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The paper focuses on the current state of the Bishiney-Saladag Range glaciers in the Eastern Caucasus and dynamics of their areas change in comparison with the data of the last mid-century. For this investigation the field studies of glacial complexes in the summer seasons of 2016-2019, the information base of the USSR Catalog of Glaciers for 1975, as well as satellite images and remote sensing data have been used. We give an analysis of history of the glaciers study in the region, the glaciation dynamics and the distribution of the number of glaciers in rivers basins. The glaciation in this region, as in the other glacial basins of the Greater Caucasus, is shown to get smaller. During 1965-2019 the area of glaciers decreased by 4.47 km2 that is equal to 55.46. The number of glaciers have decreased by 10 (26.32 of the total) for the same period. The attention is drawn to the disintegration of the largest glaciers, the separation of smaller ones and their reducing in size. There are small glaciers and snowfields (stone glaciers) in the place of melted glaciers. Contraction of the glacial area of the Bishiney-Saladag Range may cause a decrease in the water balance of the Kara-Koisu and Samur rivers and influence the water supply of the population. В статье рассматривается современное состояние ледников Бишиней-Саладагского хребта на Восточном Кавказе и динамика их площадей по сравнению с данными середины прошлого столетия. Использованы экспедиционные методы полевого изучения гляциальных комплексов в летние сезоны 2016-2019 гг., информационная база Каталога ледников СССР 1975 года, космические снимки и данные дистанционного зондирования. Рассмотрены история изучения ледников региона, динамика оледенения и распределение количества ледников по речным бассейнам. Установлено, что в данном регионе, как и в других ледниковых бассейнах Большого Кавказа, оледенение сокращается. Площадь оледенения за полвека сократилась на 4.47 км2, или на 55.46. Количество ледников за этот же период уменьшилось на 10 (26.32 общего числа). Наблюдается также распад более крупных ледников, отчленение меньших ледников и сокращение их размеров. На месте растаявших ледников остаются малые ледники и снежники (каменные глетчеры). Сокращение площади оледенения Бишиней-Саладагского хребта может в перспективе привести к уменьшению водного баланса рек Каракойсу и Самур и влиять на водообеспеченность населения. №4(42) (2019)

The purification of industrial and surface wastewater from heavy metal ions (HMI) to requirements for the discharge of treated wastewater into natural waters is one of the most complicated environmental and technological problems. For the deep purification of waste water from the HMI, the use of cheap sorbents obtained from production waste is the most promising. One of the many-tonnage wastes of technology of inorganic substances is the sludge formed in the production of soda by the ammonia Solvay, s method. Currently, sludge is stored in sludge accumulators and is a long-term source of pollution of environmental objects. Scientific developments in the utilization of slimes with the production of building materials, etc., have not found wide practical use, which is due to the heterogeneity of the granulometric and chemical composition of the waste. Carried out X-ray phase analysis and studies of the physicochemical and chemical properties of waste samples showed that its main components are calcium carbonate (calcite) and calcium hydroxide (portlandite). It is known that the natural mineral limestone efficiently extracts HMI from aqueous solutions with the formation of less soluble basic salts, carbonates, and hydroxy carbonates of HM. It has been established that sludge samples have high sorption activity when copper(II) and zinc ions are extracted from low concentrated solutions (sorption capacity for copper ions is 35.0 mg/g, sorption capacity for zinc ions is 40 mg/g). To increase the operational properties, a method has been developed for the production of a modified granular sorbent based on the sludge of soda production, consisting in treating with sodium silicate. The effect of a dose of sodium silicate in the sorbent composition on the mechanical strength and sorption properties of the obtained samples was studied. It has been established that the introduction of 8,6% SiO2 into the sludge leads to an increase in the mechanical strength by 50–80%, and does not have a significant effect on the sorption activity of the material. The kinetic and sorption regularities of extraction of copper(II) ions and zinc on modified sorbents are revealed. Based on the analysis of the adsorption isotherms obtained, the adsorption equilibrium constants and maximum adsorption values (Amax (Cu2+) = 50.8 mg/g; Amax (Zn2+) = 97.1 mg/g) were determined. Obtained sorption materials can be recommended for wastewater treatment from HMI.

Climate change in the world is affecting the growing shortage of fresh water. States in the Mediterranean region that have already experienced the effects of these changes need to take the climate factor into account when managing water resources. Using the example of the Republic of Cyprus, specific adaptation measures were studied and evaluated on the basis of their effectiveness, sustainability in the face of climate change uncertainty and their sustainability in the environmental, socio-economic sectors, as well as potential barriers and risks associated with the implementation of adaptation. The presented review showed that many of the measures taken, which are considered to address the impact of climate change on water resources, increase the adaptive capacity of the water sector, but its overall vulnerability remains high, as water demand is still not met in certain areas and / or for certain uses during a drought.

An electric power plant induced increase in water temperature substantially affects aqueous medium. Any hydraulic facility zones to be artificially heated and used by power plants may be considered as peculiar “anthropogenic hydrothermal systems”. Interrelation properties of specific abiotic and biotic parameters of such extreme ecosystems shall be studied at large for understanding hydraulic facility ecosystem biological efficiency and trophic status alteration factors. This paper applies to analysis of relations between hydrothermal zone environment factors and basic characteristics of the plankton population in the Kharanorskaya State District Power Station (Trans-Baikal Territory) cooling reservoir. The population of planktonic animals and plants were studied at a thermal zone of the cooling reservoir by using standard hydrobiologic methods for the period of February to October, 2013. Hydrochemical samples were processed at the industrial sanitary laboratory of INTER RAO-Electroenergy JSC, Kharanorskaya SDPS branch using common techniques. It was found that phytoplankton contained 40 taxonomic groups of algae and 25 invertebrate species of animal plankton. Chlorophyta, Bacillariophyta and Crysophyta dominated in algocenosis amounted to 80% of the total taxonomic groups. As for Rotifera, it dominated in animal plankton cenosis amounted to 40% of the total species. It is demonstrated that the dominated complex varies seasonally. Quantity of phytoplankton and animal plankton has been specified. The algal species diversity has drastically reduced and quality of invertebrate animals has fallen down within the period when water was maximally warmed up since temperature values jumped up and oxygen content come down. With some aquatic organisms (i.e. algae and invertebrate animals) taken as an example, it was found that the offset and extension of organism growth periods induce a primary reaction to particular thermal load increase factors. Inverse temperature correlation was identified at surface and natural water layers to have specific abiotic parameters in relation to clear water and nitrate levels in water. As provided by biotic plankton sampling statistical data, it was found that temperature, cation and anion water composition, as well as suspended solid concentration are the main factors that affect growth of organisms in the anthropogenic water reservoir of the hydraulic facilities.

В работе проанализировано потребление электроэнергии модулем опреснителя. Рассчитаны средние показатели расхода и мощности опреснителя, требуемая мощность установки на основе нетрадиционной и возобновляемой энергии. Подведены итоги исследования. The paper analyzes the power consumption of the desalination unit. The average indicators of consumption and capacity of the desalination plant were calculated, as well as the required capacity of the installation based on unconventional and renewable energy. The results of the study are summarized.

The study analysed data on species composition and quantitative characteristics of zoobenthos based on the data of environmental inventory and passportization of Kazan. Data on zoobenthos organisms of 36 urbanized lakes were used. The predominant group by species composition in the zoobenthos community is insects, making up 53% of the total species composition, chironomids were the most frequent. The most frequently occurring and red-listed species of zoobenthos organisms were found. Zoobenthos numbers varied from 10 to 2800 eq/m2 in different water bodies; biomass values varied from 0.04 to 61.15 g/m3. According to the Shannon and Simpson species diversity indices, most of the lakes belong to the category of polluted with stable communities. The lake ecosystems located in the Novo-Savinovsky and Kirovsky districts of Kazan and belonging to the first supra-floodplain terrace of the Kazanka River and the Volga River are among the most significant in terms of species diversity of biological resources. The biological resources of lakes in Kazan, which are subjected to strong anthropogenic load, need to be protected, and the lakes need to be improved and rationally used. В ходе исследования анализировались данные по видовому составу и количественным характеристикам зообентоса на основе данных экологической инвентаризации и паспортизации г. Казани. Использованы данные об организмах зообентоса 36 урбанизированных озер. Преобладающей группой по видовому составу в зообентосном сообществе являются насекомые, составляющие 53% от общей видового состава, наиболее часто встречались хирономиды. Выявлены наиболее часто встречающиеся и краснокнижные виды организмов зообентоса. Значения численности зообентоса изменялось от 10 до 2800 экз./м2 на разных водных объектах; значение биомассы изменялось от 0,04 до 61,15 г/м3. Согласно индексам видового разноообразия Шеннона и Симпсона, большая часть озер относится к категории загрязненных с устойчивым сообществом. К наиболее значимым по видовому разнообразию биологических ресурсов относятся озёрные экосистемы, расположенные территориально в Ново-Савиновском и Кировском районах г. Казани, относящиеся к первой надпойменной террасе реки Казанки и Волги. Биоресурсы озёр г. Казани, подвергаемые сильной антропогенной нагрузке, нуждаются в охране, а озера – в благоустройстве и рациональном использовании. Международный научно-исследовательский журнал, Выпуск 10 (136) 2023

The aim of the work is to increase biogas output and generation of electricity in biogas plants due to the joint fermentation of cattle manure with winemaking waste. To achieve this goal, the following tasks have been solved: the biogas yield from cattle manure with winemaking waste was determined during periodic loading of the digester; based on the obtained experimental data, a mathematical model was calibrated to estimate the biogas yield during fermentation of cattle manure with the addition of winemaking waste. Because of the studies, it had been found that when manure was fermented with part of the water replaced in the substrate 2% of the winemaking waste, the fermentation dynamics in the substrate are similar to the fermentation of pure cattle manure. Biogas obtained by fermentation of manure with the addition of 2%, 6.5% and 13% of wastewater from wine production instead of water in the first day of fermentation either did not burn at all or burned poorly. The addition of winemaking waste to a substrate based on manure in an amount of 13% allows increasing the maximum biogas yield by a third to 1,372 l/(hrkg dry organic matter). The significance of the research results lies in the fact that the use of winemaking waste as a substrate will allow a third increase in biogas output and power generation, and a reduction in the payback period of a 4,4 MW biogas plant using the green tariff to 6,5 years.

One of the most effective and reliable ways to increase the efficiency of CHP is the organization of heating raw water in the condensers of cogeneration turbines with the simultaneous supply of circulating water through the main bundles. The temperature of raw water supplied to the chemical water treatment at most CHP plants should not exceed 30-40 °C. Fulfillment of this condition is not always possible, and it becomes necessary to analyze and adjust the operating modes of turbines, which provide the most effective heating of water in the built-in bundles. Such an analysis can be carried out quite simply on the basis of operational data and a mathematical model of the condenser developed at the Department of Heat Engineering and Hydraulics of VyatSU. In this paper, an analysis algorithm is considered based on the actual data obtained during the tests of the condenser of the PT-80-130 turbine unit in the mode of its operation according to the electrical schedule, conclusions are drawn from the analysis results. Один из наиболее надёжных способов повышения эффективности ТЭЦ -- организация подогрева сырой (подпиточной) воды в конденсаторах теплофикационных турбоустановок при одновременной подаче циркуляционной воды через основные пучки. Температура сырой воды, подаваемой в цех химводоочистки, на большинстве ТЭЦ не должна превышать 30 - 40\\оС. Выполнение данного условия не всегда возможно, и возникает необходимость анализа и корректировки режимов эксплуатации турбоустановок, обеспечивающих наиболее эффективный подогрев воды во встроенных пучках. Проведение такого анализа достаточно просто можно выполнить на основе эксплуатационных данных и математической модели конденсатора, разработанной на кафедре теплотехники и гидравлики ВятГУ. В данной работе рассмотрен алгоритм проведения анализа на основе фактических данных, полученных при испытаниях конденсатора турбоустановки ПТ-80-130 в режиме её работы по электрическому графику, сделаны выводы по результатам анализа. Электрические станции, Выпуск 7 (1080) 2021, Pages 9-14

Сушка кормовых средств способствует удалению влаги и предотвращает в растительных клетках биохимические процессы, способствующие разрушению белков, жиров и углеводов. Соблюдение температурного режима в допустимых пределах при сушке кормов позволяет сохранить в них питательные вещества, в том числе витамины. Сушка зерна или других кормовых средств – достаточно энергозатратный способ их заготовки. Использование геотермальной воды как источника тепла для сушки представляется достаточно эффективным в плане энергосбережения и снижения физических затрат. Высокая температура геотермальной воды (87-90°С), при прохождении по трубам, уложенным в полу при помощи бетонной стяжки, способствует прогреву и сушке растительной продукции. Высокий уровень температурного режима и нормативы качества термальной воды позволяют использовать ее при реализации способа сушки зерна и различных видов рассыпных комбикормов. Кроме того, применение термальной воды в качестве тепловой энергии напольного водяного теплого пола является одним из самых энерго-и ресурсосберегающих способов при сушке зерна и различных видов сочных кормов. Предлагаемый кондуктивный способ сушки зерна представлен по принципу соприкосновения сырья с нагретой поверхностью, при котором обычно наблюдаются большие расходы топлива, но в нашем случае тепловым агентом служит термальная вода, при котором энергетические затраты сводятся к минимуму. Использование предложенного способа предполагает применение различного вида ворошителей, что в свою очередь сопряжено с дополнительными энергетическими затратами. Наряду с этим, выявлена низкая производительность сушилки, связанная с невысокой температурой и неравномерного ее распределения по бетонному полу. В исследованиях статьи предлагаются результаты и эффективность применения способа сушки и приготовления разных кормовых средств с использованием тепловой энергии геотермальной воды напольного водяного отопления. Drying of feed products helps to remove moisture and prevents biochemical processes in plant cells that contribute to the destruction of proteins, fats and carbohydrates. Compliance with the temperature regime within acceptable limits when drying feed allows you to preserve nutrients in them, including vitamins. Drying grain or other feed products is a fairly energy–intensive way of harvesting them. The use of geothermal water as a heat source for drying seems to be quite effective in terms of energy saving and reducing physical costs. The high temperature of geothermal water (87-90°C), when passing through pipes laid in the floor with a concrete screed, contributes to the heating and drying of plant products. The high level of the temperature regime and the quality standards of thermal water allow it to be used in the implementation of the method of drying grain and various types of loose compound feeds. The proposed conductive method of drying grain is presented according to the principle of contact of raw materials with a heated surface, in which large fuel costs are usually observed, but in our case thermal water serves as a thermal agent, in which energy costs are minimized. The use of the proposed method involves the use of various types of agitators, which in turn involves additional energy costs. Along with this, the low productivity of the dryer was revealed, due to the low temperature and its uneven distribution on the concrete floor. In the research of the article, the results and effectiveness of the application of the method of drying and preparation of various feed products using the thermal energy of geothermal water of underfloor water heating are proposed. Горное сельское хозяйство, Выпуск 5 2022