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Abstract Heat transfer intensification for shell and tube heat exchangers is an efficient technique to increase energy saving when retrofitting heat exchanger networks (HENs). Such intensification has been widely studied in the process industry in recent years from the point of view of individual heat exchangers. By implementing intensified techniques in existing exchangers, higher heat transfer coefficients can be achieved, leading to higher heat exchange duties in the existing matches, which can improve the overall energy recovery without the necessity to change the HEN configurations [1] , [2] , [3] . The conventional intensification techniques include tube-side enhancements (internal tube fins, twisted-tape inserts, and coiled-wire inserts), and shell-side enhancements (external tube fins, and helical baffles). Combining several enhancement techniques can achieve higher energy saving compared with single technique implementing. However, existing papers rarely considered different intensification techniques in the same case to compare their performances and examine combinations. It is difficult to identify which intensification technique is more suitable in a certain exchanger, or which combinations of intensification techniques are expected to contribute the most positively to the compound augmentation. Thus, this paper focuses on the recent advances on tube-side and shell-side enhancement techniques, and investigates their performances to obtain substantial economic benefits in intensified heat exchangers.

High performance transparent conducting oxides (TCOs) have significance for optimising photovoltaic (PV) performance. The efficiency of the resulting solar cells is dependent particularly on achieving high light scattering, low resistivity and low absorption (via low FCA). These properties have been targeted by systematic exploration of the atmospheric pressure chemical vapour deposition growth parameters, in particularly the deposition temperature and growth rate. APCVD processes are particularly suited to use in industry due to the high volume, continuous growth processes and fast growth rates achievable. Using the APCVD process, F-doped SnO2 has been deposited on glass using monobutyl tin trichloride with trifluoro-acetic acid as the dopant source. The deposited films were characterised for crystallinity, morphology (roughness), optical haze and electrical properties (via Hall measurement) to aid optimisation of material suitable for solar cells. Samples were then used in manufacture of single a-Si:H solar cells, which showed enhanced performance, in comparison to commercially available TCO CVD coated glasses, with high quantum efficiency yield.

A living lab is a physical or virtual space in which to solve societal challenges, especially for urban areas, by bringing together various stakeholders for collaboration and collective ideation. Although the notion has received increasing attention from scholars, practitioners and policy makers, its essence remains unclear to many. We therefore performed a systematic literature review of a sample of 114 scholarly articles about living labs to understand the central facets discussed in the nascent literature. In particular, we explored the origin of the living lab concept and its key paradigms and characteristics, including stakeholder roles, contexts, challenges, main outcomes, and sustainability. While doing this, we discovered that the number of publications about living labs has increased significantly since 2015, and several journals are very active in publishing articles on the topic. The living lab is considered a multidisciplinary phenomenon and it encompasses various research domains despite typically being discussed under open and user innovation paradigms. What is more, the existing literature views living labs simultaneously as landscapes, real-life environments, and methodologies, and it suggests that they include heterogeneous stakeholders and apply various business models, methods, tools and approaches. Finally, living labs face some challenges, such as temporality, governance, efficiency, user recruitment, sustainability, scalability and unpredictable outcomes. In contrast, the benefits include tangible and intangible innovation and a broader diversity of innovation. Based on our analysis, we provide some implications and suggestions for future research.

It is necessary to systematically evaluate site-wide power and heat generation, distribution, and utilization. A new graphical approach based on a Site Grand Composite Curve (SGCC) to targeting cogeneration in site utility systems is proposed to extend Pinch Analysis. The SGCC presents quantitative and visual process targets of heating and cooling requirements, site utility system targets for system steam generation and potential shaft power by steam expansion and condensation. Process indirect heat recovery by intermediate steam levels that can reduce fuel consumption is analyzed readily in the approach. The steam cascade in the SGCC clarifies the Total Site Pinch and site targets of utility very high pressure steam demand and site steam saving. This graphical analysis presents greater clarity for the quantitative interaction between processes and utility system targets than previous approaches. The influence of process variation and steam mains selection on cogeneration improvements is explored much clearer in this straightforward method.

This paper summarises the views and experi- ence of two companies specialising in providing technical solutions for increasing the performance of heat exchangers used in the process industries. It comments on the technical opportunities available to a processor to reduce overall energy use. Emphasis is made on the use of enhancement technologies retrofitted to existing heat exchangers, a sce- nario subsequently illustrated in associated case studies from either company. Enhancing heat transfer in existing and new heat exchangers constitutes a retrofit approach that can address some of the problems faced in a typical heat exchanger network (HEN). The paper thus demonstrates some of the driving forces leading companies to invest in saving energy, and sets out the benefits stemming from the use of process enhancement technologies. It concludes with the view that the most financially viable means of improving HEN efficiency frequently involves addressing the operation of existing heat exchangers first (by improv- ing their performance via various retrofit/revamping options). Only when such options have been exhausted should end-users consider the usually much more costly and operationally difficult option of purchasing and maintaining more plant.

Abstract The role of engineering science is to generate step changing technological solutions, leading to paradigm-shifts in innovation. But today, the path from discovery to innovation, and from innovation to industrial uptake has become more convoluted: the increased understanding of the wider impacts of technologies on environment and society has led to more complex and strict regulatory frameworks. New technological solutions must address a progressively larger number of simultaneous goals, among them is the contribution of technologies to sustainable development. To facilitate the success of translation of novel technologies into innovation and industrial adoption within Europe, the authors advocate an innovation management and a new decision-making approach, which promotes holistic understanding of economic, environmental and societal challenges that a new technology must respond to. The MEASURE approach was developed based on experiences in sustainability assessment and innovation management within previous collaborative projects, and the outcomes of two stakeholder workshops. It allows comparison of alternative solutions, understanding of their benefits and drawbacks, as well as the evaluation of the (remaining) distance to a defined target and, as a result, robust holistic decision-making for innovative sustainable process design. We propose an iterative stage-and-gate approach coupled with sustainability assessment and multi-criteria decision analysis. The paper exemplifies how development teams could set their own most informative criteria, the necessary gates and key targets. It is mainly intended to support technology-driven collaborative research projects between industry and academia within the European Horizon 2020 framework programme, as being an integral part of the Innovation Union Flagship Initiative.

The recently introduced concept of virtual storage plant (VSP) focuses on optimal coordination of a large number of distributed storage devices (of the same or different technology) to provide multiple network services, e.g., primary frequency response (PFR), voltage regulation. In this paper, the potential benefits that VSPs can bring about are discussed from different perspectives, including the potential to reduce network investment needs, improve reliability at the distribution and transmission network levels, and provide service to the grid. VSPs are expected to provide the grid with flexible operation to facilitate high penetration of renewable generation. In order to achieve this thought, mathematical tools are to be developed, which optimally coordinate the storage units comprised in a VSP. This aspect is particularly explored in this paper. An illustrative case study is discussed, which shows how VSPs comprising battery storage systems can effectively support frequency regulation when the storage units are optimally managed.