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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Marc-Philippe Neumann; Giona Fieni; Camillo Balerna; Pol Duhr; +2 Authors

    IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 72 (7) ISSN:0018-9545 ISSN:1939-9359

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ arXiv.org e-Print Ar...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
    License: IEEE Copyright
    Data sources: Crossref
    Research Collection
    Article . 2023
    Data sources: Datacite
    https://dx.doi.org/10.48550/ar...
    Article . 2023
    License: arXiv Non-Exclusive Distribution
    Data sources: Datacite
    addClaim

    This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.

    You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.
    2
    citations2
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ arXiv.org e-Print Ar...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
      License: IEEE Copyright
      Data sources: Crossref
      Research Collection
      Article . 2023
      Data sources: Datacite
      https://dx.doi.org/10.48550/ar...
      Article . 2023
      License: arXiv Non-Exclusive Distribution
      Data sources: Datacite
      addClaim

      This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.

      You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.
  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Marc-Philippe Neumann; Giona Fieni; Camillo Balerna; Pol Duhr; +2 Authors

    IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 72 (7) ISSN:0018-9545 ISSN:1939-9359

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ arXiv.org e-Print Ar...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
    License: IEEE Copyright
    Data sources: Crossref
    Research Collection
    Article . 2023
    Data sources: Datacite
    https://dx.doi.org/10.48550/ar...
    Article . 2023
    License: arXiv Non-Exclusive Distribution
    Data sources: Datacite
    addClaim

    This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.

    You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.
    2
    citations2
    popularityAverage
    influenceAverage
    impulseAverage
    BIP!Powered by BIP!
    more_vert
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ arXiv.org e-Print Ar...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
      License: IEEE Copyright
      Data sources: Crossref
      Research Collection
      Article . 2023
      Data sources: Datacite
      https://dx.doi.org/10.48550/ar...
      Article . 2023
      License: arXiv Non-Exclusive Distribution
      Data sources: Datacite
      addClaim

      This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.

      You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.
  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/

    Economics Working Paper Series, 13/183

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Research Papers in E...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    EconStor
    Research . 2013
    Data sources: EconStor
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Research Collection
    Research . 2013
    SSRN Electronic Journal
    Article . 2013 . Peer-reviewed
    Data sources: Crossref
    Research Collection
    Research . 2013
    Data sources: Datacite
    addClaim

    This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.

    You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.
    Access Routes
    Green
    bronze
    1
    citations1
    popularityAverage
    influenceAverage
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    more_vert
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Research Papers in E...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      EconStor
      Research . 2013
      Data sources: EconStor
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Research Collection
      Research . 2013
      SSRN Electronic Journal
      Article . 2013 . Peer-reviewed
      Data sources: Crossref
      Research Collection
      Research . 2013
      Data sources: Datacite
      addClaim

      This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.

      You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.
  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/

    Economics Working Paper Series, 13/183

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Research Papers in E...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    EconStor
    Research . 2013
    Data sources: EconStor
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Research Collection
    Research . 2013
    SSRN Electronic Journal
    Article . 2013 . Peer-reviewed
    Data sources: Crossref
    Research Collection
    Research . 2013
    Data sources: Datacite
    addClaim

    This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.

    You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.
    Access Routes
    Green
    bronze
    1
    citations1
    popularityAverage
    influenceAverage
    impulseAverage
    BIP!Powered by BIP!
    more_vert
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Research Papers in E...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      EconStor
      Research . 2013
      Data sources: EconStor
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Research Collection
      Research . 2013
      SSRN Electronic Journal
      Article . 2013 . Peer-reviewed
      Data sources: Crossref
      Research Collection
      Research . 2013
      Data sources: Datacite
      addClaim

      This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.

      You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.
  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Schmidt-Hattenberger, C.; Bergmann, P.; Labitzke, T.; Wagner, F.;

    At the Ketzin pilot site, Germany, electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) is a substantial component in a multi-disciplinary monitoring concept established in order to image CO2 injected in a saline aquifer. Since more than five years, crosshole ERT data sets have repeatedly been collected using a borehole electrode array acting as a permanent reservoir monitoring tool. This contribution summarizes the aspects being essential for a successful deployment and operation of such a downhole installation. It is shown that the presented installation can facilitate stable and reliable data collection at least throughout the investigated five- year period of ongoing CO2 injection. Based on the experiences being gained so far, it is concluded that a properly calibrated and integrated downhole ERT system allows for mapping of quantitative CO2 saturation estimates in the subsurface. 12th International Conference on Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies, GHGT-12 Energy Procedia, 63 ISSN:1876-6102

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ GFZpublic (German Re...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Energy Procedia
    Article . 2014 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY NC ND
    Data sources: Crossref
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Energy Procedia
    Article
    License: CC BY NC ND
    Data sources: UnpayWall
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Energy Procedia
    Article . 2014
    License: CC BY NC ND
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eg...
    Article . Peer-reviewed
    Data sources: CORE
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Research Collection
    Conference object . 2014
    License: CC BY NC ND
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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    Authors: Schmidt-Hattenberger, C.; Bergmann, P.; Labitzke, T.; Wagner, F.;

    At the Ketzin pilot site, Germany, electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) is a substantial component in a multi-disciplinary monitoring concept established in order to image CO2 injected in a saline aquifer. Since more than five years, crosshole ERT data sets have repeatedly been collected using a borehole electrode array acting as a permanent reservoir monitoring tool. This contribution summarizes the aspects being essential for a successful deployment and operation of such a downhole installation. It is shown that the presented installation can facilitate stable and reliable data collection at least throughout the investigated five- year period of ongoing CO2 injection. Based on the experiences being gained so far, it is concluded that a properly calibrated and integrated downhole ERT system allows for mapping of quantitative CO2 saturation estimates in the subsurface. 12th International Conference on Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies, GHGT-12 Energy Procedia, 63 ISSN:1876-6102

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    Energy Procedia
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    Energy Procedia
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    http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eg...
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    Economics Working Paper Series, 19/313

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    Journal of Public Economics
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    Economics Working Paper Series, 19/313

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    Authors: Calderon Guerrero, Carlos; Guenthardt-Goerg, Madeleine S.; Vollenweider, Pierre;

    Background Despite abatement programs of precursors implemented in many industrialized countries, ozone remains the principal air pollutant throughout the northern hemisphere with background concentrations increasing as a consequence of economic development in former or still emerging countries and present climate change. Some of the highest ozone concentrations are measured in regions with a Mediterranean climate but the effect on the natural vegetation is alleviated by low stomatal uptake and frequent leaf xeromorphy in response to summer drought episodes characteristic of this climate. However, there is a lack of understanding of the respective role of the foliage physiology and leaf xeromorphy on the mechanistic effects of ozone in Mediterranean species. Particularly, evidence about morphological and structural changes in evergreens in response to ozone stress is missing. Results Our study was started after observing ozone -like injury in foliage of holm oak during the assessment of air pollution mitigation by urban trees throughout the Madrid conurbation. Our objectives were to confirm the diagnosis, investigate the extent of symptoms and analyze the ecological factors contributing to ozone injury, particularly, the site water supply. Symptoms consisted of adaxial and intercostal stippling increasing with leaf age. Underlying stippling, cells in the upper mesophyll showed HR-like reactions typical of ozone stress. The surrounding cells showed further oxidative stress markers. These morphological and micromorphological markers of ozone stress were similar to those recorded in deciduous broadleaved species. However, stippling became obvious already at an AOT40 of 21 ppm•h and was primarily found at irrigated sites. Subsequent analyses showed that irrigated trees had their stomatal conductance increased and leaf life -span reduced whereas the leaf xeromorphy remained unchanged. These findings suggest a central role of water availability versus leaf xeromorphy for ozone symptom expression by cell injury in holm oak. PLoS ONE, 8 (7) ISSN:1932-6203

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    Authors: Calderon Guerrero, Carlos; Guenthardt-Goerg, Madeleine S.; Vollenweider, Pierre;

    Background Despite abatement programs of precursors implemented in many industrialized countries, ozone remains the principal air pollutant throughout the northern hemisphere with background concentrations increasing as a consequence of economic development in former or still emerging countries and present climate change. Some of the highest ozone concentrations are measured in regions with a Mediterranean climate but the effect on the natural vegetation is alleviated by low stomatal uptake and frequent leaf xeromorphy in response to summer drought episodes characteristic of this climate. However, there is a lack of understanding of the respective role of the foliage physiology and leaf xeromorphy on the mechanistic effects of ozone in Mediterranean species. Particularly, evidence about morphological and structural changes in evergreens in response to ozone stress is missing. Results Our study was started after observing ozone -like injury in foliage of holm oak during the assessment of air pollution mitigation by urban trees throughout the Madrid conurbation. Our objectives were to confirm the diagnosis, investigate the extent of symptoms and analyze the ecological factors contributing to ozone injury, particularly, the site water supply. Symptoms consisted of adaxial and intercostal stippling increasing with leaf age. Underlying stippling, cells in the upper mesophyll showed HR-like reactions typical of ozone stress. The surrounding cells showed further oxidative stress markers. These morphological and micromorphological markers of ozone stress were similar to those recorded in deciduous broadleaved species. However, stippling became obvious already at an AOT40 of 21 ppm•h and was primarily found at irrigated sites. Subsequent analyses showed that irrigated trees had their stomatal conductance increased and leaf life -span reduced whereas the leaf xeromorphy remained unchanged. These findings suggest a central role of water availability versus leaf xeromorphy for ozone symptom expression by cell injury in holm oak. PLoS ONE, 8 (7) ISSN:1932-6203

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    Authors: Feurer, Thomas;

    Photovoltaic (PV) energy generation has become one of the key pillars of the shift to a renewable energy future. Current devices, under favorable conditions, can already undercut the price per kWh electricity of other technologies on the market. Further reduction in the cost of installed PV systems and increase in solar module conversion efficiency will improve the affordability even more and will substantially aid in wider market penetration and enhance the volume of PV installations. Currently the PV market is dominated by silicon wafer based solar cells, but alternative technologies offer some distinctive advantages, making them interesting for numerous applications. Thin film technologies, as for example based on Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) compound semiconductors with high optical absorption coefficient, are becoming important due to lower material and energy requirements for processing of high conversion efficiency solar cells. Inherent advantages are large area depositions with low production costs, and the possibilities for construction of lightweight, flexible devices with roll-to-roll manufacturing processes. The highest efficiency of single-junction CIGS solar cells is approaching the thermodynamic limit, making the use of alternative concepts such as concentration or multijunction (tandem-) devices the next logical step for further increase in efficiency beyond the Shockley-Queisser limit (S-Q limit). Especially the multi-junction technology, in which the thermodynamic losses are reduced by stacking of solar cells with different band gaps, decreasing thermalization of charge carriers excited with energies above the band gap, is a promising approach for enhanced utilization of the solar spectrum, yielding improved efficiency. Such devices, based on epitaxial layers of III-V compounds have already demonstrated remarkably high efficiencies beyond the S-Q limit. However, these devices grown on rather expensive single crystal wafers and with small size are prohibitively pricey for low cost terrestrial solar electricity generation. On the other hand, multi-junction solar cell technology based on polycrystalline thin films is an attractive option for large area, low cost production, provided adequately high efficiencies are achieved. In this context, two-junction tandem devices, developed by stacking a semitransparent large band gap solar cell of 1.6-1.7 eV on top of a low band gap (~1.0 eV) bottom cell, is a viable option. Earlier attempts in this direction were not so successful, but with the rise of perovskite thin film solar cells as a compatible high efficiency wide band gap (>1.6 eV) top cell and CIGS with a tunable band gap as bottom cell, the prospect for all thin film tandem devices with efficiencies beyond the single-junction limitations has opened. Such all thin film devices hold the potential for the low cost production necessary for large scale terrestrial application. This thesis focuses on the development of high efficiency narrow bandgap (1.0 eV) CIGS solar cells for application in all thin film tandem devices. While for CIGS with band gap of around 1.15 eV efficiencies of over 23 % have been demonstrated, cells with a narrow band gap close to 1.0 eV only reach 15.0 %. The efficiency of these narrow band gap cells are limited by charge carrier recombination, leading to low open circuit voltage (VOC) and reduced fill factor. For solar cell efficiency enhancement it is necessary to investigate the underlying reasons contributing to the deficits in PV parameters and develop processes to overcome the limiting factors. An option to reduce recombination within the solar cell is the implementation of a band gap grading as discussed in Chapter 3. The increase of the band gap at the location of highest recombination leads to a reduction in diode current, and therefore an increase in VOC. To keep the band gap of 1.0 eV a substantial part of the absorber needs to be Ga free. As the primary source of recombination is not obvious, different gradings (realized by a change in the Ga to In ratio) are implemented and compared. A single grading with increased band gap (higher Ga/In ratio) towards the front of the absorber shows no significant improvement on photovoltaic parameters. Any gain in VOC is offset by losses in current due to reduced charge collection, mainly visible for long wavelength photons and probably a result of the upwards bending in the conduction band. A single backgrading (higher Ga/In ratio towards the back electric contact) on the other hand leads to substantial improvements in performance ( from 12.0 % to 16.1 %). It is shown that the collection of photo-generated charge carriers improves and recombination is reduced. Measurements of the effective lifetime by time resolved photo-luminescence are carried out, showing an increase from approximately 20 ns to 100 ns when comparing ungraded with back-graded absorbers. By selectively changing the recombination speed at the back contact, strong differences in the behavior of cells with and without a band gap widening towards the back are observed. The results support that considerable recombination at the back contact is present in pure CIS solar cells, and that the single Ga back-grading approach is effective at suppressing this loss channel. In Chapter 4 the alkali treatment of CIS based solar cells is investigated. Alkali elements are known to strongly influence doping and passivation in CIGS solar cells. It is shown that the amount of sodium necessary to reach sufficient doping levels for high performance CIS solar cells is not achieved using the processes developed for CIGS. This may be based on insufficient Na diffusion into the grain, as those cells generally show larger grains than their CIGS counter parts, and since alkali migration energies in CIS are reported to be higher compared to those in CGS. If CIS cells are grown on soda lime glass without any diffusion barrier and additionally receive post deposition treatment (PDT) with NaF they still show low apparent doping concentration and poor PV performance ( = 10.9 %). However, additional annealing at ~ 370 C substrate temperature after PDT is shown to solve this problem, leading to an increase in apparent doping levels close to 1016 cm−3 and cell efficiency of 15.0 %. The application of an additional heavy alkali PDT, specifically RbF, is shown to lead to further improvements in cell efficiency. Changes at the front interface due to the PDT allow a decrease of buffer layer thickness, leading to a higher photo current (approximately + 1.0 mAcm−2). In addition, reduced recombination and the resulting increase in lifetime leads to additional gains in VOC, resulting in considerably improved device performance, up to an efficiency of 18.0 %. Further efficiency improvement is achieved by investigating the effect of close to stoichiometric compositions of Cu to group III elements as described in Chapter 5. The sub-stoichiometric Cu composition of state-of-the-art CIGS absorbers leads to a high concentration of detrimental defects. The defect density within the absorbers is reduced by approaching a stoichiometric Cu composition. Improvements in the defect density are identified by the decrease of Urbach energy from 20 to 16 mV and an increase in doping is observed for cells with almost stoichiometric Cu content. Cells with high, and especially stoichiometric Cu composition tend to be limited by recombination at the front interface, leading to a decrease of VOC of about 20 mV. Using the modified absorber surface after heavy alkali PDT, these losses are suppressed. Based on these improvements, a narrow band gap cell with record breaking 19.2 % efficiency and an open circuit voltage of 609 mV is achieved. Throughout the whole thesis the suitability of these cells for tandem devices with semitransparent perovskite top cells is investigated by 4-terminal tandem measurements. The improvements achieved in this work led to CIS based solar cells that not only show outstanding single cell performance, but also enable highly efficient tandem devices up to 25.0 %. They outperform state-of-the-art single junction CIGS and perovskite cells while showing prospects for further efficiency improvement. Due to the low band gap of the CIS absorber the current density from the bottom cell is high enough to produce current matched tandem devices with high efficient perovskite top cells (19.2 to 18.6 mAcm−2 in 4-terminal configuration), and also monolithic two-terminal configurations are feasible in the future.

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    Authors: Feurer, Thomas;

    Photovoltaic (PV) energy generation has become one of the key pillars of the shift to a renewable energy future. Current devices, under favorable conditions, can already undercut the price per kWh electricity of other technologies on the market. Further reduction in the cost of installed PV systems and increase in solar module conversion efficiency will improve the affordability even more and will substantially aid in wider market penetration and enhance the volume of PV installations. Currently the PV market is dominated by silicon wafer based solar cells, but alternative technologies offer some distinctive advantages, making them interesting for numerous applications. Thin film technologies, as for example based on Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) compound semiconductors with high optical absorption coefficient, are becoming important due to lower material and energy requirements for processing of high conversion efficiency solar cells. Inherent advantages are large area depositions with low production costs, and the possibilities for construction of lightweight, flexible devices with roll-to-roll manufacturing processes. The highest efficiency of single-junction CIGS solar cells is approaching the thermodynamic limit, making the use of alternative concepts such as concentration or multijunction (tandem-) devices the next logical step for further increase in efficiency beyond the Shockley-Queisser limit (S-Q limit). Especially the multi-junction technology, in which the thermodynamic losses are reduced by stacking of solar cells with different band gaps, decreasing thermalization of charge carriers excited with energies above the band gap, is a promising approach for enhanced utilization of the solar spectrum, yielding improved efficiency. Such devices, based on epitaxial layers of III-V compounds have already demonstrated remarkably high efficiencies beyond the S-Q limit. However, these devices grown on rather expensive single crystal wafers and with small size are prohibitively pricey for low cost terrestrial solar electricity generation. On the other hand, multi-junction solar cell technology based on polycrystalline thin films is an attractive option for large area, low cost production, provided adequately high efficiencies are achieved. In this context, two-junction tandem devices, developed by stacking a semitransparent large band gap solar cell of 1.6-1.7 eV on top of a low band gap (~1.0 eV) bottom cell, is a viable option. Earlier attempts in this direction were not so successful, but with the rise of perovskite thin film solar cells as a compatible high efficiency wide band gap (>1.6 eV) top cell and CIGS with a tunable band gap as bottom cell, the prospect for all thin film tandem devices with efficiencies beyond the single-junction limitations has opened. Such all thin film devices hold the potential for the low cost production necessary for large scale terrestrial application. This thesis focuses on the development of high efficiency narrow bandgap (1.0 eV) CIGS solar cells for application in all thin film tandem devices. While for CIGS with band gap of around 1.15 eV efficiencies of over 23 % have been demonstrated, cells with a narrow band gap close to 1.0 eV only reach 15.0 %. The efficiency of these narrow band gap cells are limited by charge carrier recombination, leading to low open circuit voltage (VOC) and reduced fill factor. For solar cell efficiency enhancement it is necessary to investigate the underlying reasons contributing to the deficits in PV parameters and develop processes to overcome the limiting factors. An option to reduce recombination within the solar cell is the implementation of a band gap grading as discussed in Chapter 3. The increase of the band gap at the location of highest recombination leads to a reduction in diode current, and therefore an increase in VOC. To keep the band gap of 1.0 eV a substantial part of the absorber needs to be Ga free. As the primary source of recombination is not obvious, different gradings (realized by a change in the Ga to In ratio) are implemented and compared. A single grading with increased band gap (higher Ga/In ratio) towards the front of the absorber shows no significant improvement on photovoltaic parameters. Any gain in VOC is offset by losses in current due to reduced charge collection, mainly visible for long wavelength photons and probably a result of the upwards bending in the conduction band. A single backgrading (higher Ga/In ratio towards the back electric contact) on the other hand leads to substantial improvements in performance ( from 12.0 % to 16.1 %). It is shown that the collection of photo-generated charge carriers improves and recombination is reduced. Measurements of the effective lifetime by time resolved photo-luminescence are carried out, showing an increase from approximately 20 ns to 100 ns when comparing ungraded with back-graded absorbers. By selectively changing the recombination speed at the back contact, strong differences in the behavior of cells with and without a band gap widening towards the back are observed. The results support that considerable recombination at the back contact is present in pure CIS solar cells, and that the single Ga back-grading approach is effective at suppressing this loss channel. In Chapter 4 the alkali treatment of CIS based solar cells is investigated. Alkali elements are known to strongly influence doping and passivation in CIGS solar cells. It is shown that the amount of sodium necessary to reach sufficient doping levels for high performance CIS solar cells is not achieved using the processes developed for CIGS. This may be based on insufficient Na diffusion into the grain, as those cells generally show larger grains than their CIGS counter parts, and since alkali migration energies in CIS are reported to be higher compared to those in CGS. If CIS cells are grown on soda lime glass without any diffusion barrier and additionally receive post deposition treatment (PDT) with NaF they still show low apparent doping concentration and poor PV performance ( = 10.9 %). However, additional annealing at ~ 370 C substrate temperature after PDT is shown to solve this problem, leading to an increase in apparent doping levels close to 1016 cm−3 and cell efficiency of 15.0 %. The application of an additional heavy alkali PDT, specifically RbF, is shown to lead to further improvements in cell efficiency. Changes at the front interface due to the PDT allow a decrease of buffer layer thickness, leading to a higher photo current (approximately + 1.0 mAcm−2). In addition, reduced recombination and the resulting increase in lifetime leads to additional gains in VOC, resulting in considerably improved device performance, up to an efficiency of 18.0 %. Further efficiency improvement is achieved by investigating the effect of close to stoichiometric compositions of Cu to group III elements as described in Chapter 5. The sub-stoichiometric Cu composition of state-of-the-art CIGS absorbers leads to a high concentration of detrimental defects. The defect density within the absorbers is reduced by approaching a stoichiometric Cu composition. Improvements in the defect density are identified by the decrease of Urbach energy from 20 to 16 mV and an increase in doping is observed for cells with almost stoichiometric Cu content. Cells with high, and especially stoichiometric Cu composition tend to be limited by recombination at the front interface, leading to a decrease of VOC of about 20 mV. Using the modified absorber surface after heavy alkali PDT, these losses are suppressed. Based on these improvements, a narrow band gap cell with record breaking 19.2 % efficiency and an open circuit voltage of 609 mV is achieved. Throughout the whole thesis the suitability of these cells for tandem devices with semitransparent perovskite top cells is investigated by 4-terminal tandem measurements. The improvements achieved in this work led to CIS based solar cells that not only show outstanding single cell performance, but also enable highly efficient tandem devices up to 25.0 %. They outperform state-of-the-art single junction CIGS and perovskite cells while showing prospects for further efficiency improvement. Due to the low band gap of the CIS absorber the current density from the bottom cell is high enough to produce current matched tandem devices with high efficient perovskite top cells (19.2 to 18.6 mAcm−2 in 4-terminal configuration), and also monolithic two-terminal configurations are feasible in the future.

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    Authors: Trivella, Alessio; id_orcid0000-0002-2614-5051; Corman, Francesco; id_orcid0000-0002-6036-5832;

    Abstract Book: 10th Symposium of the European Association for Research in Transport (hEART 2022)

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    Authors: Trivella, Alessio; id_orcid0000-0002-2614-5051; Corman, Francesco; id_orcid0000-0002-6036-5832;

    Abstract Book: 10th Symposium of the European Association for Research in Transport (hEART 2022)

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    Authors: Scheidegger, Florian;

    ISBN:978-3-86628-689-4

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    Authors: Scheidegger, Florian;

    ISBN:978-3-86628-689-4

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    Switching to a new technological path is often a serious economic challenge for companies. Incumbents, in particular, are often led by their organizational routines, traditional technological orientation, and experience, and run the risk of losing contact with new technologies, which can decrease their competitiveness. We analyze whether opening up the innovation process to external knowledge partners can help to overcome such path dependence and enable firms to operate successfully on a new technological path. We develop a theoretical concept that shows the potential of external knowledge sources for operating successfully on a new technological path and test it empirically using the example of green technologies. Green technologies are not only relevant for addressing the current environmental problems, but they are also an example of a new technological path that is proving difficult for companies to switch to. Overall, we find strong direct effects of external (green) knowledge on green innovation success. The results even indicate that the direct effect of external knowledge tends to be larger for green than for non-green innovation.

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    Switching to a new technological path is often a serious economic challenge for companies. Incumbents, in particular, are often led by their organizational routines, traditional technological orientation, and experience, and run the risk of losing contact with new technologies, which can decrease their competitiveness. We analyze whether opening up the innovation process to external knowledge partners can help to overcome such path dependence and enable firms to operate successfully on a new technological path. We develop a theoretical concept that shows the potential of external knowledge sources for operating successfully on a new technological path and test it empirically using the example of green technologies. Green technologies are not only relevant for addressing the current environmental problems, but they are also an example of a new technological path that is proving difficult for companies to switch to. Overall, we find strong direct effects of external (green) knowledge on green innovation success. The results even indicate that the direct effect of external knowledge tends to be larger for green than for non-green innovation.

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    Authors: Neale, null; Barnes, null; Robson, null; Neale, null; +88 Authors

    AbstractThis assessment by the Environmental Effects Assessment Panel (EEAP) of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) provides the latest scientific update since our most recent comprehensive assessment (Photochemical and Photobiological Sciences, 2019, 18, 595–828). The interactive effects between the stratospheric ozone layer, solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation, and climate change are presented within the framework of the Montreal Protocol and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. We address how these global environmental changes affect the atmosphere and air quality; human health; terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems; biogeochemical cycles; and materials used in outdoor construction, solar energy technologies, and fabrics. In many cases, there is a growing influence from changes in seasonality and extreme events due to climate change. Additionally, we assess the transmission and environmental effects of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which is responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, in the context of linkages with solar UV radiation and the Montreal Protocol.

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    https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/ya...
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    Authors: Neale, null; Barnes, null; Robson, null; Neale, null; +88 Authors

    AbstractThis assessment by the Environmental Effects Assessment Panel (EEAP) of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) provides the latest scientific update since our most recent comprehensive assessment (Photochemical and Photobiological Sciences, 2019, 18, 595–828). The interactive effects between the stratospheric ozone layer, solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation, and climate change are presented within the framework of the Montreal Protocol and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. We address how these global environmental changes affect the atmosphere and air quality; human health; terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems; biogeochemical cycles; and materials used in outdoor construction, solar energy technologies, and fabrics. In many cases, there is a growing influence from changes in seasonality and extreme events due to climate change. Additionally, we assess the transmission and environmental effects of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which is responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, in the context of linkages with solar UV radiation and the Montreal Protocol.

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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Research Collection
    Article . 2021
    License: CC BY
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/ya...
    Other literature type . 2021
    Data sources: Datacite
    https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/n3...
    Other literature type . 2021
    Data sources: Datacite
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Marc-Philippe Neumann; Giona Fieni; Camillo Balerna; Pol Duhr; +2 Authors

    IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 72 (7) ISSN:0018-9545 ISSN:1939-9359

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ arXiv.org e-Print Ar...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
    License: IEEE Copyright
    Data sources: Crossref
    Research Collection
    Article . 2023
    Data sources: Datacite
    https://dx.doi.org/10.48550/ar...
    Article . 2023
    License: arXiv Non-Exclusive Distribution
    Data sources: Datacite
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ arXiv.org e-Print Ar...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
      License: IEEE Copyright
      Data sources: Crossref
      Research Collection
      Article . 2023
      Data sources: Datacite
      https://dx.doi.org/10.48550/ar...
      Article . 2023
      License: arXiv Non-Exclusive Distribution
      Data sources: Datacite
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Marc-Philippe Neumann; Giona Fieni; Camillo Balerna; Pol Duhr; +2 Authors

    IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 72 (7) ISSN:0018-9545 ISSN:1939-9359

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ arXiv.org e-Print Ar...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
    License: IEEE Copyright
    Data sources: Crossref
    Research Collection
    Article . 2023
    Data sources: Datacite
    https://dx.doi.org/10.48550/ar...
    Article . 2023
    License: arXiv Non-Exclusive Distribution
    Data sources: Datacite
    addClaim

    This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.

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    2
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ arXiv.org e-Print Ar...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
      License: IEEE Copyright
      Data sources: Crossref
      Research Collection
      Article . 2023
      Data sources: Datacite
      https://dx.doi.org/10.48550/ar...
      Article . 2023
      License: arXiv Non-Exclusive Distribution
      Data sources: Datacite
      addClaim

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/

    Economics Working Paper Series, 13/183

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Research Papers in E...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    EconStor
    Research . 2013
    Data sources: EconStor
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Research Collection
    Research . 2013
    SSRN Electronic Journal
    Article . 2013 . Peer-reviewed
    Data sources: Crossref
    Research Collection
    Research . 2013
    Data sources: Datacite
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Research Papers in E...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      EconStor
      Research . 2013
      Data sources: EconStor
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Research Collection
      Research . 2013
      SSRN Electronic Journal
      Article . 2013 . Peer-reviewed
      Data sources: Crossref
      Research Collection
      Research . 2013
      Data sources: Datacite
      addClaim

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/

    Economics Working Paper Series, 13/183

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Research Papers in E...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    EconStor
    Research . 2013
    Data sources: EconStor
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Research Collection
    Research . 2013
    SSRN Electronic Journal
    Article . 2013 . Peer-reviewed
    Data sources: Crossref
    Research Collection
    Research . 2013
    Data sources: Datacite
    addClaim

    This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.

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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Research Papers in E...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      EconStor
      Research . 2013
      Data sources: EconStor
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Research Collection
      Research . 2013
      SSRN Electronic Journal
      Article . 2013 . Peer-reviewed
      Data sources: Crossref
      Research Collection
      Research . 2013
      Data sources: Datacite
      addClaim

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Schmidt-Hattenberger, C.; Bergmann, P.; Labitzke, T.; Wagner, F.;

    At the Ketzin pilot site, Germany, electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) is a substantial component in a multi-disciplinary monitoring concept established in order to image CO2 injected in a saline aquifer. Since more than five years, crosshole ERT data sets have repeatedly been collected using a borehole electrode array acting as a permanent reservoir monitoring tool. This contribution summarizes the aspects being essential for a successful deployment and operation of such a downhole installation. It is shown that the presented installation can facilitate stable and reliable data collection at least throughout the investigated five- year period of ongoing CO2 injection. Based on the experiences being gained so far, it is concluded that a properly calibrated and integrated downhole ERT system allows for mapping of quantitative CO2 saturation estimates in the subsurface. 12th International Conference on Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies, GHGT-12 Energy Procedia, 63 ISSN:1876-6102

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ GFZpublic (German Re...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Energy Procedia
    Article . 2014 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Schmidt-Hattenberger, C.; Bergmann, P.; Labitzke, T.; Wagner, F.;

    At the Ketzin pilot site, Germany, electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) is a substantial component in a multi-disciplinary monitoring concept established in order to image CO2 injected in a saline aquifer. Since more than five years, crosshole ERT data sets have repeatedly been collected using a borehole electrode array acting as a permanent reservoir monitoring tool. This contribution summarizes the aspects being essential for a successful deployment and operation of such a downhole installation. It is shown that the presented installation can facilitate stable and reliable data collection at least throughout the investigated five- year period of ongoing CO2 injection. Based on the experiences being gained so far, it is concluded that a properly calibrated and integrated downhole ERT system allows for mapping of quantitative CO2 saturation estimates in the subsurface. 12th International Conference on Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies, GHGT-12 Energy Procedia, 63 ISSN:1876-6102

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    Energy Procedia
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    Energy Procedia
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    Economics Working Paper Series, 19/313

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    Journal of Public Economics
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    Authors: Calderon Guerrero, Carlos; Guenthardt-Goerg, Madeleine S.; Vollenweider, Pierre;

    Background Despite abatement programs of precursors implemented in many industrialized countries, ozone remains the principal air pollutant throughout the northern hemisphere with background concentrations increasing as a consequence of economic development in former or still emerging countries and present climate change. Some of the highest ozone concentrations are measured in regions with a Mediterranean climate but the effect on the natural vegetation is alleviated by low stomatal uptake and frequent leaf xeromorphy in response to summer drought episodes characteristic of this climate. However, there is a lack of understanding of the respective role of the foliage physiology and leaf xeromorphy on the mechanistic effects of ozone in Mediterranean species. Particularly, evidence about morphological and structural changes in evergreens in response to ozone stress is missing. Results Our study was started after observing ozone -like injury in foliage of holm oak during the assessment of air pollution mitigation by urban trees throughout the Madrid conurbation. Our objectives were to confirm the diagnosis, investigate the extent of symptoms and analyze the ecological factors contributing to ozone injury, particularly, the site water supply. Symptoms consisted of adaxial and intercostal stippling increasing with leaf age. Underlying stippling, cells in the upper mesophyll showed HR-like reactions typical of ozone stress. The surrounding cells showed further oxidative stress markers. These morphological and micromorphological markers of ozone stress were similar to those recorded in deciduous broadleaved species. However, stippling became obvious already at an AOT40 of 21 ppm•h and was primarily found at irrigated sites. Subsequent analyses showed that irrigated trees had their stomatal conductance increased and leaf life -span reduced whereas the leaf xeromorphy remained unchanged. These findings suggest a central role of water availability versus leaf xeromorphy for ozone symptom expression by cell injury in holm oak. PLoS ONE, 8 (7) ISSN:1932-6203

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    Authors: Calderon Guerrero, Carlos; Guenthardt-Goerg, Madeleine S.; Vollenweider, Pierre;

    Background Despite abatement programs of precursors implemented in many industrialized countries, ozone remains the principal air pollutant throughout the northern hemisphere with background concentrations increasing as a consequence of economic development in former or still emerging countries and present climate change. Some of the highest ozone concentrations are measured in regions with a Mediterranean climate but the effect on the natural vegetation is alleviated by low stomatal uptake and frequent leaf xeromorphy in response to summer drought episodes characteristic of this climate. However, there is a lack of understanding of the respective role of the foliage physiology and leaf xeromorphy on the mechanistic effects of ozone in Mediterranean species. Particularly, evidence about morphological and structural changes in evergreens in response to ozone stress is missing. Results Our study was started after observing ozone -like injury in foliage of holm oak during the assessment of air pollution mitigation by urban trees throughout the Madrid conurbation. Our objectives were to confirm the diagnosis, investigate the extent of symptoms and analyze the ecological factors contributing to ozone injury, particularly, the site water supply. Symptoms consisted of adaxial and intercostal stippling increasing with leaf age. Underlying stippling, cells in the upper mesophyll showed HR-like reactions typical of ozone stress. The surrounding cells showed further oxidative stress markers. These morphological and micromorphological markers of ozone stress were similar to those recorded in deciduous broadleaved species. However, stippling became obvious already at an AOT40 of 21 ppm•h and was primarily found at irrigated sites. Subsequent analyses showed that irrigated trees had their stomatal conductance increased and leaf life -span reduced whereas the leaf xeromorphy remained unchanged. These findings suggest a central role of water availability versus leaf xeromorphy for ozone symptom expression by cell injury in holm oak. PLoS ONE, 8 (7) ISSN:1932-6203

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    Authors: Feurer, Thomas;

    Photovoltaic (PV) energy generation has become one of the key pillars of the shift to a renewable energy future. Current devices, under favorable conditions, can already undercut the price per kWh electricity of other technologies on the market. Further reduction in the cost of installed PV systems and increase in solar module conversion efficiency will improve the affordability even more and will substantially aid in wider market penetration and enhance the volume of PV installations. Currently the PV market is dominated by silicon wafer based solar cells, but alternative technologies offer some distinctive advantages, making them interesting for numerous applications. Thin film technologies, as for example based on Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) compound semiconductors with high optical absorption coefficient, are becoming important due to lower material and energy requirements for processing of high conversion efficiency solar cells. Inherent advantages are large area depositions with low production costs, and the possibilities for construction of lightweight, flexible devices with roll-to-roll manufacturing processes. The highest efficiency of single-junction CIGS solar cells is approaching the thermodynamic limit, making the use of alternative concepts such as concentration or multijunction (tandem-) devices the next logical step for further increase in efficiency beyond the Shockley-Queisser limit (S-Q limit). Especially the multi-junction technology, in which the thermodynamic losses are reduced by stacking of solar cells with different band gaps, decreasing thermalization of charge carriers excited with energies above the band gap, is a promising approach for enhanced utilization of the solar spectrum, yielding improved efficiency. Such devices, based on epitaxial layers of III-V compounds have already demonstrated remarkably high efficiencies beyond the S-Q limit. However, these devices grown on rather expensive single crystal wafers and with small size are prohibitively pricey for low cost terrestrial solar electricity generation. On the other hand, multi-junction solar cell technology based on polycrystalline thin films is an attractive option for large area, low cost production, provided adequately high efficiencies are achieved. In this context, two-junction tandem devices, developed by stacking a semitransparent large band gap solar cell of 1.6-1.7 eV on top of a low band gap (~1.0 eV) bottom cell, is a viable option. Earlier attempts in this direction were not so successful, but with the rise of perovskite thin film solar cells as a compatible high efficiency wide band gap (>1.6 eV) top cell and CIGS with a tunable band gap as bottom cell, the prospect for all thin film tandem devices with efficiencies beyond the single-junction limitations has opened. Such all thin film devices hold the potential for the low cost production necessary for large scale terrestrial application. This thesis focuses on the development of high efficiency narrow bandgap (1.0 eV) CIGS solar cells for application in all thin film tandem devices. While for CIGS with band gap of around 1.15 eV efficiencies of over 23 % have been demonstrated, cells with a narrow band gap close to 1.0 eV only reach 15.0 %. The efficiency of these narrow band gap cells are limited by charge carrier recombination, leading to low open circuit voltage (VOC) and reduced fill factor. For solar cell efficiency enhancement it is necessary to investigate the underlying reasons contributing to the deficits in PV parameters and develop processes to overcome the limiting factors. An option to reduce recombination within the solar cell is the implementation of a band gap grading as discussed in Chapter 3. The increase of the band gap at the location of highest recombination leads to a reduction in diode current, and therefore an increase in VOC. To keep the band gap of 1.0 eV a substantial part of the absorber needs to be Ga free. As the primary source of recombination is not obvious, different gradings (realized by a change in the Ga to In ratio) are implemented and compared. A single grading with increased band gap (higher Ga/In ratio) towards the front of the absorber shows no significant improvement on photovoltaic parameters. Any gain in VOC is offset by losses in current due to reduced charge collection, mainly visible for long wavelength photons and probably a result of the upwards bending in the conduction band. A single backgrading (higher Ga/In ratio towards the back electric contact) on the other hand leads to substantial improvements in performance ( from 12.0 % to 16.1 %). It is shown that the collection of photo-generated charge carriers improves and recombination is reduced. Measurements of the effective lifetime by time resolved photo-luminescence are carried out, showing an increase from approximately 20 ns to 100 ns when comparing ungraded with back-graded absorbers. By selectively changing the recombination speed at the back contact, strong differences in the behavior of cells with and without a band gap widening towards the back are observed. The results support that considerable recombination at the back contact is present in pure CIS solar cells, and that the single Ga back-grading approach is effective at suppressing this loss channel. In Chapter 4 the alkali treatment of CIS based solar cells is investigated. Alkali elements are known to strongly influence doping and passivation in CIGS solar cells. It is shown that the amount of sodium necessary to reach sufficient doping levels for high performance CIS solar cells is not achieved using the processes developed for CIGS. This may be based on insufficient Na diffusion into the grain, as those cells generally show larger grains than their CIGS counter parts, and since alkali migration energies in CIS are reported to be higher compared to those in CGS. If CIS cells are grown on soda lime glass without any diffusion barrier and additionally receive post deposition treatment (PDT) with NaF they still show low apparent doping concentration and poor PV performance ( = 10.9 %). However, additional annealing at ~ 370 C substrate temperature after PDT is shown to solve this problem, leading to an increase in apparent doping levels close to 1016 cm−3 and cell efficiency of 15.0 %. The application of an additional heavy alkali PDT, specifically RbF, is shown to lead to further improvements in cell efficiency. Changes at the front interface due to the PDT allow a decrease of buffer layer thickness, leading to a higher photo current (approximately + 1.0 mAcm−2). In addition, reduced recombination and the resulting increase in lifetime leads to additional gains in VOC, resulting in considerably improved device performance, up to an efficiency of 18.0 %. Further efficiency improvement is achieved by investigating the effect of close to stoichiometric compositions of Cu to group III elements as described in Chapter 5. The sub-stoichiometric Cu composition of state-of-the-art CIGS absorbers leads to a high concentration of detrimental defects. The defect density within the absorbers is reduced by approaching a stoichiometric Cu composition. Improvements in the defect density are identified by the decrease of Urbach energy from 20 to 16 mV and an increase in doping is observed for cells with almost stoichiometric Cu content. Cells with high, and especially stoichiometric Cu composition tend to be limited by recombination at the front interface, leading to a decrease of VOC of about 20 mV. Using the modified absorber surface after heavy alkali PDT, these losses are suppressed. Based on these improvements, a narrow band gap cell with record breaking 19.2 % efficiency and an open circuit voltage of 609 mV is achieved. Throughout the whole thesis the suitability of these cells for tandem devices with semitransparent perovskite top cells is investigated by 4-terminal tandem measurements. The improvements achieved in this work led to CIS based solar cells that not only show outstanding single cell performance, but also enable highly efficient tandem devices up to 25.0 %. They outperform state-of-the-art single junction CIGS and perovskite cells while showing prospects for further efficiency improvement. Due to the low band gap of the CIS absorber the current density from the bottom cell is high enough to produce current matched tandem devices with high efficient perovskite top cells (19.2 to 18.6 mAcm−2 in 4-terminal configuration), and also monolithic two-terminal configurations are feasible in the future.

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    Authors: Feurer, Thomas;

    Photovoltaic (PV) energy generation has become one of the key pillars of the shift to a renewable energy future. Current devices, under favorable conditions, can already undercut the price per kWh electricity of other technologies on the market. Further reduction in the cost of installed PV systems and increase in solar module conversion efficiency will improve the affordability even more and will substantially aid in wider market penetration and enhance the volume of PV installations. Currently the PV market is dominated by silicon wafer based solar cells, but alternative technologies offer some distinctive advantages, making them interesting for numerous applications. Thin film technologies, as for example based on Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) compound semiconductors with high optical absorption coefficient, are becoming important due to lower material and energy requirements for processing of high conversion efficiency solar cells. Inherent advantages are large area depositions with low production costs, and the possibilities for construction of lightweight, flexible devices with roll-to-roll manufacturing processes. The highest efficiency of single-junction CIGS solar cells is approaching the thermodynamic limit, making the use of alternative concepts such as concentration or multijunction (tandem-) devices the next logical step for further increase in efficiency beyond the Shockley-Queisser limit (S-Q limit). Especially the multi-junction technology, in which the thermodynamic losses are reduced by stacking of solar cells with different band gaps, decreasing thermalization of charge carriers excited with energies above the band gap, is a promising approach for enhanced utilization of the solar spectrum, yielding improved efficiency. Such devices, based on epitaxial layers of III-V compounds have already demonstrated remarkably high efficiencies beyond the S-Q limit. However, these devices grown on rather expensive single crystal wafers and with small size are prohibitively pricey for low cost terrestrial solar electricity generation. On the other hand, multi-junction solar cell technology based on polycrystalline thin films is an attractive option for large area, low cost production, provided adequately high efficiencies are achieved. In this context, two-junction tandem devices, developed by stacking a semitransparent large band gap solar cell of 1.6-1.7 eV on top of a low band gap (~1.0 eV) bottom cell, is a viable option. Earlier attempts in this direction were not so successful, but with the rise of perovskite thin film solar cells as a compatible high efficiency wide band gap (>1.6 eV) top cell and CIGS with a tunable band gap as bottom cell, the prospect for all thin film tandem devices with efficiencies beyond the single-junction limitations has opened. Such all thin film devices hold the potential for the low cost production necessary for large scale terrestrial application. This thesis focuses on the development of high efficiency narrow bandgap (1.0 eV) CIGS solar cells for application in all thin film tandem devices. While for CIGS with band gap of around 1.15 eV efficiencies of over 23 % have been demonstrated, cells with a narrow band gap close to 1.0 eV only reach 15.0 %. The efficiency of these narrow band gap cells are limited by charge carrier recombination, leading to low open circuit voltage (VOC) and reduced fill factor. For solar cell efficiency enhancement it is necessary to investigate the underlying reasons contributing to the deficits in PV parameters and develop processes to overcome the limiting factors. An option to reduce recombination within the solar cell is the implementation of a band gap grading as discussed in Chapter 3. The increase of the band gap at the location of highest recombination leads to a reduction in diode current, and therefore an increase in VOC. To keep the band gap of 1.0 eV a substantial part of the absorber needs to be Ga free. As the primary source of recombination is not obvious, different gradings (realized by a change in the Ga to In ratio) are implemented and compared. A single grading with increased band gap (higher Ga/In ratio) towards the front of the absorber shows no significant improvement on photovoltaic parameters. Any gain in VOC is offset by losses in current due to reduced charge collection, mainly visible for long wavelength photons and probably a result of the upwards bending in the conduction band. A single backgrading (higher Ga/In ratio towards the back electric contact) on the other hand leads to substantial improvements in performance ( from 12.0 % to 16.1 %). It is shown that the collection of photo-generated charge carriers improves and recombination is reduced. Measurements of the effective lifetime by time resolved photo-luminescence are carried out, showing an increase from approximately 20 ns to 100 ns when comparing ungraded with back-graded absorbers. By selectively changing the recombination speed at the back contact, strong differences in the behavior of cells with and without a band gap widening towards the back are observed. The results support that considerable recombination at the back contact is present in pure CIS solar cells, and that the single Ga back-grading approach is effective at suppressing this loss channel. In Chapter 4 the alkali treatment of CIS based solar cells is investigated. Alkali elements are known to strongly influence doping and passivation in CIGS solar cells. It is shown that the amount of sodium necessary to reach sufficient doping levels for high performance CIS solar cells is not achieved using the processes developed for CIGS. This may be based on insufficient Na diffusion into the grain, as those cells generally show larger grains than their CIGS counter parts, and since alkali migration energies in CIS are reported to be higher compared to those in CGS. If CIS cells are grown on soda lime glass without any diffusion barrier and additionally receive post deposition treatment (PDT) with NaF they still show low apparent doping concentration and poor PV performance ( = 10.9 %). However, additional annealing at ~ 370 C substrate temperature after PDT is shown to solve this problem, leading to an increase in apparent doping levels close to 1016 cm−3 and cell efficiency of 15.0 %. The application of an additional heavy alkali PDT, specifically RbF, is shown to lead to further improvements in cell efficiency. Changes at the front interface due to the PDT allow a decrease of buffer layer thickness, leading to a higher photo current (approximately + 1.0 mAcm−2). In addition, reduced recombination and the resulting increase in lifetime leads to additional gains in VOC, resulting in considerably improved device performance, up to an efficiency of 18.0 %. Further efficiency improvement is achieved by investigating the effect of close to stoichiometric compositions of Cu to group III elements as described in Chapter 5. The sub-stoichiometric Cu composition of state-of-the-art CIGS absorbers leads to a high concentration of detrimental defects. The defect density within the absorbers is reduced by approaching a stoichiometric Cu composition. Improvements in the defect density are identified by the decrease of Urbach energy from 20 to 16 mV and an increase in doping is observed for cells with almost stoichiometric Cu content. Cells with high, and especially stoichiometric Cu composition tend to be limited by recombination at the front interface, leading to a decrease of VOC of about 20 mV. Using the modified absorber surface after heavy alkali PDT, these losses are suppressed. Based on these improvements, a narrow band gap cell with record breaking 19.2 % efficiency and an open circuit voltage of 609 mV is achieved. Throughout the whole thesis the suitability of these cells for tandem devices with semitransparent perovskite top cells is investigated by 4-terminal tandem measurements. The improvements achieved in this work led to CIS based solar cells that not only show outstanding single cell performance, but also enable highly efficient tandem devices up to 25.0 %. They outperform state-of-the-art single junction CIGS and perovskite cells while showing prospects for further efficiency improvement. Due to the low band gap of the CIS absorber the current density from the bottom cell is high enough to produce current matched tandem devices with high efficient perovskite top cells (19.2 to 18.6 mAcm−2 in 4-terminal configuration), and also monolithic two-terminal configurations are feasible in the future.

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    Authors: Trivella, Alessio; id_orcid0000-0002-2614-5051; Corman, Francesco; id_orcid0000-0002-6036-5832;

    Abstract Book: 10th Symposium of the European Association for Research in Transport (hEART 2022)

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    Authors: Trivella, Alessio; id_orcid0000-0002-2614-5051; Corman, Francesco; id_orcid0000-0002-6036-5832;

    Abstract Book: 10th Symposium of the European Association for Research in Transport (hEART 2022)

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    Authors: Scheidegger, Florian;

    ISBN:978-3-86628-689-4

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    Authors: Scheidegger, Florian;

    ISBN:978-3-86628-689-4

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    Switching to a new technological path is often a serious economic challenge for companies. Incumbents, in particular, are often led by their organizational routines, traditional technological orientation, and experience, and run the risk of losing contact with new technologies, which can decrease their competitiveness. We analyze whether opening up the innovation process to external knowledge partners can help to overcome such path dependence and enable firms to operate successfully on a new technological path. We develop a theoretical concept that shows the potential of external knowledge sources for operating successfully on a new technological path and test it empirically using the example of green technologies. Green technologies are not only relevant for addressing the current environmental problems, but they are also an example of a new technological path that is proving difficult for companies to switch to. Overall, we find strong direct effects of external (green) knowledge on green innovation success. The results even indicate that the direct effect of external knowledge tends to be larger for green than for non-green innovation.

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    Switching to a new technological path is often a serious economic challenge for companies. Incumbents, in particular, are often led by their organizational routines, traditional technological orientation, and experience, and run the risk of losing contact with new technologies, which can decrease their competitiveness. We analyze whether opening up the innovation process to external knowledge partners can help to overcome such path dependence and enable firms to operate successfully on a new technological path. We develop a theoretical concept that shows the potential of external knowledge sources for operating successfully on a new technological path and test it empirically using the example of green technologies. Green technologies are not only relevant for addressing the current environmental problems, but they are also an example of a new technological path that is proving difficult for companies to switch to. Overall, we find strong direct effects of external (green) knowledge on green innovation success. The results even indicate that the direct effect of external knowledge tends to be larger for green than for non-green innovation.

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    Authors: Neale, null; Barnes, null; Robson, null; Neale, null; +88 Authors

    AbstractThis assessment by the Environmental Effects Assessment Panel (EEAP) of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) provides the latest scientific update since our most recent comprehensive assessment (Photochemical and Photobiological Sciences, 2019, 18, 595–828). The interactive effects between the stratospheric ozone layer, solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation, and climate change are presented within the framework of the Montreal Protocol and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. We address how these global environmental changes affect the atmosphere and air quality; human health; terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems; biogeochemical cycles; and materials used in outdoor construction, solar energy technologies, and fabrics. In many cases, there is a growing influence from changes in seasonality and extreme events due to climate change. Additionally, we assess the transmission and environmental effects of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which is responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, in the context of linkages with solar UV radiation and the Montreal Protocol.

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    https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/ya...
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    Authors: Neale, null; Barnes, null; Robson, null; Neale, null; +88 Authors

    AbstractThis assessment by the Environmental Effects Assessment Panel (EEAP) of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) provides the latest scientific update since our most recent comprehensive assessment (Photochemical and Photobiological Sciences, 2019, 18, 595–828). The interactive effects between the stratospheric ozone layer, solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation, and climate change are presented within the framework of the Montreal Protocol and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. We address how these global environmental changes affect the atmosphere and air quality; human health; terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems; biogeochemical cycles; and materials used in outdoor construction, solar energy technologies, and fabrics. In many cases, there is a growing influence from changes in seasonality and extreme events due to climate change. Additionally, we assess the transmission and environmental effects of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which is responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, in the context of linkages with solar UV radiation and the Montreal Protocol.

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    Article . 2021
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Research Collection
    Article . 2021
    License: CC BY
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/ya...
    Other literature type . 2021
    Data sources: Datacite
    https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/n3...
    Other literature type . 2021
    Data sources: Datacite
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