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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Ganske, Gerald;

    Durch die Kathodenzerstäubungsprozesstechnologie (Sputtern) ist es möglich, Schichten zu erzeugen, die durch Einstellung der Prozessparamter auf ein Einsatzgebiet hin optimiert werden können. In dieser Arbeit sind Dünnfilme auf der Basis von Platin und Iridium für zwei Anwendungen, einmal als Elektrodenmaterial zur Stimulation von Nervenzellen und zum anderen als Katalysatormaterial in Wasserstoff-Brennstoffzellen, abgeschieden und charakterisiert worden. Zunächst ist der Depositionsprozess von Platinschichten im Hinblick auf eine große Porosität optimiert worden, wobei sich gezeigt hat, dass ein Kammerdruck von 9 Pa und eine Sputterleistung von kleiner gleich 100 W zu einem optimalen Kompromiss zwischen Abscheiderate, Porosität und ungeordneter Kristallstruktur führt. Weiterhin ist ein Co-Sputterprozess zur Herstellung von homogenen Platin-Iridiumschichten (PtIr) entwickelt worden. Wenn die Atome beim Auftreffen auf das Substrat nur noch ihre thermische Energie haben, weisen die Schichten sowohl die große kristalline Struktur von Platin als auch die feineren selbstähnlichen Knospen der Iridiumstruktur auf. Das atomare Verhältnis und der interatomare Abstand von PtIr-Schichten kann präzise durch die Sputterleistung eingestellt werden. Das säulenartige Platin-Iridium-Schichtwachstum ist mit einer Monte-Carlo-Wachstumssimulation berechnet worden und konnte mit Hilfe von REM-Aufnahmen bestätigt werden. Die Simulationen haben zudem ergeben, dass sich Atome von beiden Elementen in etwa im Verhältnis zur Sputterleistung an der Oberfläche befinden und zu elektrochemischen Reaktionen beitragen können. Elektrodenmaterialien zur Stimulation von Nervenzellen benötigen eine große elektrochemisch aktive Oberfläche, die eine Umsetzung der elektrischen Elektronenleitung in eine Ionenleitung erlaubt. Sowohl Platin- und Iridiumschichten als auch co-gesputterte PtIr-Schichten weisen die größte Oberfläche und somit auch die größte Ladungstransferkapazität auf, wenn sie beim Auftreffen auf das Substrat nur noch ihre thermische Energie besitzen. Reines Iridium weist insgesamt die höchste Ladungstransferkapazität von den untersuchten Materialien auf (48 mC/cm²), gefolgt von Platin-Iridium (29 mC/cm² bei gleicher Leistung von 100 W an beiden Targets) und Platin (16 mC/cm²). Dies liegt vor allem daran, dass die Iridiumschichten die größte Oberfläche haben und elektrochemisch aktiviert werden können. PtIr-Schichten mit hohem Iridiumanteil können ebenfalls elektrochemisch aktiviert werden, wenn auch bei weitem nicht so ausgeprägt wie reine Iridiumschichten. Für Anwendungen als Brennstoffzellenkatalysatormaterial zeigen gesputterte Platinschichten mit hoher Porosität neben der größeren aktiven Oberfläche (45 cm²real/cm²geom bei 9 Pa Sputterdruck) auch eine deutlich gesteigerte kinetisch limitierte Stromdichte (514 µA/cm² bei 9 Pa Sputterdruck), was auf einen erhöhten Anteil an Kristallen in [200]-Orientierung zurückzuführen ist. Diese Platin-schichten sind kommerziellen chemisch beschichteten Elektroden bei Anwendungen in Wasserstoff-Brennstoffzellen im Hinblick auf die Effizienz der Edelmetallausnutzung überlegen. Bei co-gesputterten PtIr-Schichten führt ein Iridiumanteil von circa 11% zu einer Oberflächenzunahme von fast 20% gegenüber den schon sehr porösen Pt-Schichten und einer um den Faktor sechs verbesserten Sauerstoffreduktionsfähigkeit im flüssigen Elektrolyten. Dadurch ist PtIr, wie Tests bewiesen haben, als Kathodenmaterial in der Brennstoffzelle sogar gesputterten reinen Platinschichten überlegen. Dieses Ergebnis ist auf den reduzierten Abstand zwischen den Atomen im Kristallgitter und den größeren Anteil an Kristallen in [200]-Richtung zurückgeführt worden und deckt sich mit Ergebnissen anderer Gruppen an chemisch hergestellten Katalysatoren. Sputtering makes it possible to create thinfilms of only a few atom layers and to customize them for special applications by adjusting the deposition parameters. In this work interface-layers are deposited and characterized in biological systems as stimulation electrodes for neural cells and as catalysts in hydrogen fuel cells. First of all, highly porous platinum films were created by sputtering at a pressure of 9 Pa and low power of less than 100 W. These parameters are an ideal compromise between deposition rate, porosity and disordered crystal structure of the layers. Investigations on co-sputtered platinum-iridium-films (PtIr) showed that these films form homogeneous structures and no distinction between the separate layers is possible. It was demonstrated that these films obtain the crystal structure of Pt as well as the finer cauliflower-like structure of iridium, if the atoms reach the substrate surface only with their thermal energy. Furthermore, it was shown that the film composition reflects the sputtering power of the separate targets in a linear way. The structure of the films can be predicted by means of monte-carlo-simulation, which was verified by SEM-pictures. The ratio of the sputtering power can be used to control the amount of interface elements which was confirmed by electrochemical tests. Electrode materials for the stimulation of neural cells need a large electrochemically active surface that allows for an interface between electron and ion conductivity. Test on platinum, iridium and PtIr have shown that the films sputtered at the lowest impact energy do have the largest active surface as well as the largest charge delivery capacity (CDC). Iridium films show the highest CDC (48 mC/cm²), followed by platinum-iridium (2 mC/cm², 100 W power at both targets) and pure platinum (16 mC/cm²). This can be explained by the large surface area of iridium and its electrochemical activation process. Although PtIr layers also show an activation process, it is much smaller than for Ir films. For fuel cell catalyst applications a large active surface (45 cm²real/cm²geom at 9 Pa sputtering pressure) is also beneficial, which was shown for Pt-films. These films have a drastically increased kinetically limited current density (514 µA/cm²) due to the increased amount of [200]-oriented crystals. Tests in a fuel cell environment proved that sputtered films are superior to commercial chemical catalysts in the utilization of the used platinum. Tests with PtIr films with an amount of about 11% iridium proved an active surface area increase of 20% in regard to the optimized platinum layers. Also the oxygen reduction reaction in acid electrolyte current was sixfold higher for PtIr. Because of this, PtIr is even superior to sputtered pure Pt, which was shown in fuel cell tests. This can be explained by a reduced lattice spacing and an increased amount of more reactive crystals in [200]-direction. These explanations do agree with previously published data of other groups for chemically produced catalysts.

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  • Authors: Streitfert, Anita;

    Die CO2-Konzentration ist seit 1750 von 280 ppm auf heute 375 ppm angestiegen und wird sich bis 2100 weiter auf 540-970 ppm erhöhen. Dieser Anstieg wirkt sich indirekt über die Erwärmung der Atmosphäre als auch direkt auf die Pflanzen aus. Ziel dieser Arbeit war daher die Auswirkung der Klimaerwärmung in den letzten 50 Jahren und der prognostizierten Klimaerwärmung auf die Pflanzenentwicklung sowie die Wirkung von moderat erhöhten CO2-Konzentrationen (+20 %) auf die Phänologie, die Anatomie und den Stomatawiderstand von Pflanzen zu untersuchen. Anhand der Auswertung phänologischer Daten landwirtschaftlicher Kulturpflanzen, Obstgehölzen und wildwachsenden Pflanzen der Jahre 1951 bis 2003 von 170 Stationen in Hessen konnte gezeigt werden, dass es in diesem Zeitraum zu Verschiebungen in der Pflanzenentwicklung gekommen ist. Der Eintritt phänologischer Phasen verfrühte sich im Mittel zwischen 0,4 bis 5,5 Tage/Dekade. Die Frühjahrsphasen zeigten dabei den stärksten Trend. Im Jahresverlauf nahm die Verfrühung der phänologischen Phasen ab. Regionale Unterschiede und gegensätzliche Trends in benachbarten Naturräumen zeigten sich in der Reaktion der Pflanzen (z.B. Blattseneszenz der Stiel-Eiche), aber auch in der Dauer der Vegetationsperiode. Während sich die Vegetationszeit in manchen Regionen verlängert hat, ist sie in anderen unverändert geblieben. Im Gießen-Koblenzer-Lahntal hat sie sich sogar verkürzt.Mit Hilfe von Modellen, basierend auf den Temperaturdaten eines Regionalisierungsmodells für die meteorologische Station Gießen, konnte beispielhaft für den Naturraum 348 (Marburg-Gießener-Lahntal) gezeigt werden, dass es aufgrund der prognostizierten Klimaerwärmung in der Dekade von 2041 bis 2050 zu weiteren Verfrühungen in der Pflanzenentwicklung und zur Verlängerung der Vegetationsperiode kommen wird. Die Verfrühung der Frühjahrsphasen hat zur Folge, dass die Gefahr von Spätfrost auch in der Zukunft vorhanden ist und für einige Obstarten wahrscheinlich noch ansteigt. Neben erhöhten Lufttemperaturen beeinflussen ...

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    Authors: Siebert, Eva;

    Rezension zu: Landeskirchenamt der Evangelischen Kirche in Mitteldeutschland (EKM, Hrsg.): KLIMAWANDEL LEBENSWANDEL – Arbeitsheft, Kampagne der EKM 2011, 76 S. ZEP : Zeitschrift für internationale Bildungsforschung und Entwicklungspädagogik 34 (2011) 4, S. 33-34

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Schlipf, David; Cheng, Po Wen;

    Der Beitrag beschreibt, wie Windmessungen mit LIDAR in einer Vorsteuerung verwendet werden können, um die Drehzahlschwankungen und damit die Belastungen von Windenergieanlagen zu reduzieren. Kernstück dieser Vorsteuerung ist ein Filter, der adaptiv auf die aktuellen Messungen eingestellt werden muss, da sich die Prädiktionszeit und die Korrelation zwischen Vorhersage und Anlagenverhalten kontinuierlich ändern. Die Ergebnisse werden mit Messdaten einer 5MW Anlage validiert. ; This paper presents how LIDAR measurements can be used in a feed forward control to reduce rotor speed variation and loads on wind turbines. Core of this control strategy is an adaptive filter that takes into account the continuous changes in the prediction time and in the correlation between the turbine reaction and the preview. Results will be validated with measurement data of a 5MW wind turbine.

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    Authors: Rennings, Klaus; Koschel, Henrike;

    Die Diskussion über die externen Kosten der Energieversorgung hat seit dem Erscheinen der ersten empirischen Studien Ende der 80'er Jahre eine Flut von Literatur hervorgebracht. Auch inhaltlich hat sich die Forschung in mehrerlei Hinsicht beträchtlich weiterentwickelt: • Neben einer stärkeren Ausdifferenzierung der externen Kosten nach Energieträgern, Techniken oder gar Einzelanlagen haben neuere, auf direkten Befragungen basierende Bewertungsmethoden wie die Contingent Valuation Method verstärkte Aufmerksamtkeit erfahren. • Wurde die Diskussion über die Internalisierung externer Effekte früher eher polarisierend zwischen einzelnen Instrumenten (Abgaben versus Zertifikate) oder Politikkonzepten (Ordnungsrecht versus marktwirtschaftliche Instrumente) geführt, so ist an die Stelle dieser Entweder-Oder-Kontroversen zunehmend die Einsicht getreten, daß eine ökologisch und ökonomisch effiziente Politik eines Mixes verschiedener Instrumententypen bedarf. Gefragt wird stärker nach der richtigen Dosierung und Kombination von Instrumenten, die sich früher gegenseitig auszuschließen schienen. • Zunehmend wird auch die begrenzte Reichweite des Konzeptes der externen Kosten erkannt. Als ökonomisches Konzept basiert dieses auf einer Reihe von Annahmen, die bei einer Anwendung auf Umweltprobleme fragwürdig erscheinen. So bereitet die Bewertung von langfristigen und unsicheren Risiken (z.B. Klimaänderung) genauso Schwierigkeiten wie die Bewertung von probabilistischen Großrisiken (z.B. Kernschmelzunfälle), von Schäden an Natur und Landschaft ohne direkte Wirkungen auf den Menschen (z.B. Zersiedelung) oder von irreversiblen Schäden (z.B. Altensterben). Angesichts dieser Schwierigkeiten stellt sich die Frage nach der ökologischen Adäquanz des Konzeptes der externen Kosten sowie nach konzeptionellen Alternativen. Diese werden in den letzten Jahren verstärkt unter den Stichworten „ökologische Ökonomie" und „dauerhaft-umweltgerechte Entwicklung" (sustainable development) diskutiert. Die vorliegende Dokumentation möchte in diesem Zusammenhang einen Überblick über das Konzept der externen Kosten sowie den Stand der Diskussion bezüglich der genannten Entwicklungen geben.

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    EconStor
    Report . 1995
    Data sources: EconStor
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      EconStor
      Report . 1995
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    Authors: D. Eliezer; K. Holtappels; M. Beckmann-Kluge;
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    Authors: Rojas Reina, Christian Jose;

    A simulation of the anaerobic process of a biogas production for different substrates was realized (manure, lipid rich substrate, organic waste and maissilage). The simulation was based on the Anaerobic Digestion Model No. 1 (ADM1). The experimental work comprehends batch-experiments and experiments in a continuous stirred-tank reactor at lab scale with different substrates used in a biogas production. The comparison between the experiments and the simulations of the process leads to a modification in ADM1. Furthermore a classification of substrates was developed according to their biodegradability to meet the fractions of the ADM1 simulation. The model was used for the simulation of a biogas plant fed with manure and food waste as substrates. Es wird eine Simulation des anaeroben Prozesses in Biogasanlagen beschrieben, die es erlaubt den Prozess für den Einsatz verschiedener realer Substrate zu optimieren. Als Basis zur Modellierung wird das ADM1-Modell (Anaerobic Digestion Model No. 1) verwendet. Es wurden Batch-Versuche mit verschiedenen Substraten sowie Experimente in einem kontinuierlichen Laborreaktor durchgeführt. Anhand der experimentellen Ergebnisse erfolgten eine Parametrisierung und Modifikationen im Modell. Nach der Validierung des Modell im Labor wurde die Simulation einer großtechnischen Biogasanlage realisiert.

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    Authors: Vreeswijk, Jaap; Wilmink, Isabel; Gilka, Philipp; Vernet, Guillaume; +4 Authors

    Cooperative ITS for road traffic offer potentials regarding road safety and traffic efficiency that go significantly beyond what can be achieved with isolated vehicle and infrastructure systems. However, besides functional and technical aspects there are legal and institutional, financial, political and culture barriers that need to be addressed and must be overcome in order to successfully deploy cooperative services on a broad level throughout Europe. This paper contains an analysis of identified barriers and their possible solutions on the basis of the eCoMove project and several research projects that deal with to C-ITS implementation.

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    Other literature type . 2014
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    Authors: Eisenbarth, Markus;

    More than ever, the climate crisis requires the transport sector to significantly reduce energy demand and the respective CO2 equivalents. With the help of predictive optimization methods for longitudinal vehicle control, automated and connected vehicles can make a remarkable contribution to this. To ensure traffic safety, the optimization methods may only select the vehicle speed within certain limits. Previous research mostly omits complex situations with crossing traffic at intersections not controlled by traffic signals or assumes idealized knowledge of solution space limits. This is usually not sufficient for operation in real traffic situations. In the scope of this work, it is shown that the prediction of traffic boundary conditions can be robustly extended to numerous traffic situations of the particularly challenging urban environment and can be utilized to reduce energy demand. The prediction algorithm developed for this purpose estimates the future behavior of surrounding traffic within the prediction horizon based on data from environmental perception technologies (digital map, vehicle connectivity as well as environmental sensors) and derives time-dependent speed and position constraints for the optimized vehicle. In order to evaluate the accuracy of the developed prediction algorithm, it has been investigated in real traffic scenarios. To this end, a measurement campaign has been carried out in the urban environment of the Aldenhoven Testing Center and numerous random traffic situations have been recorded. The measurement data was then processed in the MATLAB/Simulink development environment and each of the participating vehicles has been virtually equipped with the prediction algorithm. To evaluate the performance, the predicted values has been compared with the real vehicle behavior over the prediction horizon and for different traffic situations and parameter variations. To quantify the energy saving potential, the algorithm has been combined with a model predictive control. The performed simulation study shows the general saving potential of the prediction algorithm in combination with an energetic optimization. Depending on the choice of parameters, savings of between 12% and 23% can be achieved compared to a reference vehicle whose driving behavior is based on that of a human driver. In summary, the work performed can support the activities of bringing automated vehicles one step closer to higher automation levels. Additionally, the prediction algorithm can be used in further technologies to increase energy efficiency. Overall, a large potential for reducing energy demand and lowering greenhouse gas emissions in the transport sector can be tapped, thus contributing to meeting climate protection targets. Dissertation, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, 2023; Aachen : RWTH Aachen University 1 Online-Ressource : Illustrationen, Diagramme (2023). = Dissertation, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, 2023 Published by RWTH Aachen University, Aachen

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    https://dx.doi.org/10.18154/rw...
    Doctoral thesis . 2023
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      Doctoral thesis . 2023
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    Authors: Böhnke, Denise; Volk, Rebekka; Lützkendorf, Thomas; Naber, Elias; +3 Authors

    Stadtgrün ist ein wichtiger Bestandteil nachhaltigen Flächenmanagements. In vielen Städten ist es das Ziel, grüne Infrastruktur zu schützen und weiterzuentwickeln. Die notwendigen Daten dafür sind für den öffentlichen Raum teilweise vorhanden, z.B. in Form eines Baumkatasters. Soll der gesamte Grünbestand betrachtet und seine lokalen Ökosystemleistungen (ÖSL) bewertet werden, so müssen jedoch auch die privaten Bereiche berücksichtigt werden. Daher wurden Flächenbiotope wie Grünflächen, Gärten, Hecken usw. sowohl im Öffentlichen als auch in privaten Innenhöfen der Blockrandbebauung eines Stadtquartiers in Karlsruhe auf ca. 170 000 m² Fläche kartiert und anschließend bewertet. Im öffentlichen Bereich sind 3,6 % der Fläche begrünt und 95,7 % voll versiegelt, im Privaten 37,2 % begrünt aber auch 55,9 % voll versiegelt. In diesem verdichteten Innenstadtbereich ohne öffentliche Grünflächen hat daher der private Bereich einen besonders hohen Stellenwert für alle ÖSL. Dies stellt das Prinzip der Innen- vor Außenentwicklung stark in Frage, insbesondere, wenn für die Innenverdichtung wertvolle Grünbestände verloren gehen. Die monetäre Bewertung des Grünbestands anhand von Ökopunkten (25 Ct/ÖP) ergibt für die Flächenbiotope des Gesamtquartiers gerade mal 42 000 €, etwas mehr als der Gegenwert einer Garage. Wir schlussfolgern, dass deutlich höhere Sätze in den flächen-umkämpften Städten angesetzt werden müssten bzw. Grünbestände flächenmäßig vergrößert oder qualitativ aufgewertet werden müssten.

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    https://dx.doi.org/10.5445/ir/...
    Other literature type . 2021
    License: CC BY
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Ganske, Gerald;

    Durch die Kathodenzerstäubungsprozesstechnologie (Sputtern) ist es möglich, Schichten zu erzeugen, die durch Einstellung der Prozessparamter auf ein Einsatzgebiet hin optimiert werden können. In dieser Arbeit sind Dünnfilme auf der Basis von Platin und Iridium für zwei Anwendungen, einmal als Elektrodenmaterial zur Stimulation von Nervenzellen und zum anderen als Katalysatormaterial in Wasserstoff-Brennstoffzellen, abgeschieden und charakterisiert worden. Zunächst ist der Depositionsprozess von Platinschichten im Hinblick auf eine große Porosität optimiert worden, wobei sich gezeigt hat, dass ein Kammerdruck von 9 Pa und eine Sputterleistung von kleiner gleich 100 W zu einem optimalen Kompromiss zwischen Abscheiderate, Porosität und ungeordneter Kristallstruktur führt. Weiterhin ist ein Co-Sputterprozess zur Herstellung von homogenen Platin-Iridiumschichten (PtIr) entwickelt worden. Wenn die Atome beim Auftreffen auf das Substrat nur noch ihre thermische Energie haben, weisen die Schichten sowohl die große kristalline Struktur von Platin als auch die feineren selbstähnlichen Knospen der Iridiumstruktur auf. Das atomare Verhältnis und der interatomare Abstand von PtIr-Schichten kann präzise durch die Sputterleistung eingestellt werden. Das säulenartige Platin-Iridium-Schichtwachstum ist mit einer Monte-Carlo-Wachstumssimulation berechnet worden und konnte mit Hilfe von REM-Aufnahmen bestätigt werden. Die Simulationen haben zudem ergeben, dass sich Atome von beiden Elementen in etwa im Verhältnis zur Sputterleistung an der Oberfläche befinden und zu elektrochemischen Reaktionen beitragen können. Elektrodenmaterialien zur Stimulation von Nervenzellen benötigen eine große elektrochemisch aktive Oberfläche, die eine Umsetzung der elektrischen Elektronenleitung in eine Ionenleitung erlaubt. Sowohl Platin- und Iridiumschichten als auch co-gesputterte PtIr-Schichten weisen die größte Oberfläche und somit auch die größte Ladungstransferkapazität auf, wenn sie beim Auftreffen auf das Substrat nur noch ihre thermische Energie besitzen. Reines Iridium weist insgesamt die höchste Ladungstransferkapazität von den untersuchten Materialien auf (48 mC/cm²), gefolgt von Platin-Iridium (29 mC/cm² bei gleicher Leistung von 100 W an beiden Targets) und Platin (16 mC/cm²). Dies liegt vor allem daran, dass die Iridiumschichten die größte Oberfläche haben und elektrochemisch aktiviert werden können. PtIr-Schichten mit hohem Iridiumanteil können ebenfalls elektrochemisch aktiviert werden, wenn auch bei weitem nicht so ausgeprägt wie reine Iridiumschichten. Für Anwendungen als Brennstoffzellenkatalysatormaterial zeigen gesputterte Platinschichten mit hoher Porosität neben der größeren aktiven Oberfläche (45 cm²real/cm²geom bei 9 Pa Sputterdruck) auch eine deutlich gesteigerte kinetisch limitierte Stromdichte (514 µA/cm² bei 9 Pa Sputterdruck), was auf einen erhöhten Anteil an Kristallen in [200]-Orientierung zurückzuführen ist. Diese Platin-schichten sind kommerziellen chemisch beschichteten Elektroden bei Anwendungen in Wasserstoff-Brennstoffzellen im Hinblick auf die Effizienz der Edelmetallausnutzung überlegen. Bei co-gesputterten PtIr-Schichten führt ein Iridiumanteil von circa 11% zu einer Oberflächenzunahme von fast 20% gegenüber den schon sehr porösen Pt-Schichten und einer um den Faktor sechs verbesserten Sauerstoffreduktionsfähigkeit im flüssigen Elektrolyten. Dadurch ist PtIr, wie Tests bewiesen haben, als Kathodenmaterial in der Brennstoffzelle sogar gesputterten reinen Platinschichten überlegen. Dieses Ergebnis ist auf den reduzierten Abstand zwischen den Atomen im Kristallgitter und den größeren Anteil an Kristallen in [200]-Richtung zurückgeführt worden und deckt sich mit Ergebnissen anderer Gruppen an chemisch hergestellten Katalysatoren. Sputtering makes it possible to create thinfilms of only a few atom layers and to customize them for special applications by adjusting the deposition parameters. In this work interface-layers are deposited and characterized in biological systems as stimulation electrodes for neural cells and as catalysts in hydrogen fuel cells. First of all, highly porous platinum films were created by sputtering at a pressure of 9 Pa and low power of less than 100 W. These parameters are an ideal compromise between deposition rate, porosity and disordered crystal structure of the layers. Investigations on co-sputtered platinum-iridium-films (PtIr) showed that these films form homogeneous structures and no distinction between the separate layers is possible. It was demonstrated that these films obtain the crystal structure of Pt as well as the finer cauliflower-like structure of iridium, if the atoms reach the substrate surface only with their thermal energy. Furthermore, it was shown that the film composition reflects the sputtering power of the separate targets in a linear way. The structure of the films can be predicted by means of monte-carlo-simulation, which was verified by SEM-pictures. The ratio of the sputtering power can be used to control the amount of interface elements which was confirmed by electrochemical tests. Electrode materials for the stimulation of neural cells need a large electrochemically active surface that allows for an interface between electron and ion conductivity. Test on platinum, iridium and PtIr have shown that the films sputtered at the lowest impact energy do have the largest active surface as well as the largest charge delivery capacity (CDC). Iridium films show the highest CDC (48 mC/cm²), followed by platinum-iridium (2 mC/cm², 100 W power at both targets) and pure platinum (16 mC/cm²). This can be explained by the large surface area of iridium and its electrochemical activation process. Although PtIr layers also show an activation process, it is much smaller than for Ir films. For fuel cell catalyst applications a large active surface (45 cm²real/cm²geom at 9 Pa sputtering pressure) is also beneficial, which was shown for Pt-films. These films have a drastically increased kinetically limited current density (514 µA/cm²) due to the increased amount of [200]-oriented crystals. Tests in a fuel cell environment proved that sputtered films are superior to commercial chemical catalysts in the utilization of the used platinum. Tests with PtIr films with an amount of about 11% iridium proved an active surface area increase of 20% in regard to the optimized platinum layers. Also the oxygen reduction reaction in acid electrolyte current was sixfold higher for PtIr. Because of this, PtIr is even superior to sputtered pure Pt, which was shown in fuel cell tests. This can be explained by a reduced lattice spacing and an increased amount of more reactive crystals in [200]-direction. These explanations do agree with previously published data of other groups for chemically produced catalysts.

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  • Authors: Streitfert, Anita;

    Die CO2-Konzentration ist seit 1750 von 280 ppm auf heute 375 ppm angestiegen und wird sich bis 2100 weiter auf 540-970 ppm erhöhen. Dieser Anstieg wirkt sich indirekt über die Erwärmung der Atmosphäre als auch direkt auf die Pflanzen aus. Ziel dieser Arbeit war daher die Auswirkung der Klimaerwärmung in den letzten 50 Jahren und der prognostizierten Klimaerwärmung auf die Pflanzenentwicklung sowie die Wirkung von moderat erhöhten CO2-Konzentrationen (+20 %) auf die Phänologie, die Anatomie und den Stomatawiderstand von Pflanzen zu untersuchen. Anhand der Auswertung phänologischer Daten landwirtschaftlicher Kulturpflanzen, Obstgehölzen und wildwachsenden Pflanzen der Jahre 1951 bis 2003 von 170 Stationen in Hessen konnte gezeigt werden, dass es in diesem Zeitraum zu Verschiebungen in der Pflanzenentwicklung gekommen ist. Der Eintritt phänologischer Phasen verfrühte sich im Mittel zwischen 0,4 bis 5,5 Tage/Dekade. Die Frühjahrsphasen zeigten dabei den stärksten Trend. Im Jahresverlauf nahm die Verfrühung der phänologischen Phasen ab. Regionale Unterschiede und gegensätzliche Trends in benachbarten Naturräumen zeigten sich in der Reaktion der Pflanzen (z.B. Blattseneszenz der Stiel-Eiche), aber auch in der Dauer der Vegetationsperiode. Während sich die Vegetationszeit in manchen Regionen verlängert hat, ist sie in anderen unverändert geblieben. Im Gießen-Koblenzer-Lahntal hat sie sich sogar verkürzt.Mit Hilfe von Modellen, basierend auf den Temperaturdaten eines Regionalisierungsmodells für die meteorologische Station Gießen, konnte beispielhaft für den Naturraum 348 (Marburg-Gießener-Lahntal) gezeigt werden, dass es aufgrund der prognostizierten Klimaerwärmung in der Dekade von 2041 bis 2050 zu weiteren Verfrühungen in der Pflanzenentwicklung und zur Verlängerung der Vegetationsperiode kommen wird. Die Verfrühung der Frühjahrsphasen hat zur Folge, dass die Gefahr von Spätfrost auch in der Zukunft vorhanden ist und für einige Obstarten wahrscheinlich noch ansteigt. Neben erhöhten Lufttemperaturen beeinflussen ...

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    Authors: Siebert, Eva;

    Rezension zu: Landeskirchenamt der Evangelischen Kirche in Mitteldeutschland (EKM, Hrsg.): KLIMAWANDEL LEBENSWANDEL – Arbeitsheft, Kampagne der EKM 2011, 76 S. ZEP : Zeitschrift für internationale Bildungsforschung und Entwicklungspädagogik 34 (2011) 4, S. 33-34

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    Authors: Schlipf, David; Cheng, Po Wen;

    Der Beitrag beschreibt, wie Windmessungen mit LIDAR in einer Vorsteuerung verwendet werden können, um die Drehzahlschwankungen und damit die Belastungen von Windenergieanlagen zu reduzieren. Kernstück dieser Vorsteuerung ist ein Filter, der adaptiv auf die aktuellen Messungen eingestellt werden muss, da sich die Prädiktionszeit und die Korrelation zwischen Vorhersage und Anlagenverhalten kontinuierlich ändern. Die Ergebnisse werden mit Messdaten einer 5MW Anlage validiert. ; This paper presents how LIDAR measurements can be used in a feed forward control to reduce rotor speed variation and loads on wind turbines. Core of this control strategy is an adaptive filter that takes into account the continuous changes in the prediction time and in the correlation between the turbine reaction and the preview. Results will be validated with measurement data of a 5MW wind turbine.

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    Authors: Rennings, Klaus; Koschel, Henrike;

    Die Diskussion über die externen Kosten der Energieversorgung hat seit dem Erscheinen der ersten empirischen Studien Ende der 80'er Jahre eine Flut von Literatur hervorgebracht. Auch inhaltlich hat sich die Forschung in mehrerlei Hinsicht beträchtlich weiterentwickelt: • Neben einer stärkeren Ausdifferenzierung der externen Kosten nach Energieträgern, Techniken oder gar Einzelanlagen haben neuere, auf direkten Befragungen basierende Bewertungsmethoden wie die Contingent Valuation Method verstärkte Aufmerksamtkeit erfahren. • Wurde die Diskussion über die Internalisierung externer Effekte früher eher polarisierend zwischen einzelnen Instrumenten (Abgaben versus Zertifikate) oder Politikkonzepten (Ordnungsrecht versus marktwirtschaftliche Instrumente) geführt, so ist an die Stelle dieser Entweder-Oder-Kontroversen zunehmend die Einsicht getreten, daß eine ökologisch und ökonomisch effiziente Politik eines Mixes verschiedener Instrumententypen bedarf. Gefragt wird stärker nach der richtigen Dosierung und Kombination von Instrumenten, die sich früher gegenseitig auszuschließen schienen. • Zunehmend wird auch die begrenzte Reichweite des Konzeptes der externen Kosten erkannt. Als ökonomisches Konzept basiert dieses auf einer Reihe von Annahmen, die bei einer Anwendung auf Umweltprobleme fragwürdig erscheinen. So bereitet die Bewertung von langfristigen und unsicheren Risiken (z.B. Klimaänderung) genauso Schwierigkeiten wie die Bewertung von probabilistischen Großrisiken (z.B. Kernschmelzunfälle), von Schäden an Natur und Landschaft ohne direkte Wirkungen auf den Menschen (z.B. Zersiedelung) oder von irreversiblen Schäden (z.B. Altensterben). Angesichts dieser Schwierigkeiten stellt sich die Frage nach der ökologischen Adäquanz des Konzeptes der externen Kosten sowie nach konzeptionellen Alternativen. Diese werden in den letzten Jahren verstärkt unter den Stichworten „ökologische Ökonomie" und „dauerhaft-umweltgerechte Entwicklung" (sustainable development) diskutiert. Die vorliegende Dokumentation möchte in diesem Zusammenhang einen Überblick über das Konzept der externen Kosten sowie den Stand der Diskussion bezüglich der genannten Entwicklungen geben.

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    EconStor
    Report . 1995
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      Report . 1995
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    Authors: D. Eliezer; K. Holtappels; M. Beckmann-Kluge;
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    Authors: Rojas Reina, Christian Jose;

    A simulation of the anaerobic process of a biogas production for different substrates was realized (manure, lipid rich substrate, organic waste and maissilage). The simulation was based on the Anaerobic Digestion Model No. 1 (ADM1). The experimental work comprehends batch-experiments and experiments in a continuous stirred-tank reactor at lab scale with different substrates used in a biogas production. The comparison between the experiments and the simulations of the process leads to a modification in ADM1. Furthermore a classification of substrates was developed according to their biodegradability to meet the fractions of the ADM1 simulation. The model was used for the simulation of a biogas plant fed with manure and food waste as substrates. Es wird eine Simulation des anaeroben Prozesses in Biogasanlagen beschrieben, die es erlaubt den Prozess für den Einsatz verschiedener realer Substrate zu optimieren. Als Basis zur Modellierung wird das ADM1-Modell (Anaerobic Digestion Model No. 1) verwendet. Es wurden Batch-Versuche mit verschiedenen Substraten sowie Experimente in einem kontinuierlichen Laborreaktor durchgeführt. Anhand der experimentellen Ergebnisse erfolgten eine Parametrisierung und Modifikationen im Modell. Nach der Validierung des Modell im Labor wurde die Simulation einer großtechnischen Biogasanlage realisiert.

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    Authors: Vreeswijk, Jaap; Wilmink, Isabel; Gilka, Philipp; Vernet, Guillaume; +4 Authors

    Cooperative ITS for road traffic offer potentials regarding road safety and traffic efficiency that go significantly beyond what can be achieved with isolated vehicle and infrastructure systems. However, besides functional and technical aspects there are legal and institutional, financial, political and culture barriers that need to be addressed and must be overcome in order to successfully deploy cooperative services on a broad level throughout Europe. This paper contains an analysis of identified barriers and their possible solutions on the basis of the eCoMove project and several research projects that deal with to C-ITS implementation.

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    Authors: Eisenbarth, Markus;

    More than ever, the climate crisis requires the transport sector to significantly reduce energy demand and the respective CO2 equivalents. With the help of predictive optimization methods for longitudinal vehicle control, automated and connected vehicles can make a remarkable contribution to this. To ensure traffic safety, the optimization methods may only select the vehicle speed within certain limits. Previous research mostly omits complex situations with crossing traffic at intersections not controlled by traffic signals or assumes idealized knowledge of solution space limits. This is usually not sufficient for operation in real traffic situations. In the scope of this work, it is shown that the prediction of traffic boundary conditions can be robustly extended to numerous traffic situations of the particularly challenging urban environment and can be utilized to reduce energy demand. The prediction algorithm developed for this purpose estimates the future behavior of surrounding traffic within the prediction horizon based on data from environmental perception technologies (digital map, vehicle connectivity as well as environmental sensors) and derives time-dependent speed and position constraints for the optimized vehicle. In order to evaluate the accuracy of the developed prediction algorithm, it has been investigated in real traffic scenarios. To this end, a measurement campaign has been carried out in the urban environment of the Aldenhoven Testing Center and numerous random traffic situations have been recorded. The measurement data was then processed in the MATLAB/Simulink development environment and each of the participating vehicles has been virtually equipped with the prediction algorithm. To evaluate the performance, the predicted values has been compared with the real vehicle behavior over the prediction horizon and for different traffic situations and parameter variations. To quantify the energy saving potential, the algorithm has been combined with a model predictive control. The performed simulation study shows the general saving potential of the prediction algorithm in combination with an energetic optimization. Depending on the choice of parameters, savings of between 12% and 23% can be achieved compared to a reference vehicle whose driving behavior is based on that of a human driver. In summary, the work performed can support the activities of bringing automated vehicles one step closer to higher automation levels. Additionally, the prediction algorithm can be used in further technologies to increase energy efficiency. Overall, a large potential for reducing energy demand and lowering greenhouse gas emissions in the transport sector can be tapped, thus contributing to meeting climate protection targets. Dissertation, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, 2023; Aachen : RWTH Aachen University 1 Online-Ressource : Illustrationen, Diagramme (2023). = Dissertation, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, 2023 Published by RWTH Aachen University, Aachen

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    https://dx.doi.org/10.18154/rw...
    Doctoral thesis . 2023
    Data sources: Datacite
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.18154/rw...
      Doctoral thesis . 2023
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    Authors: Böhnke, Denise; Volk, Rebekka; Lützkendorf, Thomas; Naber, Elias; +3 Authors

    Stadtgrün ist ein wichtiger Bestandteil nachhaltigen Flächenmanagements. In vielen Städten ist es das Ziel, grüne Infrastruktur zu schützen und weiterzuentwickeln. Die notwendigen Daten dafür sind für den öffentlichen Raum teilweise vorhanden, z.B. in Form eines Baumkatasters. Soll der gesamte Grünbestand betrachtet und seine lokalen Ökosystemleistungen (ÖSL) bewertet werden, so müssen jedoch auch die privaten Bereiche berücksichtigt werden. Daher wurden Flächenbiotope wie Grünflächen, Gärten, Hecken usw. sowohl im Öffentlichen als auch in privaten Innenhöfen der Blockrandbebauung eines Stadtquartiers in Karlsruhe auf ca. 170 000 m² Fläche kartiert und anschließend bewertet. Im öffentlichen Bereich sind 3,6 % der Fläche begrünt und 95,7 % voll versiegelt, im Privaten 37,2 % begrünt aber auch 55,9 % voll versiegelt. In diesem verdichteten Innenstadtbereich ohne öffentliche Grünflächen hat daher der private Bereich einen besonders hohen Stellenwert für alle ÖSL. Dies stellt das Prinzip der Innen- vor Außenentwicklung stark in Frage, insbesondere, wenn für die Innenverdichtung wertvolle Grünbestände verloren gehen. Die monetäre Bewertung des Grünbestands anhand von Ökopunkten (25 Ct/ÖP) ergibt für die Flächenbiotope des Gesamtquartiers gerade mal 42 000 €, etwas mehr als der Gegenwert einer Garage. Wir schlussfolgern, dass deutlich höhere Sätze in den flächen-umkämpften Städten angesetzt werden müssten bzw. Grünbestände flächenmäßig vergrößert oder qualitativ aufgewertet werden müssten.

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    https://dx.doi.org/10.5445/ir/...
    Other literature type . 2021
    License: CC BY
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.5445/ir/...
      Other literature type . 2021
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: Datacite
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