meaningfully different behavioral performance, standardized scores of IQ, arithmetic and adaptive behavior, or secondary disabilities. Similarly overlapping distributions on measures of executive functioning offer a basis for identifying alcohol-affected individuals in a manner that does not simply reflect IQ deficits. At the other end of the teratological continuum, we turn to the reporting of threshold effects in dose-response relationships. Here we illustrate the importance of multivariate analyses using data from the Seattle, Washington, longitudinal prospective study on alcohol and pregnancy. Relationships between many neurobehavioral outcomes and measures of prenatal alcohol exposure are monotone without threshold down to the lowest nonzero levels of exposure, a finding consistent with reports from animal studies. In sum, alcohol effects on the developing human brain appear to be a continuum without threshold when dose and behavioral effects are quantified appropriately.

In this paper a novel approach to accommodate distributed generation resources in the power distribution system is discussed to reduce the peak power demand. Demand dispatch is the capability of aggregate and precisely control individual loads on command. The novel implemented approach in this work is the demand dispatch to demand response. The dispatch algorithms in regularity base are used for controllable loads which can be turned on and off with unnoticeable interruption where the load is forecasted and it is dispatched accordingly by using distributed generation resources and controllable loads, thereby it helps to reduce peak demand. Multi-Agent System (MAS) is consisting a group of agents which are capable of perceived environment that they are located and act on it by communicating with each other to achieve the goals. Therefore a MAs has been adopted to manage the demand dispatch simulation. Load has forecasted in MATLAB and MAS has programmed in ZEUS utilize the forecasted load data to dispatch the load in such a way so as to reduce the peak demand. The agents are located at demand aggregator level, zone level and DG level. They communicate to dispatch the load properly based on resources and load availability.

This manuscript presents performed laboratory studies and the analysis of the impact of current shunt values used in the differential connection on the wideband metrological performance of inductive current transformers. Moreover, a comparison of the accuracy of wideband and 50 Hz-type inductive current transformers in the specified frequency range from 50 Hz to 5 kHz is presented. The main factor which may influence the wideband accuracy of inductive current transformers is the phenomenon of self-generation. This causes rapid changes in the accuracy, and simultaneously causes the most positive and the most negative values of current error and phase displacement. To evaluate the metrological performance in the differential measurement setup for higher harmonics of the distorted current, a digital acquisition board was used. Obtained results show that if proper values of current shunt resistance are chosen, such devices may be used to evaluate the wideband accuracy of inductive current transformers. The results indicate that the typical units designed for the transformation of sinusoidal current with a frequency of 50 Hz can achieve a comparable metrological performance to that of the wideband inductive current transformer.

Abstract The price effect of the rising share of renewable electricity, which is called ‘merit-order-effect’, leads to noticeable changes in the German power industry and debates about the electricity market design. This paper estimates the merit-order-effect induced by variable renewable energy in the German-Austrian electricity sector with a multivariate regression model. The research focus lies on the impact of the estimated effects on the marketability of variable renewable electricity generation. The results show a systematic decline of the average market revenues for wind and photovoltaic plants in the period from January 2011 to December 2013. Current market data shows a continuation of this trend into 2016. According to the German long term goals for the use of renewables, wind and solar power will play a crucial role in the future electricity generation mix. If investments in these technologies will be profitable without any regulatory remuneration mechanisms in addition to the market revenues, depends on the further cost degression and the development of the merit-order-effect.

Lithium-ion batteries exhibit a dynamic voltage behaviour depending nonlinearly on current and state of charge. The modelling of lithium-ion batteries is therefore complicated and model parametrisation is often time demanding. Grey-box models combine physical and data-driven modelling to benefit from their respective advantages. Neural ordinary differential equations (NODEs) offer new possibilities for grey-box modelling. Differential equations given by physical laws and NODEs can be combined in a single modelling framework. Here we demonstrate the use of NODEs for grey-box modelling of lithium-ion batteries. A simple equivalent circuit model serves as a basis and represents the physical part of the model. The voltage drop over the resistor–capacitor circuit, including its dependency on current and state of charge, is implemented as a NODE. After training, the grey-box model shows good agreement with experimental full-cycle data and pulse tests on a lithium iron phosphate cell. We test the model against two dynamic load profiles: one consisting of half cycles and one dynamic load profile representing a home-storage system. The dynamic response of the battery is well captured by the model.