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Die Metropolregion Santiago (MRS) verzeichnete in den letzten Jahren ein großes Bevölkerungswachstum und einen Anstieg des Lebensstandards. Als Folge davon hat sich das Aufkommen von Siedlungsabfällen fast innerhalb von 10 Jahren verdoppelt. Die Daten für den aktuellen Zustand des Abfallmanagements wurden durch Feldforschungen, Fragebögen, Feldbesuche und durch eine systematische Auswertung von bereits vorliegender Literatur erhoben. Das integrative Nachhaltigkeitskonzept der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft diente als konzeptioneller Rahmen für die Studie. Zur Bewertung des aktuellen Zustands des Abfallmanagements wurden Nachhaltigkeitsindikatoren identifiziert, deren aktuelle Werte bestimmt und Zielwerte festgelegt. Die Nachhaltigkeitsanalyse zeigt, dass die größten Defizite darin liegen, dass nahezu die gesamte Abfallmenge ohne jegliche Vorbehandlung deponiert wird. Damit verbunden sind lang andauernde Emissionen von Treibhausgasen. Um herauszufinden, wie der informelle Sektor im Abfallmanagement zur Nachhaltigkeit beiträgt, wurden veröffentlichten Erfahrungen mit informellen Müllsammlern in Lateinamerika analysiert. Dabei wurden die entsprechenden Akteure sowie etablierte Allianzen zwischen diesen Akteuren identifiziert. Schlüsselfaktoren für ein nachhaltiges Abfallmanagement unter Einbeziehung des informellen Sektors sind die Legalisierung der Schattenwirtschaft und feste Verträge mit Partnerunternehmen. Relevante Akteure für die Gestaltung der Arbeitsbedingungen des informellen Sektors sind Vertreter privater und öffentlicher Unternehmen, einzelne gesellschaftliche Gruppen sowie Vertreter von Nichtregierungsorganisationen. Schließlich wurden drei explorative Szenarien für das Bezugsjahr 2030 entwickelt: Business as Usual (BAU), Collective Responsibility (CR) und Market Individualism (MI). Das BAU-Szenario enthält eine getrennte Sammlung von Bioabfall und von Wertstoffen; hervorgerufen durch einen verstärkten Organisationsgrad der informellen Müllsammler und den Ausbau von Bring-Systemen. Die Errichtung mechanischer Sortierungsanlagen trägt zur Verwertung der Materialien und zum Recycling bei. Das entstehende Deponiegas und Biogas wird als erneuerbare Energiequelle genutzt. Das CR-Szenario enthält eine getrennte Sammlung von Bioabfall und Wertstoffen. Dies wird erreicht durch eine verstärkte Zusammenarbeit mit den jetzt organisierten Müllsammlern und durch den Ausbau von Bring-Systemen. Mechanische Sortierungsanlagen tragen zur Verwertung von Materialien und zum Recycling bei. Durch Abtrennung einer heizwertreichen Fraktion in mechanisch biologischen Anlagen werden Sekundärbrennstoffe produziert. Darüber hinaus werden, das entstehende Deponiegas sowie das in Vergärungsanlagen erzeugte Biogas energetisch genutzt. Im MI-Szenario sind Wiederverwertungsstrategien von untergeordneter Bedeutung. Es gibt kein Interesse an einer Zusammenarbeit mit den informellen Müllsammlern und keine Anreize für einen verstärkten Organisationsgrad in diesem Bereich. Deshalb bleibt die Branche weitgehend informell. Technologische Entwicklungen in diesem Szenario enthalten die mechanische Sortierung von gemischtem Abfall und die energetische Verwertung von Deponiegas. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass das Pro-Kopf-Aufkommen an Siedlungsabfällen im Jahr 2030 in allen Szenarien deutlich höher als im Jahr 2007 ist und der festgelegte Zielwert von 1,6 kg/Kopf/Tag nicht erreicht wurde. Den höchsten Wert (2,0 kg/Kopf/Tag) weist das MI-Szenario auf, der niedrigste Wert (1,8 kg/Kopf/Tag) wurde im CR-Szenario gefunden. Eine Vorbehandlung der gesammelten gemischten Siedlungsabfälle findet nur im CR-Szenario statt, der entsprechende Wert beträgt 18 %, der Zielwert wird damit nicht erreicht. Die höchsten Treibhausgasemissionen treten im MI-Szenario (295 kg CO2-eq/Kopf/Jahr) auf, den niedrigsten Wert (155 kg CO2-eq/Kopf/Jahr) findet man im CR-Szenario. All diese Werte sind, verglichen mit dem festgelegten Zielwert von 71 kg/Kopf/Jahr, deutlich zu hoch. Der Zielwert für die Wiederverwertungsquote wurde im CR-Szenario erreicht (43 %), den niedrigsten Wert zeigt das MI-Szenario (20 %). Die Zielwerte für das Einkommen der Müllsammler wurden im CR-Szenario erreicht (128 %). Im MI-Szenario beträgt dieser Wert lediglich 51 %. Die Kosten für das Abfallmanagement im Verhältnis zum Bruttoinlandsprodukt sinken in den drei Szenarien. Aus den Ergebnissen lässt sich ableiten, dass ein Einbeziehen von mehreren Faktoren erforderlich ist, um die Nachhaltigkeit des Abfallmanagementsystems in den drei Szenarien zu steigern und dass es von wesentlicher Bedeutung ist, schon vorhandene und gut funktionierende Subsysteme, wie das der informellen Müllsammler, zu nutzen und zu stärken. Ebenso ist die Umsetzung robuster Behandlungstechnologien, die einen Beitrag zur Reduktion negativer Umweltauswirkungen leisten, zu forcieren. Diese Technologien sollten preiswert sein, um ihren Einsatz auch unter wirtschaftlich vertretbaren Gesichtspunkten zu ermöglichen. The Metropolitan Region of Santiago (MRS) has experienced a large growth in population in recent years and a rise in the standard of living. Therefore, its municipal solid waste (MSW) has almost doubled in 10 years. Data about the current situation of MSW management in MRS were collected during field research, interviews, field visits and by a systematic evaluation of existing documentary literature. The Integrative Sustainability Concept of the Helmholtz Association provided a conceptual framework for the study. The sustainability analysis showed that the largest deficits are in the current amount of MSW deposited at sanitary landfills without any pre-treatment, and the emission values of greenhouse gases associated with waste treatment and final disposal. To find out if and how the informal waste sector contributes to sustainability, experiences of organization of informal primary collectors in Latin America were analyzed. The key factors which have an influence on their working conditions were identified. These factors include the existence of a legal framework for the informal waste sector; the existence of alliances with production companies guaranteeing a reliable industrial market for secondary raw materials and expansion of activities beyond collection of recyclables. Key stakeholders included people from the public and the private sector, from the civil society and from NGOs. Three explorative scenarios were developed for the year 2030: Business as Usual (BAU), Collective Responsibility (CR), and Market Individualism (MI). Waste generation, waste composition and different practices of waste collection, recovery and treatment were taken into account for the scenarios formulation. The BAU scenario incorporated separate collection of biowaste, recyclable materials with some participation of organized primary collectors and an expansion of drop-off systems. The mechanical sorting of mixed waste was introduced. The utilization of landfill gas as an energy source was promoted and the production of biogas in anaerobic digestion plants was implemented. The CR scenario incorporated separate collection of biowaste, commitment to work together with the primary waste collectors and an expansion of drop-off systems. The mechanical and mechanical biological treatment of mixed waste was introduced. The utilization of landfill gas as an energy source is promoted and the production of biogas in anaerobic digestion plants was implemented. In the MI separate collection of biowaste and recyclable materials was irrelevant. An organization of the informal primary collectors did not take place. Mechanical sorting of mixed waste was introduced. Utilization of landfill gas as an energy source was promoted. The results showed that the generation flux of MSW is at least 50% larger in all scenarios in 2030 compared to the year 2007, exceeding the limit value proposed. The highest value (2.0 kg/(person•day) is obtained in the MI scenario, and the lowest (1.8 kg/(person•day)) in the CR scenario. Pre-treatment of mixed MSW collected is only achieved in the CR scenario with a value of 18%, however, the target value is not achieved. The highest greenhouse gas emission value is obtained in the MI scenario with 295 kg CO2eq/(person•year), the lowest value of 155 kg CO2-eq/(person•year) is obtained in the CR scenario; a value that is still very high in comparison with the suggested target. The largest recycling rate is obtained in the CR scenario (43%), which is better than the target value proposed, the lowest recycling rate is obtained in the MI scenario (20%). The income of primary collectors in comparison with the income of one individual household is improved significantly in the CR scenario (128%), in the MI scenario, earnings of primary collectors decreased to 51%. The share of GDP spent on MSW management is lower in 2030, compared to the year 2007, in all scenarios the largest value of 0.17% is obtained in the CR scenario, and the lowest value of 0.14% is obtained in the MI scenario. The results of the evaluation of the scenarios showed that the largest sustainability deficits are the amount of mixed MSW which undergoes pre-treatment, the greenhouse gas emissions associated to MSW treatment and disposal, as well as the share of GDP spent on MSW management. The results obtained suggested that an integration of several factors is required to increase sustainability. It is essential to strengthen and take advantage of the subsystems which are working within the waste management system, as in the case of the informal sector. In addition to the implementation of flexible treatment technologies which help to decrease negative environmental impacts. Moreover, the costs of these technologies should be affordable, allowing a better financial management.

This paper reports on the design and implementation of a wireless sensor communication system with a low power consumption that allows it to be integrated with the energy harvesting technology. The system design and implementation focus on reducing the power consumption at three levels: hardware, software and data transmission. The reduction in power consumption, at hardware level in particular, is mainly achieved through the introduction of an energy-aware interface (EAI) that ensures a smart inter-correlated management of the energy flow. The resulted system satisfies the requirements of a wireless sensor structure that possesses the energy autonomous capability.

Eines der größten Probleme bei der kontrollierten Kernfusion ist die immense thermische Belastung der mit dem Plasma in Berührung kommenden Materialien. Um den Energiefluß aus dem Plasma auf eine möglichst große Fläche zu verteilen, werden die betroffenen Komponenten in der Regel so angebracht, da"s das magnetische Feld annähernd parallel zur Oberfläche verläuft. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden ein spezieller drehbarer Meßkopf zur winkelabhängigen Messung des Strom- und Energieflusses entwickelt und ausführliche experimentelle Untersuchungen zur Winkelabhängigkeit der Teilchen- und Energieflüsse auf eine Fläche durchgeführt. Zum Verständnis der zu Grunde liegenden Mechanismen wird basierend auf den Gyrationsbahnen der Teilchen ein analytisches Modell entwickelt und dessen qualitative Übereinstimmung mit den experimentellen Befunden festgestellt. Die Durchführung der Experimente erfolgte am Plasmagenerator PSI-2, einem linearen Divertor-Simulator mit einem moderaten magnetischen Feld. Der Aufbau des Meßkopfes als ebene Sonde in einer isolierten Fläche enspricht dabei in etwa der einer sogenannten ,,flush-mounted probe''''. Die äußeren Maße der Sonde sind dabei vergleichbar mit dem Ionengyroradius ri}. Während die Elektronen bei den Experimenten stark magnetisiert sind, variieren die Bedingungen für die Ionen zwischen unmagnetisiert und magnetisiert je nach Ionenmasse und Magnetfeldstärke. Bei den Experimenten wurden verschiedene Größen der Plasmarandschicht als Funktionen des Winkels zwischen der Oberflächennormale der Sonde und dem Vektor des magnetischen Feldes bestimmt. In fusion experiments, the energy flux to the target plates is an important issue. In order to spread the heat load, surfaces are usually designed to intersect magnetic field lines at very shallow angles. In the course of this work, a sensitive probe allowing simultaneous measurements of energy flux and current density as functions of a bias voltage was developed. Extensive experimental data on the particle and energy flux densities as functions of the angle between a surface and the confining magnetic field are provided. An analytical model is developed in order to reveal the physics involved; it is in good qualitative agreement with the experimental results. The experiments were conducted at the PSI-2 facility, a linear divertor simulator with moderate magnetic field strength. The probe was rotated in a spatially homogeneous plasma. The active area, a tungsten covered Peltier module, was immersed in a ceramic surface, closely resembling the geometry of a flush mounted probe. Its dimensions were comparable to the ion gyro radius ri. While the electrons were strongly magnetized, the ion conditions varied between unmagnetized and magnetized depending on the ion species. Sheath parameters were determined as functions of the angle alpha between the probe surface normal and the magnetic field.

Fourteen yeast strains were screened for production of 2-phenylethanol from L-phenylalanine with molasses as carbon source. Up to 1 g 2-phenylethanol l-1 was obtained. Using oleyl alcohol as a second phase for in situ product removal to enhance the production of 2-phenylethanol increased the yield to about 3 g 2-phenylethanol l-1 at 35 degrees C. The most productive strains were Kluyveromyces marxianus CBS 600 and CBS 397.

Maltese agriculture faces great challenges due to the severe scarcity ofwater. Sufficientwater resources, in quantity and quality, are necessary to cover the demand in the production of wine grape, one of the most important crops in Maltese agriculture. But also, economic efficiency is essential in the grape cultivation. A Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) is defined for Maltese vineyards in the Siġġiewi region, considering two irrigation scenarios, irrigation with groundwater or “do-nothing”, comparedwith the “use non-conventional waters” from mixing water from a small desalination plant and groundwater. For the alternative ‘mixing desalinatedwater with groundwater’ it is possible to improve water availability and quality for vine crops, while increasing economic benefits for farmer. The results indicate a profitable project fromaminimumarea of 1 ha, but final benefit is highly dependent on the irrigated surface extension according to water price. Desalination, compared with other type of nonconventional water is considered the best option in this assessment with a small reverse osmosis (RO) desalination plant (120 m3 /day) for covering the irrigation needs.

In Southeast Asia and Indonesia, land use change (LUC) occurs in the form of large-scale deforestation and peatland degradation for agricultural purposes, which causes terrestrial CO2 emissions from peat soils as a consequence of oxidation, subsidence and forest fires. However, the consequences of this peatland degradation for the aquatic and marine environment and carbon cycle are less well known. In the framework of the SPICE III a CISKA subproject 1, the impact of land use change in Indonesia was determined by the quantification of the inorganic and organic carbon fluxes and CO2 emissions from the rivers, estuaries and coastal ocean into the atmosphere as well as the marine carbonate system in order to develop sustainable mitigation strategies to reduce CO2 emissions. The findings of this PhD study bring attention to the fact that the impacts of tropical peatland degradation in Indonesia are not limited to direct CO2 emissions due to drainage and deforestation, but also greatly affect the carbon cycle of adjacent freshwater and marine environments through a variety of processes. By means of a mixing model it was shown that dissolved organic carbon leaching from disturbed peat soils has increased by 200% from 62 to 183 g m-2 yr-1 as a consequence of hydrological changes and secondary vegetation. Increased freshwater fluxes due to reduced evapotranspiration account for 38% of the increase in carbon leaching, whereas the labile leaf litter from secondary vegetation is responsible for the remaining 62% increase. Once the organic carbon has reached the rivers, it is either respired and emitted to the atmosphere (river outgassing) or exported to the coastal ocean (riverine carbon export). Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and pCO2 concentrations in the rivers increase as the share of disturbed peatland coverage in the catchment increases as a consequence of increased carbon leaching and decomposition. Based on the regression between peat coverage and CO2 yield, the CO2 fluxes from rivers in Indonesia have been estimated as well as in Malaysia and extrapolated to Southeast Asia, and amount to 53.9 A /-12.4, 6.2A /-1.6 and 66.9A /-15.7 Tg C yr-1, respectively. However, these fluxes are rather moderate due to the short residence time of the river waters and the location of peat close to the coast, which shorten the time available for decomposition. Circa 53% of the carbon that enters the freshwater system in Southeast Asia is emitted as CO2 to the atmosphere, whereas the remaining 47% is exported to the coastal ocean. Based on total alkalinity (TA), dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and pCO2 measurements in the estuaries and coastal ocean of Sumatra, it was shown that the majority of the exported carbon is respired in the estuaries. Circa 62.7% of the exported, respired CO2 is emitted to the atmosphere, whereas 6.4% is assumed to be buried in the sediments and the remaining 30.6% is absorbed in the water column. Here, the respired CO2 contributes to ocean acidification and lowers the aragonite and calcite saturation states (I(c)AR / I(c)CA). This induces carbonate dissolution of sediments, but also coral reefs and other calcifying organisms and can therefore be viewed as the invisible carbon footprint, but is currently overlooked in climate mitigation strategy policies. In Indonesia, the terrestrial direct CO2 emissions due to LUC via secondary vegetation (10.9 Tg C yr-1), peat oxidation (109.9 Tg C yr-1) and forest fires (82.1 Tg C yr-1) amount to 192.0 Tg C yr-1. Carbon loss due to indirect emissions from the rivers (53.9 Tg yr-1, ref. (Wit et al. 2015)), estuaries and coastal ocean (49.4 Tg yr-1), as well as the invisible carbon footprint (24.1 Tg yr-1) and excluding the natural emissions from pristine peatlands (13.0 Tg C yr-1) amounts to 114.3 Tg C yr-1. Therefore, the total carbon loss due to LUC amounts to 306.3 Tg yr-1, which represents an increase of 60% with respect to the direct terrestrial emissions currently considered in greenhouse gas mitigation policies. With respect to the development of climate change mitigation strategies as one of the overarching goals of SPICE and CISKA, the advice is to include the aquatic and marine CO2 emissions, as well as the invisible carbon footprint in order to cover the carbon losses with respect to LUC in Indonesia. In addition, carbon leaching and fluvial carbon export should be reduced to mitigate the impact of ocean acidification and carbonate dissolution.

Systemic humanitarian, environmental, and socio-political problems are impeding current and future generations from meeting their very basic needs. The speed and scope of mainstream responses to the world’s most pressing problems are limited by agency failures and by the ‘rules of the game’. In this context, this research contributes to theory and practice by formulating and exploring the concept of Sustainability Hacking, a particularly advantageous change driver in situations where information is limited, resources are scarce, stakes are high, and decision-making is urgent. This research was conducted through 3 sequential stages. First, the researcher has systematically reviewed the literature on sociotechnical system change for sustainability. This review exposed and discussed 15 theoretical foundations that shape what changes are perceived as desirable and attainable, as well as how to navigate between all the coexisting pathways to drive positive change. By examining these foundations, it became possible to pinpoint opportunities for future contributions. Among them was the idea of investigating the meaning, characteristics and potential implications of Hacking as a change driver of sociotechnical systems. These were revealed in the 2nd research stage, after interviewing self-declared Hackers and cybersecurity experts to understand how they used the term and how they pursued their desired systemic changes. This stage provided the definition, as well as 9 dominant characteristics of System Hacking. The term refers to exploring unconventional solutions to a problem within sociotechnical systems. ‘Unconventional’ here means deviating from embedded institutions, i.e. the rules of the game in a society. Institutions represent sources of stability, coherence, and continuity of systems, while simultaneously shaping public expectations of what changes are viable and the heuristics of how they should be pursued. Differently from conventional approaches, system Hackers are not aiming at changing rules, neither are they passively complying with them. Instead, they work around the ‘rules of the game’ to accomplish ‘good-enough’ results promptly. The 3rd research stage consisted of investigating and working with Sustainability Hacks, i.e. System Hacks addressing pressing sustainability problems. This was performed through a combination of Action Research and Case Studies. Benefitting from a diverse database of 19 cases, the researcher conducted a cross-case analysis, which provided comprehensive observations on the 15 main similarities and 10 differences that constitute the key analytical variables of Sustainability Hacking. Furthermore, the analysis derived 5 Archetypes that can be used as frames of reference to provide guidance for practitioners evaluating possibilities of addressing pressing sustainability problems, as well as to support future academic contributions in this nascent field of research. Gates Cambridge

Large-scale energy storage systems typically withdraw electricity from the grid and transform it into another form for storage. When the grid is unable to meet demand, the process is reversed and the stored energy is transformed back into electricity. Instead of this traditional approach, the following thesis explores the concept of ‘generation-integrated energy storage’, in which a generator’s existing energy conversion pathway is used to store energy in an intermediate form. This has two benefits: (i) the hardware used for generation can be exploited to reduce storage costs and (ii) fewer energy transformations are required when compared to traditional ‘electricity-in-electricity-out’ forms of storage. This means a high effective (exergetic) round-trip efficiency can be achieved at low cost. Specifically, this thesis focuses on the integration of thermal energy storage with the feedwater heating system of steam plant. (In modern energy systems this is likely to be nuclear-powered.) In the proposed system, the plant’s electrical output is flexed whilst maintaining constant reactor power. During charge, the plant’s electrical power output is reduced below its normal full-capacity level, and during discharge, it exceeds this level. This approach provides the equivalent of an electricity storage system and facilitates the adoption of a load-following role for nuclear plant. By allowing the reactor to operate constantly at maximum power output, the system also avoids the economic constraints and practical problems of part-load operation, which currently favour the use of nuclear plant for baseload only. An important feature of the proposed system is that the wet steam turbine bleed flows automatically provide good thermal matching with the feedwater temperature profile. This means that heat can ultimately be transferred to and from sensible-heat thermal-storage media with high exergetic efficiency. Various options are discussed for the thermal stores, including pressurised water tanks, thermal oils, and packed beds. This thesis is focused on the engineering research and development of the feedheat- integrated energy storage system and how this technology would be valuable in a modern energy system. The following contributions have been made: (i) Thermodynamic analysis – Detailed thermodynamic analysis is presented for an elec- tricity storage system in which thermal stores are integrated with the feedwater heating system of steam plant. The findings indicate that a round-trip efficiency greater than 80% is likely and that the plant’s power output can be varied between 85–113%. The analysis is also extended for heat cogeneration applications, for which the effective COP is estimated to be approximately 8 for modern district heating and 4 for industrial process heat. (ii) Off-design steam plant operation – A detailed off-design steam plant model is created. It is shown that the plant performs sufficiently well when operated off-design, and is able to efficiently transfer work to heat and then heat back to work. (iii) Capital cost estimation – A comprehensive cost analysis of the proposed system is undertaken, with an emphasis on the marginal cost of oversizing existing compo- nents. Costs for a well-designed system are approximately 250–1000 $/kWe and 15–20 $/kWhe. (iv) Thermo-economic optimisation – Parametric studies and a genetic algorithm optimisa- tion method are used to determine the optimal trade-off between efficiency and cost, and inform best design practices. (v) Steam turbine operation – A streamline equilibrium throughflow method is used to numerically validate Stodola’s ellipse law, and to explore the unusual off-design conditions caused by the storage system. Throughout this thesis, these contributions are routinely placed in the context of the modern energy system. It is demonstrated that integrated systems which perform multiple roles – electricity generation, energy storage, and possibly heat cogeneration – will be highly valuable for the transition to a low-cost, secure, and decarbonised energy system.

Energy consumption, depletion of natural resources and human induced natural disasters have all conspired to raise the profile of "sustainability", particularly environmental sustainability. The topic is now high on many nations and organizations lists of priorities and central for media attention. Despite the critical importance of such issues it is evident that management thinking often still adopts neoclassical economic views of accounting for and managing environmental sustainability. In this paper, we propose an alternative perspective to managing environmental sustainability based on a broadened model (BMSBM) which not only considers the biosphere in the broad sense but also people as fundamental elements that contribute to the conservation and improvement (or destruction) of the natural environment.

The project between tthe Deutsche Biomasseforschungszentrum (DBFZ) and the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) focuses on the pr rovision of alternative fuels by thermochemical conversion. Biogenic residues and wastes which are not used yet or which could be utilised more efficiently are studied. The selection of possible feedstock was supported by a techhnical potential analysis including the competition to th he food industry. The technical suitability of raw materials for the fast pyrolysis (FP) process was of special in nterest. As a possible feedstock following types of biomass were studied: corn stover, corn cobs, biogenic floating re efuse (river Rhine and Baltic Sea), scrap wood, bark, rape s straw, sunflower straw, draff, diverse residues of flour production and hay. A process development unit (PDU) with a biomass feeding rate of 10 kg/h and a twin screw m mixer reactor was used for all experiments. It was found that different types of biomass form different char, condensate e and gas yields due to varying ash levels and lignocellulosic composition. Elemental formulas for feedstock, char, organic condensate and gas were estimated independent on t the feedstock due to similar elemental compositions. Pyrolysis gas analysis during the experiments gave information on the mass yields. A CO/CO2-ratio of 1 (i.e. wood) corresponds to organic condensate yields of about 50 wt.-%%, whereas a ratio of 0.3-0.7 (straw) corresponds to 18-32 wt. .-% respectively. Proceedings of the 20th European Biomass Conference and Exhibition, 18-22 June 2012, Milan, Italy, pp. 973-977