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Abstract A new formulation for the evaporation, flashing, condensation processes taking place in the effects of thermal desalination systems which simulates the operation of both forward and parallel/cross configurations is coupled with an exergo-economic model based on the SPECO method. The thermo-economic model uses accurate properties for the seawater, brine, pure water and vapour and is solved with an equation solver which does not require the development of a specific solution algorithm as in most previous studies. This flexible model is used to analyze the influence of the number of effects N and the temperature difference ΔT e between effects on the technical and economic performance of multi-effect desalination systems with ejector vapour compression. In particular, it is shown that the performance calculated by an earlier black-box approach is not attainable by technically and economically realistic systems. It is also shown that for each feed configuration and a given number of effects there exists an optimum value of ΔT e which minimizes the cost of the produced potable water. This last result forms the basis of a procedure that combines black-box results with the optimum value of ΔT e and can be used to select the appropriate system for any specific application.

AbstractA bioreactor system composed of a stirred tank and three tubular bioreactors in series was established, and continuous ethanol fermentation was carried out using a general Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain and a very high gravity medium containing 280 g L−1 glucose, supplemented with 5 g L−1 yeast extract and 3 g L−1 peptone. Sustainable oscillations of glucose, ethanol, and biomass were observed when the tank was operated at the dilution rate of 0.027 h−1, which significantly affected ethanol fermentation performance of the system. After the tubular bioreactors were packed with 1/2″ Intalox ceramic saddles, the oscillations were attenuated and quasi‐steady states were achieved. Residence time distributions were studied for the packed bioreactors by the step input response technique using xylose as a tracer, which was added into the medium at a concentration of 20 g L−1, indicating that the backmixing alleviation assumed for the packed tubular bioreactors could not be established, and its contribution to the oscillation attenuation could not be verified. Furthermore, the role of the packing's yeast cell immobilization in the oscillation attenuation was investigated by packing the tubular bioreactors with packings with significant difference in yeast cell immobilization effects, and the experimental results revealed that only the Intalox ceramic saddles and wood chips with moderate yeast cell immobilization effects could attenuate the oscillations, and correspondingly, improved the ethanol fermentation performance of the system, while the porous polyurethane particles with good yeast cell immobilization effect could not. And the viability analysis for the immobilized yeast cells illustrated that the extremely lower yeast cell viability within the tubular bioreactors packed with the porous polyurethane particles could be the reason for their inefficiency, while the yeast cells loosely immobilized onto the surfaces of the Intalox ceramic saddles and wood chips could be renewed during the fermentation, guaranteeing their viability and making them more efficient in attenuating the oscillations. The packing Raschig rings without yeast cell immobilization effect did not affect the oscillatory behavior of the tubular bioreactors, further supporting the role of the yeast cell immobilization in the oscillation attenuation. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2009;102: 113–121. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

The influence of compost on the growth of bean plants irrigated with As-contaminated waters and its influence on the mobility of As in the soils and the uptake of As (as NaAs(III)O2) by plant components was studied at various compost application rates (3·10(4) and 6·10(4) kg ha(-1)) and at three As concentrations (1, 2 and 3 mg kg(-1)). The biomass and As and P concentrations of the roots, shoots and beans were determined at harvest time, as well as the chlorophyll content of the leaves and nonspecific and specifically bound As in the soil. The bean plants exposed to As showed typical phytotoxicity symptoms; no plants however died over the study. The biomass of the bean plants increased with the increasing amounts of compost added to the soil, attributed to the phytonutritive capacity of compost. Biomass decreased with increasing As concentrations, however, the reduction in the biomass was significantly lower with the addition of compost, indicating that the As phytotoxicity was alleviated by the compost. For the same As concentration, the As content of the roots, shoots and beans decreased with increasing compost added compared to the Control. This is due to partial immobilization of the As by the organic functional groups on the compost, either directly or through cation bridging. Most of the As adsorbed by the bean plants accumulated in the roots, while a scant allocation of As occurred in the beans. Hence, the addition of compost to soils could be used as an effective means to limit As accumulation in crops from As-contaminated waters.

Abstract Food waste (FW), primary sludge (PS) and waste activated sludge (WAS) were characterized and found to be complementary in the concentrations of carbohydrates, total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), PO4–P and some metal for biological hydrogen production. Moreover, FW was found to have low pH buffering capacity while the values for PS and WAS were relatively higher. An anaerobic toxicity analysis (ATA) derived from a methanogenic ATA protocol showed that these waste materials had no toxicity to hydrogen production. Adding phosphate buffer to the FW significantly improved hydrogen production while initial pH was 7.0. Co-digestion of FW and sewage sludge was studied using a batch respirometric cultivation system. All combinations of the feedstocks (FW+PS, FW+WAS and FW+PS+WAS) showed enhanced hydrogen production potential as compared with the individual wastes. A mixing ratio of 1:1 was found to be the best among the ratios tested for all three co-digestion groups. A hydrogen yield of 112 mL/g volatile solid (VS) added was obtained from a combination of FW, PS and WAS. This yield was equivalent to 250 mL/g VS added if only FW contributed to hydrogen production. The reason for the enhancement of hydrogen production was postulated to be multifold in which the increase in buffer capacity in the co-digestion mixture was verified.

Abstract A dynamic model of vapour compression refrigeration system is developed. The overall model consists of the following basic components: a compressor, a condenser, an expansion valve, an evaporator, an evaporative cooler and a cool storage. The integrated system is referred to as chilled water cooling system with storage (CWCS). The mathematical modelling of the CWC system undertaken in this study predicts the change in state of refrigerant in the system with respect to time. A computer program is developed to solve the dynamic equations along with empirical correlations describing refrigerant properties. Open-loop tests are carried out to study the performance characteristics of the system under varied cooling load and compressor speed. The model is intended to serve as an analytical design tool and to provide a basis for control analysis. Based on a heuristic method, ‘sub-optimal on–off control’ strategies for the chilled water cool storage system are developed using a reduced order model. The methodology of generating such control profiles is illustrated and the tests for optimality show that the control profiles are near optimal. The on–off control scheme is simulated on the full order CWC system. The operating performance of the system is described under several simulated cases. The results show that the control scheme is capable of maintaining the chilled water temperature in the chosen range.

Abstract The catalytic activity of char (fixed carbon + metal oxides) recovered from a commercial waste gasification plant and char-derived ash (metal oxides only) from the oxidation of the char (i.e. the controlled oxidation of the amorphous carbon in the char) was investigated for the cracking and steam reforming of tar. The latter was obtained following the soxhet extraction of sludge collected during a cleaning process (water scrubbing) on primary syngas. The tar was evaporated along with water in an evaporator maintained at 650 °C and entrained by a nitrogen flow. Tar in the gas phase was sent to a reformer where cracking + reforming tests were carried-out at 900 °C and 1 bar using char and char-derived ash pellets as catalysts. These catalysts were characterized using TGA, AE, XRD, SEM, EDX, XRF, ICP-MS, BET and Matersizer. Char-derived ash and char both hold similar metals and mineral structures. Following a 2 h conditioning at 900 °C, the fixed carbon in the char exhibited a larger surface area and pore volume while the char-derived ash revealed larger particle from the merging of vicinal minerals. No metal evaporation was observed after 24 h at 900 °C. During cracking and reforming, the initial 2–6 rings tar mixture extracted from the gasification residues sludge, loaded in the stream of nitrogen + steam at 65 g/Nm3, was reduced to 173.3 and 90.2 mg/Nm3, when using char-derived ash and char respectively. Pure syngas (CO + H2) was produced as the only permanent gases while carbon deposition was noticed in the solid beds. Even though the extent and type of tar were essentially similar when char and char-derived ash were used, the kinetics to reach steady state were slower for the char-derived ash. Steam content did not seem to impact on the tar conversion. However WG and WGS reactions most probably occurred, which might contribute to modulate the H2/CO molar ratio in the produced gas according to its targeted downstream utilization.

In many parts of the world, climate change has already caused a decline in groundwater recharge, whereas groundwater demand for drinking water production and irrigation continues to increase. In such regions, groundwater tables are steadily declining with major consequences for groundwater-surface water interactions. Predominantly gaining streams that rely on discharge of groundwater from the adjacent aquifer turn into predominantly losing streams whose water seeps into the underground. This reversal of groundwater-surface water interactions is associated with an increase of low river flows, drying of stream beds, and a switch of lotic ecosystems from perennial to intermittent, with consequences for fluvial and groundwater dependent ecosystems. Moreover, water infiltrating from rivers and streams can carry a complex mix of contaminants. Accordingly, the diversity and concentrations of compounds detected in groundwater has been increasing over the past decades. During low flow, stream and river discharge may consist mainly of treated wastewater. In losing stream systems, this contaminated water seeps into the adjoining aquifers. This threatens both ecosystems as well as drinking and irrigation water quality. Climate change is therefore severely altering landscape water balances, with groundwater-surface water-interactions having reached a tipping point in many cases. Current model projections harbor huge uncertainties and scientific evidence for these tipping points remains very limited. In particular, quantitative data on groundwater-surface water-interactions are scarce both on the local and the catchment scale. The result is poor public or political awareness, and appropriate management measures await implementation.

The aim of this work was to study the responses of aerobic granulation process to antibiotics and investigate the antibiotics and antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) removal and transport. Results showed that aerobic granular sludge (AGS) was dominant in the bioreactor at day 45, and the relatively high protein content from tightly bound extracellular polymeric substances (TB-EPS) facilitated aerobic granulation and maintained biomass stabilization. The protein contents in EPS and TB-EPS were positively correlated with relative hydrophobicity, thereby improving the adsorption capacity among hydrophobic particles. The chemical oxygen demand (COD), NH3-N, and total N removal efficiencies were 98.0%, 97.0%, and 92.4%, respectively. Five antibiotics, including kanamycin, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, ampicillin, and erythromycin, were examined in piggery wastewater, with concentrations up to the concentration range of 29.4-44.1 µg/l, and the total antibiotics removal rate reached up to 88.4% ± 4.5%. A total of 5.2% of the total antibiotics were discharged from bioreactor, and 62.5% of the total antibiotics were degraded, and 32.3% of total antibiotics were adsorbed by aerobic granules. The presence of antibiotics rarely exhibited an influence on AGS formation, and the relatively high microbial activity of aerobic granules was beneficial to antibiotics removal. The ARB removal rate increased up to 89.4% ± 3.3%, but a large amount of ARB was enriched in aerobic granules.

An anaerobic sequencing batch reactor (ASBR), seeded with a biomass inoculum that previously had not been exposed to the macrolide antimicrobial tylosin (mixture of Tylosin A, B, C, and D), was operated for 3 months with swine waste without Tylosin A and for 9 months with swine waste containing Tylosin A at an average concentration of 1.6 mg/L. When swine waste with tylosin was fed to the ASBR, methane production and volatile solids removal did not appear to be inhibited and a methane yield of 0.47 L methane per gram volatile solids fed to the ASBR was observed. Throughout the operating period, Tylosin A levels in ASBR biomass and effluent were below the detection limit of 0.01 mg/L. However, during the first 3 months of operation, the levels of macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B (MLSB)-resistant bacteria in the ASBR biomass increased substantially as determined by hybridizations with oligonucleotide probes designed to target MLSB-resistant bacteria. Since no Tylosin A was present in the swine waste during the initial 3 months, the presence of MLSB-resistant bacteria in the swine waste was likely the reason for the increase in resistance. Subsequently, the levels of MLSB-resistant bacteria in ASBR biomass stabilized with an average of 44.9% for the 9 months of operation with swine waste containing Tylosin A. The level of MLSB-resistant bacteria in the swine waste fed to the ASBR during this period averaged 18.0%. The results indicate that anaerobic treatment of a waste stream containing tylosin was effective (based on reactor performance) and that the level of resistant bacteria in the ASBR was substantially higher than in the waste stream fed to this system.