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  • Energy Research
  • 2. Zero hunger
  • CO
  • Spanish; Castilian

  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Giraldo Velasquez, Santiago; Godoy Cocoma, David Alberto;

    Las pérdidas y desperdicios de alimentos en el sistema alimentario es un tópico de interés mundial, y desde los objetivos de desarrollo sostenible, dados los impactos que esto implica al medio ambiente, la economía y la sociedad. Los restaurantes, como elementos del final de la cadena de alimentos, pueden jugar un rol significativo para disminuir o eliminar estos impactos mediante modificaciones de sus patrones de producción y consumo. Con el propósito de tener un caso exitoso en Medellín, este proyecto tiene como objetivo plantear alternativas que favorezcan la disminución del desperdicio de alimentos en un restaurante de la Universidad EAFIT, soportado en mediciones que evidencien los beneficios económicos y ambientales promoviendo un sistema alimentario sostenible. Esta investigación parte de dos preguntas: ¿Cuánta es la producción de residuos alimenticios en el restaurante y cuál es su composición final?, ¿Qué alternativas viables de gestión se pueden implementar en el restaurante para aumentar la eficiencia del uso de los recursos? Y ¿Qué costo-beneficio trae la optimización del proceso al implementar las acciones propuestas? El proyecto de investigación se estructura en el estudio de caso aplicando la metodología “Target-Measure-Act" para reducción de desperdicios de alimentos. Como resultados se pudo establecer un objetivo de reducción del 7% de los desperdicios de alimentos en conjuntos con el equipo de trabajo del restaurante. Para alcanzarlo se implementaron diferentes acciones en las diferentes etapas de proceso. Se destacan la reutilización de desperdicios tales como la cascara de huevo, la cascara de naranja, cascara de limón y tallos de cilantro. El análisis costo beneficio mostró un ahorro en términos de costos no muy alto para este caso de estudio, pero se pudo concluir que se necesita implementar la metodología no como un piloto sino desarrollando todos los parámetros establecidos por esta y así se pueda determinar mejor el ahorro en términos de costos que puede lograr el restaurante. Food loss and waste in the food system is a topic of global interest, and from the sustainable development objectives, given the impacts that this implies for the environment, the economy and society. Restaurants, as elements at the end of the food chain, can play a significant role in reducing or eliminating these impacts by modifying their production and consumption patterns. With the purpose of having a successful case in Medellin, this project aims to propose alternatives that favor the reduction of food waste in a restaurant of the EAFIT University, supported by measurements that demonstrate the economic and environmental benefits promoting a sustainable food system. This research is based on two questions: How much food waste is produced in the restaurant and what is its final composition; what viable management alternatives can be implemented in the restaurant to increase the efficiency of the use of resources; and what is the cost-benefit of the restaurant's waste management? And what is the cost-benefit of optimizing the process by implementing the proposed actions? The research project is structured as a case study applying the "Target-Measure-Act" methodology for food waste reduction. As a result, it was possible to establish a target of 7% reduction of food waste in conjunction with the restaurant's work team. To achieve this goal, different actions were implemented in the different stages of the process. The reuse of waste such as eggshells, orange peel, lemon peel, and cilantro stems stood out. The cost-benefit analysis showed not very high cost savings for this case study, but it was possible to conclude that the methodology needs to be implemented not as a pilot, but rather by developing all the parameters established by the methodology in order to better determine the cost savings that the restaurant can achieve.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Martínez Paredes, Wendy Nathaly;

    This research reviewed the incidence that Nido de Águilas had from its agrobiodiversity recovery strategies in farmers, neorrurals and institutions in the municipality of Villa de Leyva, for which it proposed a qualitative study and connected through the exploratory exploration system, descriptive and interpretive, from this methodology the identification of the agrobiodiversity recovery strategies is carried out and identified the food groups and their varieties present in Nido de Águilas. In addition, the actors were characterized and the incidence of Nido de Águilas and the elements of sustainability was taken into account through semi-structured interviews, taking into account the ecological, economic and social dimensions. Finally, as a result, 82 species of plants with food fines and medicinal fines were determined. On the other hand, it was determined that Nido de Águilas has a high incidence in the neorrural and institutional actors, who highlight the work it develops in terms of food availability, environmental security, agrobiodiversity, education and seed care. On the other hand, the inhabitants of the village of Llano Blanco disagree with each other about the incidence has had and thus indicate that Nido de Águilas poses strategies where they contribute to the agrobiodiversity of the path but agree on the lack of more approach and work with the inhabitants to generate greater impact. Finally it is evident that Nido de Águilas has a sustainability approach from every dimension where the actors of the territory are involved but in turn generates income for their support and all their work is done respecting the environment. Esta investigación revisó la incidencia que ha tenido Nido de Águilas, desde sus estrategias de recuperación de agrobiodiversidad en los campesinos, neorrurales e instituciones en el municipio de Villa de Leyva; para ello, se planteó un estudio de tipo cualitativo y se desarrolló mediante la sistematización exploratoria, descriptiva e interpretativa. A partir de esta metodología, se logró realizar la identificación de las estrategias de recuperación de agrobiodiversidad e identificó los grupos de alimentos y sus variedades presente en Nido de Águilas. Adicionalmente se caracterizaron los actores y se conoció por medio de entrevistas semiestructuradas la incidencia que ha tenido Nido de Águilas y los elementos de sostenibilidad, teniendo en cuenta las dimensiones ecológica, económica y social. Como resultados se determinaron 82 especies con fines alimentarios y medicinales. Por otra parte, se determinó que Nido de Águilas tiene una alta incidencia en los actores neorrurales e institucionales, quienes resaltan la labor que desarrolla en términos de disponibilidad de alimentos, seguridad ambiental, agrobiodiversidad, educación y cuidado de semillas. Por el contrario, los habitantes de la vereda de Llano Blanco discrepan entre ellos de la incidencia que ha tenido y así indican que Nido de Águilas plantea estrategias donde contribuyen a la agrobiodiversidad de la vereda, pero coinciden en que falta más acercamiento y trabajo con los habitantes para generar mayor impacto. Finalmente, se evidencia que Nido de Águilas tiene un enfoque de sostenibilidad desde cada dimensión, donde involucra a los actores del territorio, pero a su vez genera ingresos para su sostenimiento y todas sus labores las hace respetando el medio ambiente. Magíster en Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutricional. Línea de Investigación: Seminario de Profundización en Sostenibilidad Alimentaria , Maestría

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Caicedo-Jiménez, Nazly Julieth;

    Tabla de Contenido pág. Introducción 17 Planteamiento del Problema 20 Justificación del Problema 23 Hipótesis 25 Hipótesis Nula 25 Hipótesis Alternativa 25 Marco Teórico 26 Impacto Medioambiental y la Búsqueda de Soluciones Sostenibles 26 Residuos a Partir de Fuentes no Renovables 26 Residuos Agroindustriales y Problemática Ambiental 27 Contaminación Ambiental y su Influencia Sobre el Efecto Invernadero 28 Acciones Naturales del Efecto Invernadero 28 Acciones Antropogénicas del Efecto Invernadero 28 Biotransformación y Micotectura, una Alternativa Innovadora 29 Residuos Lignocelulósicos en Colombia 30 Hongos, Microorganismos con Actividad Ligninolitíca 32 Micelio 34 Propiedades Biológicas Anastomosis 34 Hongos de Pudrición Blanca 35 Pleorutus ostreatus 36 Taxonomía y Morfología 36 Ganoderma lucidum 37 Taxonomía y Morfología 37 Biodegradación de Residuos Ligninolíticos por Hongos 38 Sustratos Lignocelulósicos Potenciales en el Desarrollo de Bioproductos 39 Bagazo de Caña 39 Cascara de Cacao 39 Cascara de Plukenetia volubilis (Sacha inchi) 40 Aserrín 40 Propiedades Mecánicas del Bioproducto 40 Antecedentes 42 Objetivos 44 Objetivo General 44 Objetivos Específicos 44 Metodología 45 Área de Estudio 45 Diseño del Estudio 45 Materiales 45 Cepas de Pleurotus ostreatus y Ganoderma lucidum 45 Preparación de Medios de Cultivo Para Conservación de las Cepas 45 Residuos Agrícolas Empleados Para la Formulación de Tratamientos 46 Análisis Químico de los Diferentes Polímeros en Cada Sustrato 47 Adecuación de Sustratos 47 Proceso de Esterilización 47 Evaluación del Desarrollo Micelial de G. lucidum y P. ostreatum en Diferentes Tratamientos o Mezclas de Residuos Agrícolas Definidos 47 Inoculación del Sustrato (Corrida de Micelio) 47 Corrida de Micelio en Cada Tratamiento 48 Proceso de Moldeamiento 49 Pruebas Físico-Mecánicas de los Bioproductos 50 Determinación de la Densidad de Cada Biocompuesto a Base de Micelio de P. ostreatus y G. lucidum 50 Prueba Resistencia a la Compresión 50 Prueba de Resistencia a Rotura por Caída Libre 51 Porcentaje de Absorción de Agua de los Tratamientos Obtenidos a Base de Micelio de P. ostreatus y G. lucidum 51 Desactivación del Hongo 52 Análisis Estadístico de los Datos Obtenidos en los Tratamientos 52 Resultados y Discusión 54 Corrida de Micelio 55 Pruebas Físico-Mecánicas 58 Prototipo de Bioproducto 64 Conclusiones 65 Referencias Bibliográficas 67 Diferentes residuos generados por la industria son vertidos diariamente al ambiente en cantidades desmesuradas, impactando negativamente la calidad de vida, el ambiente y la sostenibilidad en el planeta. Un ejemplo es el poliestireno expandido o icopor, utilizado ampliamente a nivel global como material de empaquetado y construcción entre otros usos. Este material ocasiona alta contaminación, debido al espacio ocupado en los vertederos y su difícil degradación. Por lo tanto, el propósito de este trabajo fue generar un bioproducto para mitigar la creciente contaminación por poliestireno, aprovechando el potencial que ofrecen los diversos residuos postcosecha derivados de la agricultura Colombiana, para ser utilizados como sustratos en los procesos de bioconversión enzimática por G. lucidum y P. ostreatus , macromicetos reconocidos por la producción de enzimas hidrolíticas y oxidativas tales como lacasas, peroxidasas de manganeso y peroxidasas de lignina, hemicelulasas, entre otras. Para este propósito se realizaron diferentes tratamientos o mezclas en partes iguales de residuos de la caña (bagazo) cacota de cacao, cascara de Sacha inchi, aserrín y una fuente de nitrógeno, como sustratos de fácil adquisición y bajo costo en los que se desarrollaron los micelios de los macromicetos para su bioconversión bajo un sistema estandarizado de humedad, CO2, y temperatura. En este trabajo se obtuvo un bioproducto con características físico-mecánicas similares al poliestireno expandido, sugiriendo continuar con los ensayos en el grupo de investigación para optimizar las características de resistencia otorgadas por las diferentes formulaciones de residuos agrícolas, que son una fuente disponible, de bajo costo, biodegradables que sirven como sustrato para la elaboración de bioproductos sostenibles y amigables con el medio ambiente. Different residues generated by the industry are dumped daily into the environment in disproportionate amounts, negatively impacting the quality of life, the environment and sustainability on the planet. An example is expanded polystyrene or styrofoam, widely used globally as a packaging and construction material, among other uses. This material causes high contamination, due to the space occupied in landfills and its difficult degradation. Therefore, the purpose of this work was to generate a bioproduct to mitigate the increasing contamination by polystyrene, taking advantage of the potential offered by the various postharvest residues derived from Colombian agriculture, to be used as substrates in the enzymatic bioconversion processes by G. lucidum and P. ostreatus, macromycetes recognized by the production of hydrolytic and oxidative enzymes such as laccases, manganese peroxidases and lignin peroxidases, hemicellulases, among others. For this purpose, different treatments or mixtures were carried out in equal parts of sugarcane residue (bagasse), cocoa husk, Sacha inchi husk, sawdust and a nitrogen source, as easily acquired and low-cost substrates in which the products were developed. mycelia for their bioconversion under a standardized system of humidity, CO2, and temperature. In this work, a bioproduct with physical-mechanical characteristics similar to expanded polystyrene was obtained, suggesting to continue with the tests in the research group to optimize the resistance characteristics granted by the different formulations of agricultural residues, which are an available source, of low cost, biodegradable that serve as a substrate for the production of sustainable and environmentally friendly bioproducts. Microbiólogo Industrial Pregrado Digital

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    Authors: Benavides Ocampo, Sergio Antony;

    El presente estudio investigativo construye las bases para un proceso de transición agroecológica para aportar a la garantía de la Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutricional (SAN) en familias agricultoras del resguardo indígena Muisca de Fonquetá y Cerca de Piedra- Chía-Cundinamarca. Se analizaron las limitaciones y potencialidades del contexto de este territorio y sus familias agricultoras para emprender un proceso hacia la transición agroecológica, la cual se concibe como un proceso complejo de cambio desde una forma convencional de producir alimentos hacia una forma alternativa de agricultura más sostenible, la cual implica entender cómo funcionan las dinámicas ecosistémicas que rodea el espacio de cultivo, huerta, o chagra (agroecosistema) con el fin de no causar daños irremediables al agua, la tierra, la biodiversidad y el aire a través de la acción humana, puesto que estos servicios ecosistémicos sustentan la comida de todos los seres vivos. Se planteó una metodología participativa con enfoque mixto fundamentada en un concepto de desarrollo que parte de valores como justicia, equidad, democracia, equidad de género y sostenibilidad, en donde los actores clave son las familias productoras. El trabajo se realizó con 13 familias del resguardo indígena dedicadas a la agricultura familiar con un total de 45 personas. Solo el 23% del total de los predios familiares se encuentra sembrado con cultivos alimentarios, aromáticos, medicinales y/o plantas de uso ritual. Estas familias agricultoras en general comienzan desde la primera etapa de la transición agroecológica, aunque cabe resaltar que algunas familias presentan fortalezas en las etapas 1 y 3. A pesar de las situaciones negativas como la falta de apoyo económico desde el cabildo y el municipio y la falta de personas para cultivar, existe un interés intacto por producir alimentos conservando el ambiente y existe un conjunto de saberes que vale la pena promover desde el interior del resguardo indígena para repensar lo alimentario desde la colectividad. Palabras clave: Sostenibilidad, Transición, Agroecología, SAN, Agricultura familiar, Indígena, Familias, Resguardo. This research study builds the bases for an agroecological transition process to contribute to the guarantee of Food and Nutrition Security (SAN) in farming families of the Muisca de Fonquetá y Cerca de Piedra-Chía-Cundinamarca indigenous reservation. The limitations and potentialities of the context of this territory and its farming families were analyzed to undertake a process towards the agroecological transition, which is conceived as a complex process of change from a conventional way of producing food towards an alternative form of more sustainable agriculture, which implies understanding how the ecosystem dynamics that surround the cultivation space, garden or chagra (agroecosystem) work in order not to cause irreparable damage to water, land, biodiversity and air through human action, since that these ecosystem services support the food of all living beings. A participatory methodology with a mixed approach based on a development concept was posed, which takes up values such as justice, equity, democracy, gender equity and sustainability, where the key actors are the producer families. The work was carried out with 13 families from the indigenous reservation dedicated to family farming with a total of 45 people. Only 23% of the total land owned by the family farms are planted with food, aromatic, medicinal and/or ritual crops. These farming families generally start from the first stage of the agroecological transition, although it should be noted that some families have strengths in stages 1 and 3. Despite the negative situations such as the lack of economic support from the indigenous cabildo and the municipality and the lack of people to cultivate, there is an intact interest in producing food while preserving the environment, and there is a set of knowledge that is worth promoting from inside the indigenous reservation to rethink food from the collectivity. Keywords: Sustainability, Transition, Agroecology, SAN, Family Farming, Indigenous, Families, Indigenous reservation. Maestría

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    Authors: Amortegui Cruz, Daniel Mateo; Carvajal Ramírez, Juan Camilo;

    El cacao está posicionado en el tercer lugar como alimento altamente nutritivo en el mercado mundial, demandado por las principales compañías chocolateras en América y Europa (Superintendencia, 2011). En Colombia se requiere mejorar las condiciones del proceso productivo para así llevar el cacao colombiano como materia prima de exportación de primera categoría. Para esto, en el presente trabajo se diseñó un plan de manejo ambiental para el proceso productivo de cacao en Santander. Con el fin de corregir, compensar, prevenir y mitigar los impactos ambientales generados por las fincas cacaoteras que se estudiaron, fueron propuestas mejoras en caminadas a la generación de un proceso sostenible con el medio ambiente. Los objetivos que fueron propuestos se presentan en una metodología que tiene tres etapas, las cuales se describen de la siguiente manera. En la etapa 1 se hizo un levantamiento de información teniendo en cuanta la calidad del agua, el suelo y la biota, en la etapa 2 se realizó la evaluación de los impactos ambientales y en la etapa 3 el diseño de los programas de manejo ambiental. Como resultado final del proyecto se propusieron seis programas de manejo ambiental los cuales están enfocados en mejorar impactos negativos que afectan al medio ambiente, dichos programas de manejo ambiental hacen parte del resultado obtenido para optar por el título de Ingeniero Ambiental. Cocoa is positioned in third place as a highly nutritious food in the world market, demanded by the main chocolate companies in America and Europe (Superintendencia, 2011). In Colombia, it is necessary to improve the conditions of the production process in order to bring Colombian cocoa as a first-class raw material for export. To this end, an environmental management plan was designed for the cocoa production process in Santander. In order to correct, compensate, prevent, and mitigate the environmental impacts generated by the cocoa farms studied, improvements were proposed in order to generate an environmentally sustainable process. The objectives that were proposed are presented in a methodology that has three stages, which are described as follows. In stage 1, information will be gathered, and a baseline will be constructed, considering the quality of the water, soil, and biota; in stage 2, the environmental impacts will be evaluated; and in stage 3, the environmental management plan will be designed. As a result of the project, six environmental management programs were proposed, which are focused on improving negative impacts that affect the environment; these environmental management programs are part of the result obtained to obtain the degree of environmental engineer. http://www.ustabuca.edu.co/ustabmanga/presentacion Ingeniero Ambiental Pregrado

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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Muñoz Mora, Karen Liliana;

    Through this work, the aim is to socialize the results obtained with the execution of the project "Environmental education work plan developed with the producers of the ASOPROGUEJAR association as a strategy against the environmental impacts caused by the actions of the agricultural sector in eight (8) sidewalks of the municipality of Vistahermosa Meta ”which allows promoting environmental education through the action-participation method and research to replicate the concept of good agricultural practices in producers in rural areas highlighting the importance of the environment in which they live and develop productively . The application of the project was carried out with thirty-eight (38) producers in the agricultural and livestock sector of eight (8) sidewalks in the rural area of the municipality of Vista Hermosa, the approach to the problem situation arises from the needs and experiences of the peasants producers to modify the practices that they develop in their production units and that for years have left irreversible consequences on the environment due to the lack of tools to correct the polluting actions carried out on a daily basis. Through these community participation strategies, environmental values are developed as a fundamental basis for achieving sustainable development and productive environmental responsibility. A través de este trabajo se busca socializar los resultados obtenidos con la ejecución del proyecto “ Plan de trabajo de educación ambiental desarrollado con los productores de la asociación ASOPROGUEJAR como estrategia frente a los impactos ambientales causados por las acciones del sector agricola en ocho (8) veredas del municipio de Vistahermosa Meta” el cual permite fomentar la educación ambiental mediante el método de acción-participación e investigación para replicar el concepto de buenas prácticas agricolas en los productores de la zona rural resaltando la importancia del medio en que viven y se desarrollan productivamente. La aplicación del proyecto se realizó con treinta y ocho (38) productores del sector agrícola de ocho (8) veredas en el área rural del municipio de Vista hermosa, el planteamiento de la situación problema surge de las necesidades y vivencias de los campesinos productores para modificar las prácticas que desarrollan en sus unidades productivas y que durante años han dejado consecuencias irreversibles en el medio ambiente por falta de herramientas para corregir las acciones contaminantes desarrolladas a diario. Mediante estas estrategias de participación comunitaria se desarrollan los valores ambientales como base fundamental para el alcance del desarrollo sostenible y la responsabilidad ambiental productiva. Administrador Ambiental y de los Recursos Naturales http://www.ustadistancia.edu.co/?page_id=3956 Pregrado

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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Parra Flórez, Maria Fernanda;

    Este proyecto tiene como finalidad generar un prototipo de vivienda unifamiliar en el corregimiento El Llanito área rural de Barrancabermeja, que presente un modelo de sostenibilidad y productividad, implementando estrategias bioclimáticas y espacios productivos que contribuyan a la seguridad alimentaria y desarrollo económico de los usuarios. De esta manera, se pretende mejorar la calidad de vida de las familias beneficiarias, así como contribuir a la disminución del déficit habitacional existente en el centro poblado, ocasionado por la baja oferta de proyectos habitacionales y el desarrollo acelerado de viviendas informales. El interés y motivación que dio pie para el desarrollo del presente proyecto surgió a partir de un enfoque social en base a la necesidad de vivienda digna que presenta la población rural habitante del corregimiento, puesto que no gozan de condiciones óptimas de habitabilidad para un desarrollo saludable en sus entornos. Se decide escoger el corregimiento El Llanito como área de estudio, teniendo en cuenta su potencial como polo de desarrollo industrial, turístico y agropecuario. This project aims to generate a prototype of a single-family home in the village of El Llanito in rural Barrancabermeja, which presents a model of sustainability and productivity, implementing bioclimatic strategies and productive spaces that contribute to food security and economic development of users. In this way, it is intended to improve the quality of life of the beneficiary families as well as contributing to the reduction of the existing housing deficit in the population center caused by the low supply of housing projects and the accelerated development of informal housing. The interest and motivation that gave rise to the development of this project, arose from a social approach based on the need for decent housing presented by the rural population inhabiting in the village, since they do not enjoy optimal conditions of habitability for healthy development in their environments. It was decided to choose the town center El Llanito as a study area, considering its potential as a pole of industrial, tourism and agricultural development. http://www.ustabuca.edu.co/ustabmanga/presentacion Arquitecto Pregrado

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    Authors: Acosta Redondo, Jairo Esteban; Tenjo Gaitan, Jairo Andres;

    El cultivo y producción de Orellanas, se basa en el uso y aprovechamiento de los residuos de cosecha no comestibles, subutilizados o desechados en procesos agroindustriales como el arroz, maíz, heno y viruta de madera, haciendo más eficientes los recursos disponibles en la unidad productiva, siendo uno de los principios de sistemas sostenibles y una alternativa económica, para complementar la dieta de los hogares en Colombia. De acuerdo a lo anteriormente señalado el presente plan de negocio se desarrolla en el municipio de Cachipay (Cundinamarca), como una alternativa de negocio e ingresos, para la región y los profesionales vinculados. Se define en el marco de una actividad sostenible, la cual aplica prácticas agrícolas ecológicas basado en innovaciones a través de las cuales es posible producir alimentos saludables con prácticas respetuosas con el suelo, aire, agua, y respetando los derechos y salud de los agricultores. Así mismo, es financieramente rentable y viable, respondiendo al principio de producción orgánica, generando beneficios al consumidor por su consumo con un alimento sano, libre de conservantes pueden a largo plazo ser benéficos para la salud de quien lo consuma. The cultivation and production of Orellanas, is based on the use and utilization of non-edible crop residues, underutilized or discarded in agro-industrial processes such as rice, corn, hay and wood chips, making more efficient the resources available in the production unit, being one of the principles of sustainable systems and an economic alternative to supplement the diet of households in Colombia. According to the above mentioned, this business plan is developed in the municipality of Cachipay (Cundinamarca), as a business and income alternative for the region and the professionals involved. It is defined within the framework of a sustainable activity, which applies ecological agricultural practices based on innovations through which it is possible to produce healthy food with respectful practices with the soil, air, water, and respecting the rights and health of farmers. Likewise, it is financially profitable and viable, responding to the principle of organic production, generating benefits to the consumer for its consumption with a healthy food, free of preservatives that in the long term can be beneficial to the health of those who consume it. Especialista en Gerencia de Empresas Agropecuarias Especialización

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    Authors: Negrete Humánez, William Andrés;

    In the following work, a detailed bibliographic review of the analysis of the studies carried out on the oil and proximal analysis of the seed of the Moringa oleifera fruit was carried out, as well as its properties and the chemical and nutritional composition of the oil extracted from these seeds by means of spectroscopic analysis and impact on human health. In the bibliography, several research results were found on the chemical analysis of Moringa oleifera seed, some of which are detailed below: The moisture content is 5.70 - 8.90, crude fat 36.70 ± 2.80, crude protein 31.40 ± 1.30, total carbohydrates 18.40, fiber content 6.80 - 8.00 and ash content 4.40 - 6.90. The seed oil contains saponification index 171.9 - 191, iodine number 65.580 and peroxide number 8.1 - 15, rancidity index 1.970, density 0.908, free fatty acids 0.5 - 2.51 and acidity of 3.8 - 5.04. In the analysis of the oil of the seed of Moringa oleifera; It has been shown to have varied medicinal applications, especially in the countries of origin; The fruits are considered aphrodisiacs, the infusion of the seed is laxative and purgative; In addition to demonstrating great antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, cancer prevention, great contributions to human nutrition, and a great substitute for the use of gasoline as biodiesel. RESUMEN 1.0 INTRODUCCIÓN............................................. 1 2.0 OBJETIVOS.................................................... 3 2.1 OBJETIVO GENERAL........................................ 3 2.2 OBJETIVOS ESPECÍFICOS................................. 3 3.0 CAPÍTULO 1: ESTUDIOS QUÍMICOS REPORTADOS SOBRE LA SEMILLA DE Moringa oleífera Lam............. 4 3.1 ORIGEN DE LA Moringa oleífera Lam....................... 4 3.2 Distribución.............................................................. 5 3.3 Moringa oleífera Lam COMO CULTIVO POTENCIAL EN COLOMBIA.................................... 6 3.4 PLANTACIONES DE Moringa oleífera Lam EN COLOMBIA.................................. 7 3.5 Clasificación taxonómica de las plantas de Moringa oleífera..................................... 8 3.6 Características botánicas de la Moringa oleífera Lam..................................................... 9 3.6.1 Semillas de Moringa oleífera Lam............................................................... 10 3.6.2 Tallo de Moringa oleífera Lam.............................................................. 10 3.6.3 Raíz de Moringa oleífera Lam...................................................... 11 3.6.4 Hojas de Moringa oleífera Lam........................................................... 12 3.6.5 Flores de Moringa oleífera Lam................................................... 12 3.6.6 Frutos de Moringa oleífera Lam......................................... 13 3.6.7 Corteza de Moringa oleífera Lam.................................................. 14 3.7 Análisis químico del fruto de Moringa oleífera Lam....................................... 15 3.8 Composición química de la Moringa oleífera Lam................................. 16 3.9 Métodos empleados para realizar los estudios químicos a las semillas de Moringa oleífera......................... 18 3.9.1 Determinación de grasa o aceite...................................... 19 3.9.2 Contenido de Proteínas................................................. 20 3.9.3 Carbohidratos totales..................................................... 23 3.9.4 Determinación de Fibra................................................... 25 3.9.5 Cenizas o contenido de minerales........................................... 26 3.9.6 Humedad........................................................................... 28 4 CAPITULO 2. COMPOSICIÓN PROXIMAL DE LAS SEMILLAS de Moringa oleífera Lam y SU IMPACTO EN LA SALUD HUMANA.................. 30 4.1 ANALISIS PROXIMAL DE LA SEMILLA DE MORINGA OLEÍFERA....................................... 30 4.2 SIGNIFICADO DE ESTOS PARÁMETROS E IMPACTO EN LA SALUD HUMANA................................ 31 4.2.1 Importancia de las grasas o aceites.......................................... 31 4.2.2 Carbohidratos en la salud................................................... 32 4.2.3 Contenido de proteína en semillas.............................................. 32 4.2.4 Contenido de cenizas o minerales................................. 34 4.2.5 Importancia de la fibra cruda en la salud humana............................. 34 4.2.6 Importancia de la humedad....................................... 35 4.3 VALOR NUTRICIONAL DE LA MORINGA OLEÍFERA............................................. 35 4.3.1 Principales propiedades de la moringa oleífera..................................... 37 4.4 EFECTO DE LA SEMILLA DE Moringa oleífera EN LA SALUD HUMANA.................................. 38 4.5 NUTRIENTES ESENCIALES................................................ 38 4.6 PROPIEDADES NUTRICIONALES DE LA Moringa oleífera........................................... 39 4.7 IMPACTO EN LA SALUD HUMANA......................................... 40 4.7.1 Prevención de cáncer........................................................ 40 4.7.2 Actividad antinflamatoria................................................. 42 4.7.3 Prevención de tumores...................................................... 42 4.8 Alimentos a partir de la moringa oleífera................................................. 44 4.8.1 Alimentación humana................................................... 45 4.8.2 Una alternativa llamada Moringa oleífera.................................... 46 5 CAPÍTULO 3. ANÁLISIS DEL ACEITE DE LA SEMILLA DE Moringa oleífera Lam: VENTAJAS Y DESVENTAJAS..................................... 47 5.1 ACEITES VEGETALES: definición de aceite......................................... 47 5.2 ÁCIDOS GRASOS...................................................................... 47 5.3 ÁCIDOS GRASOS SATURADOS.......................................................... 48 5.4 ÁCIDOS GRASOS INSATURADOS................................................. 48 5.5 CARACTERIZACIÓN DE ACEITES....................................................... 49 5.5.1 Índice de Refracción................................................................. 49 5.5.2 Índice de Saponificación................................................ 49 5.5.3 Índice de acidez................................................................. 50 5.5.4 Índice de Yodo........................................................................... 50 5.5.5 Índice de peróxido.......................................................... 51 5.6 MÉTODOS TRADICIONALES DE EXTRACCIÓN SÓLIDO- LÍQUIDO............................................. 51 5.7 EXTRACCIÓN DEL ACEITE VEGETAL POR PRENSADO............................................ 54 5.7.1 OBTENCIÓN DE LA TORTA.............................................................. 55 5.8 EXTRACCIÓN POR FLUIDOS SUPER CRITICOS (FSC)................................................. 56 5.9 CARACTERIZACIÓN DEL ACEITE DE MORINGA OLEÍFERA................................................ 56 5.9.1 PRINCIPALES COMPONENTES DEL ACEITE DE Moringa oleífera............................................ 57 5.10 PROPIEDADES FISICOQUÍMICAS DEL ACEITE DE Moringa oleífera............................................. 59 5.11 ANÁLISIS FISICOQUÍMICO DEL ACEITE DE Moringa oleífera......................................................... 60 5.12 CONTENIDO DE POLIFENOLES TOTALES DEL ACEITE DE SEMILLAS DE Moringa oleífera........................................... 61 5.12.1 LA POLIFENOLES TOTALES FUERON DETERMINADOS MEDIANTE EL MÉTODO COLORIMÉTRICO................................ 62 5.13 CONTENIDO DE TOCOFEROLES DEL ACEITE DE LAS SEMILLAS DE Moringa oleífera............................................ 63 5.14 VENTAJAS Y DESVENTAJAS.................................................................... 65 5.14.1 VENTAJAS DEL USO DEL ACEITE DE Moringa oleífera EN LA SALUD.................................................. 65 5.14.2 DESVENTAJAS DEL USO DEL ACEITE DE LA Moringa oleífera EN LA SALUD............................................ 68 6 CAPÍTULO 4. USOS DE LAS SEMILLAS DE Moringa oleífera Lam Y SU ACEITE................................................... 71 6.1 Usos etnobotánicos de Moringa Oleífera.............................................. 71 6.1.1 Usos medicinales tradicionales de la Moringa oleífera....................................................... 72 6.2 Composición química y actividades biológicas de las semillas de Moringa Oleífera ................................................. 76 6.2.1 Actividad antimicrobiana................................................................... 77 6.2.2 Actividad antioxidante.................................................................... 79 6.3 APROVECHAMIENTO INDUSTRIAL DE LAS SEMILLAS DE Moringa Oleífera........................................... 81 6.3.1 Moringa oleífera en el tratamiento y Purificación de aguas residuales y potables .................................. 81 6.3.2 ACEITE DE Moringa oleífera EN LA INDUSTRIA................................................... 83 6.3.3 Usos no comestibles del aceite de Moringa oleífera....................................................... 85 6.3.4 Usos cosméticos.............................................................................. 85 6.3.5 Producción de biodiesel............................................................... 86 6.4 BENEFICIOS DEL ACEITE OLEICO DE LA Moringa oleífera................................................. 87 6.5 CAPACIDAD ANTIOXIDANTE DEL ACEITE DE LAS SEMILLAS DE Moringa oleífera..................................................... 90 7 CONCLUSIONES.................................................................................... 91 8 APORTES Y RECOMENDACIONES........................................................................... 94 9 BIBLIOGRAFÍA........................................................................................... 95 En este trabajos se realizó una revisión bibliográfica detallada para analizar los estudios sobre el aceite y el análisis proximal de las semillas del fruto de Moringa Oleífera, así mismo se muestran sus propiedades y la composición química y nutricional del aceite extraído de estas semillas por medio de análisis espectroscópicos e impacto en la salud humana. En la bibliografía se encontraron varios resultados de investigaciones sobre el análisis químico de la semilla de Moringa oleífera de los cuales algunos se detallan a continuación: El contenido de humedad es 5.70 – 8.90, de grasa cruda 36.70 ± 2.80, proteína cruda 31.40 ± 1.30, carbohidratos totales 18.40, contenido de fibra 6.80 – 8.00 y contenido de cenizas 4.40 – 6.90. El aceite de semilla contiene índice de saponificación 171.9 – 191, índice de yodo 65.580 y índice de peróxido 8.1 – 15, índice de rancidez 1.970, densidad 0.908, ácidos grasos libres 0.5 – 2.51 y acidez de 3.8 – 5.04. En el análisis del aceite de la semilla de Moringa oleífera; Se ha comprobado que tiene aplicaciones medicinales variadas, especialmente en los países de origen; Los frutos se consideran afrodisíacos, la infusión de la semilla es laxante y purgante; Además de demostrar gran capacidad antioxidante, antiinflamatoria, antimicrobiana, prevención del cáncer, gran aportes en la alimentación humana, y un gran sustituto al uso de la gasolina como biodiesel. Pregrado Químico(a) Trabajos de Investigación y/o Extensión

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    Authors: Comas Argemí, Ester; Bosch Serra, Àngela D.; Cuéllar Padilla, Mamen; Gamboa, Gonzalo|||0000-0003-0577-2934;

    La evaluación de la sostenibilidad en modelos de producción porcina en Cataluña (España), mediante el análisis multicriterio, se estructura en dos partes. Una primera de establecimiento del marco de análisis donde, de forma participativa, se fijan los criterios de evaluación, sus indicadores y las escalas de evaluación. En la segunda se implementa la metología expuesta para evaluar la sostenibilidad de tres modelos productivos y detectar posibles conflictos entre los diferentes grupos de interés. Los resultados obtenidos demuestran que desde el punto de vista de la sostenbilidad, en base a los criterios considerados y bajo distintas opciones de robustez, el modelo productivo más sostenible es el ecológico, seguido del familiar y, en último puesto, el del modelo denominado de integración. En cuanto a la formación de coaliciones se observa que hay un importante grupo de actores que apuestan, en primer lugar, por el modelo de integración. Los anteriores resultados avalan la necesidad de potenciar modelos intermedios entre el ecológico y el de integración. Una opción conciliadora, entre las existentes, podría ser el tipo familiar, aplicando algunas mejoras en el manejo si se quieren satisfacer plenamente los requerimientos de sostenibilidad. The sustainability evaluation of pig production systems in Catalonia (Spain) based on multicriteria analysis is divided in two parts. The first part shows the framework of the analysis and the established criteria for the evaluation. The second part applies the developed methodology in order to evaluate the sustainability of three productive systems and also, to find points of conflict between actors and the different options for their understanding. The results show the ecological system as the more sustainable, the second position is for the traditional family farming system and the last one is the integrated system. Nevertheless, a great part of actors supports integrated system. These results indicate the need to find alternative models between the ecological and the integrated ones. The improved family system could be an option in order to fully satisfy sustainable requirements.

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11 Research products
  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Giraldo Velasquez, Santiago; Godoy Cocoma, David Alberto;

    Las pérdidas y desperdicios de alimentos en el sistema alimentario es un tópico de interés mundial, y desde los objetivos de desarrollo sostenible, dados los impactos que esto implica al medio ambiente, la economía y la sociedad. Los restaurantes, como elementos del final de la cadena de alimentos, pueden jugar un rol significativo para disminuir o eliminar estos impactos mediante modificaciones de sus patrones de producción y consumo. Con el propósito de tener un caso exitoso en Medellín, este proyecto tiene como objetivo plantear alternativas que favorezcan la disminución del desperdicio de alimentos en un restaurante de la Universidad EAFIT, soportado en mediciones que evidencien los beneficios económicos y ambientales promoviendo un sistema alimentario sostenible. Esta investigación parte de dos preguntas: ¿Cuánta es la producción de residuos alimenticios en el restaurante y cuál es su composición final?, ¿Qué alternativas viables de gestión se pueden implementar en el restaurante para aumentar la eficiencia del uso de los recursos? Y ¿Qué costo-beneficio trae la optimización del proceso al implementar las acciones propuestas? El proyecto de investigación se estructura en el estudio de caso aplicando la metodología “Target-Measure-Act" para reducción de desperdicios de alimentos. Como resultados se pudo establecer un objetivo de reducción del 7% de los desperdicios de alimentos en conjuntos con el equipo de trabajo del restaurante. Para alcanzarlo se implementaron diferentes acciones en las diferentes etapas de proceso. Se destacan la reutilización de desperdicios tales como la cascara de huevo, la cascara de naranja, cascara de limón y tallos de cilantro. El análisis costo beneficio mostró un ahorro en términos de costos no muy alto para este caso de estudio, pero se pudo concluir que se necesita implementar la metodología no como un piloto sino desarrollando todos los parámetros establecidos por esta y así se pueda determinar mejor el ahorro en términos de costos que puede lograr el restaurante. Food loss and waste in the food system is a topic of global interest, and from the sustainable development objectives, given the impacts that this implies for the environment, the economy and society. Restaurants, as elements at the end of the food chain, can play a significant role in reducing or eliminating these impacts by modifying their production and consumption patterns. With the purpose of having a successful case in Medellin, this project aims to propose alternatives that favor the reduction of food waste in a restaurant of the EAFIT University, supported by measurements that demonstrate the economic and environmental benefits promoting a sustainable food system. This research is based on two questions: How much food waste is produced in the restaurant and what is its final composition; what viable management alternatives can be implemented in the restaurant to increase the efficiency of the use of resources; and what is the cost-benefit of the restaurant's waste management? And what is the cost-benefit of optimizing the process by implementing the proposed actions? The research project is structured as a case study applying the "Target-Measure-Act" methodology for food waste reduction. As a result, it was possible to establish a target of 7% reduction of food waste in conjunction with the restaurant's work team. To achieve this goal, different actions were implemented in the different stages of the process. The reuse of waste such as eggshells, orange peel, lemon peel, and cilantro stems stood out. The cost-benefit analysis showed not very high cost savings for this case study, but it was possible to conclude that the methodology needs to be implemented not as a pilot, but rather by developing all the parameters established by the methodology in order to better determine the cost savings that the restaurant can achieve.

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    Authors: Martínez Paredes, Wendy Nathaly;

    This research reviewed the incidence that Nido de Águilas had from its agrobiodiversity recovery strategies in farmers, neorrurals and institutions in the municipality of Villa de Leyva, for which it proposed a qualitative study and connected through the exploratory exploration system, descriptive and interpretive, from this methodology the identification of the agrobiodiversity recovery strategies is carried out and identified the food groups and their varieties present in Nido de Águilas. In addition, the actors were characterized and the incidence of Nido de Águilas and the elements of sustainability was taken into account through semi-structured interviews, taking into account the ecological, economic and social dimensions. Finally, as a result, 82 species of plants with food fines and medicinal fines were determined. On the other hand, it was determined that Nido de Águilas has a high incidence in the neorrural and institutional actors, who highlight the work it develops in terms of food availability, environmental security, agrobiodiversity, education and seed care. On the other hand, the inhabitants of the village of Llano Blanco disagree with each other about the incidence has had and thus indicate that Nido de Águilas poses strategies where they contribute to the agrobiodiversity of the path but agree on the lack of more approach and work with the inhabitants to generate greater impact. Finally it is evident that Nido de Águilas has a sustainability approach from every dimension where the actors of the territory are involved but in turn generates income for their support and all their work is done respecting the environment. Esta investigación revisó la incidencia que ha tenido Nido de Águilas, desde sus estrategias de recuperación de agrobiodiversidad en los campesinos, neorrurales e instituciones en el municipio de Villa de Leyva; para ello, se planteó un estudio de tipo cualitativo y se desarrolló mediante la sistematización exploratoria, descriptiva e interpretativa. A partir de esta metodología, se logró realizar la identificación de las estrategias de recuperación de agrobiodiversidad e identificó los grupos de alimentos y sus variedades presente en Nido de Águilas. Adicionalmente se caracterizaron los actores y se conoció por medio de entrevistas semiestructuradas la incidencia que ha tenido Nido de Águilas y los elementos de sostenibilidad, teniendo en cuenta las dimensiones ecológica, económica y social. Como resultados se determinaron 82 especies con fines alimentarios y medicinales. Por otra parte, se determinó que Nido de Águilas tiene una alta incidencia en los actores neorrurales e institucionales, quienes resaltan la labor que desarrolla en términos de disponibilidad de alimentos, seguridad ambiental, agrobiodiversidad, educación y cuidado de semillas. Por el contrario, los habitantes de la vereda de Llano Blanco discrepan entre ellos de la incidencia que ha tenido y así indican que Nido de Águilas plantea estrategias donde contribuyen a la agrobiodiversidad de la vereda, pero coinciden en que falta más acercamiento y trabajo con los habitantes para generar mayor impacto. Finalmente, se evidencia que Nido de Águilas tiene un enfoque de sostenibilidad desde cada dimensión, donde involucra a los actores del territorio, pero a su vez genera ingresos para su sostenimiento y todas sus labores las hace respetando el medio ambiente. Magíster en Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutricional. Línea de Investigación: Seminario de Profundización en Sostenibilidad Alimentaria , Maestría

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    Authors: Caicedo-Jiménez, Nazly Julieth;

    Tabla de Contenido pág. Introducción 17 Planteamiento del Problema 20 Justificación del Problema 23 Hipótesis 25 Hipótesis Nula 25 Hipótesis Alternativa 25 Marco Teórico 26 Impacto Medioambiental y la Búsqueda de Soluciones Sostenibles 26 Residuos a Partir de Fuentes no Renovables 26 Residuos Agroindustriales y Problemática Ambiental 27 Contaminación Ambiental y su Influencia Sobre el Efecto Invernadero 28 Acciones Naturales del Efecto Invernadero 28 Acciones Antropogénicas del Efecto Invernadero 28 Biotransformación y Micotectura, una Alternativa Innovadora 29 Residuos Lignocelulósicos en Colombia 30 Hongos, Microorganismos con Actividad Ligninolitíca 32 Micelio 34 Propiedades Biológicas Anastomosis 34 Hongos de Pudrición Blanca 35 Pleorutus ostreatus 36 Taxonomía y Morfología 36 Ganoderma lucidum 37 Taxonomía y Morfología 37 Biodegradación de Residuos Ligninolíticos por Hongos 38 Sustratos Lignocelulósicos Potenciales en el Desarrollo de Bioproductos 39 Bagazo de Caña 39 Cascara de Cacao 39 Cascara de Plukenetia volubilis (Sacha inchi) 40 Aserrín 40 Propiedades Mecánicas del Bioproducto 40 Antecedentes 42 Objetivos 44 Objetivo General 44 Objetivos Específicos 44 Metodología 45 Área de Estudio 45 Diseño del Estudio 45 Materiales 45 Cepas de Pleurotus ostreatus y Ganoderma lucidum 45 Preparación de Medios de Cultivo Para Conservación de las Cepas 45 Residuos Agrícolas Empleados Para la Formulación de Tratamientos 46 Análisis Químico de los Diferentes Polímeros en Cada Sustrato 47 Adecuación de Sustratos 47 Proceso de Esterilización 47 Evaluación del Desarrollo Micelial de G. lucidum y P. ostreatum en Diferentes Tratamientos o Mezclas de Residuos Agrícolas Definidos 47 Inoculación del Sustrato (Corrida de Micelio) 47 Corrida de Micelio en Cada Tratamiento 48 Proceso de Moldeamiento 49 Pruebas Físico-Mecánicas de los Bioproductos 50 Determinación de la Densidad de Cada Biocompuesto a Base de Micelio de P. ostreatus y G. lucidum 50 Prueba Resistencia a la Compresión 50 Prueba de Resistencia a Rotura por Caída Libre 51 Porcentaje de Absorción de Agua de los Tratamientos Obtenidos a Base de Micelio de P. ostreatus y G. lucidum 51 Desactivación del Hongo 52 Análisis Estadístico de los Datos Obtenidos en los Tratamientos 52 Resultados y Discusión 54 Corrida de Micelio 55 Pruebas Físico-Mecánicas 58 Prototipo de Bioproducto 64 Conclusiones 65 Referencias Bibliográficas 67 Diferentes residuos generados por la industria son vertidos diariamente al ambiente en cantidades desmesuradas, impactando negativamente la calidad de vida, el ambiente y la sostenibilidad en el planeta. Un ejemplo es el poliestireno expandido o icopor, utilizado ampliamente a nivel global como material de empaquetado y construcción entre otros usos. Este material ocasiona alta contaminación, debido al espacio ocupado en los vertederos y su difícil degradación. Por lo tanto, el propósito de este trabajo fue generar un bioproducto para mitigar la creciente contaminación por poliestireno, aprovechando el potencial que ofrecen los diversos residuos postcosecha derivados de la agricultura Colombiana, para ser utilizados como sustratos en los procesos de bioconversión enzimática por G. lucidum y P. ostreatus , macromicetos reconocidos por la producción de enzimas hidrolíticas y oxidativas tales como lacasas, peroxidasas de manganeso y peroxidasas de lignina, hemicelulasas, entre otras. Para este propósito se realizaron diferentes tratamientos o mezclas en partes iguales de residuos de la caña (bagazo) cacota de cacao, cascara de Sacha inchi, aserrín y una fuente de nitrógeno, como sustratos de fácil adquisición y bajo costo en los que se desarrollaron los micelios de los macromicetos para su bioconversión bajo un sistema estandarizado de humedad, CO2, y temperatura. En este trabajo se obtuvo un bioproducto con características físico-mecánicas similares al poliestireno expandido, sugiriendo continuar con los ensayos en el grupo de investigación para optimizar las características de resistencia otorgadas por las diferentes formulaciones de residuos agrícolas, que son una fuente disponible, de bajo costo, biodegradables que sirven como sustrato para la elaboración de bioproductos sostenibles y amigables con el medio ambiente. Different residues generated by the industry are dumped daily into the environment in disproportionate amounts, negatively impacting the quality of life, the environment and sustainability on the planet. An example is expanded polystyrene or styrofoam, widely used globally as a packaging and construction material, among other uses. This material causes high contamination, due to the space occupied in landfills and its difficult degradation. Therefore, the purpose of this work was to generate a bioproduct to mitigate the increasing contamination by polystyrene, taking advantage of the potential offered by the various postharvest residues derived from Colombian agriculture, to be used as substrates in the enzymatic bioconversion processes by G. lucidum and P. ostreatus, macromycetes recognized by the production of hydrolytic and oxidative enzymes such as laccases, manganese peroxidases and lignin peroxidases, hemicellulases, among others. For this purpose, different treatments or mixtures were carried out in equal parts of sugarcane residue (bagasse), cocoa husk, Sacha inchi husk, sawdust and a nitrogen source, as easily acquired and low-cost substrates in which the products were developed. mycelia for their bioconversion under a standardized system of humidity, CO2, and temperature. In this work, a bioproduct with physical-mechanical characteristics similar to expanded polystyrene was obtained, suggesting to continue with the tests in the research group to optimize the resistance characteristics granted by the different formulations of agricultural residues, which are an available source, of low cost, biodegradable that serve as a substrate for the production of sustainable and environmentally friendly bioproducts. Microbiólogo Industrial Pregrado Digital

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    Authors: Benavides Ocampo, Sergio Antony;

    El presente estudio investigativo construye las bases para un proceso de transición agroecológica para aportar a la garantía de la Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutricional (SAN) en familias agricultoras del resguardo indígena Muisca de Fonquetá y Cerca de Piedra- Chía-Cundinamarca. Se analizaron las limitaciones y potencialidades del contexto de este territorio y sus familias agricultoras para emprender un proceso hacia la transición agroecológica, la cual se concibe como un proceso complejo de cambio desde una forma convencional de producir alimentos hacia una forma alternativa de agricultura más sostenible, la cual implica entender cómo funcionan las dinámicas ecosistémicas que rodea el espacio de cultivo, huerta, o chagra (agroecosistema) con el fin de no causar daños irremediables al agua, la tierra, la biodiversidad y el aire a través de la acción humana, puesto que estos servicios ecosistémicos sustentan la comida de todos los seres vivos. Se planteó una metodología participativa con enfoque mixto fundamentada en un concepto de desarrollo que parte de valores como justicia, equidad, democracia, equidad de género y sostenibilidad, en donde los actores clave son las familias productoras. El trabajo se realizó con 13 familias del resguardo indígena dedicadas a la agricultura familiar con un total de 45 personas. Solo el 23% del total de los predios familiares se encuentra sembrado con cultivos alimentarios, aromáticos, medicinales y/o plantas de uso ritual. Estas familias agricultoras en general comienzan desde la primera etapa de la transición agroecológica, aunque cabe resaltar que algunas familias presentan fortalezas en las etapas 1 y 3. A pesar de las situaciones negativas como la falta de apoyo económico desde el cabildo y el municipio y la falta de personas para cultivar, existe un interés intacto por producir alimentos conservando el ambiente y existe un conjunto de saberes que vale la pena promover desde el interior del resguardo indígena para repensar lo alimentario desde la colectividad. Palabras clave: Sostenibilidad, Transición, Agroecología, SAN, Agricultura familiar, Indígena, Familias, Resguardo. This research study builds the bases for an agroecological transition process to contribute to the guarantee of Food and Nutrition Security (SAN) in farming families of the Muisca de Fonquetá y Cerca de Piedra-Chía-Cundinamarca indigenous reservation. The limitations and potentialities of the context of this territory and its farming families were analyzed to undertake a process towards the agroecological transition, which is conceived as a complex process of change from a conventional way of producing food towards an alternative form of more sustainable agriculture, which implies understanding how the ecosystem dynamics that surround the cultivation space, garden or chagra (agroecosystem) work in order not to cause irreparable damage to water, land, biodiversity and air through human action, since that these ecosystem services support the food of all living beings. A participatory methodology with a mixed approach based on a development concept was posed, which takes up values such as justice, equity, democracy, gender equity and sustainability, where the key actors are the producer families. The work was carried out with 13 families from the indigenous reservation dedicated to family farming with a total of 45 people. Only 23% of the total land owned by the family farms are planted with food, aromatic, medicinal and/or ritual crops. These farming families generally start from the first stage of the agroecological transition, although it should be noted that some families have strengths in stages 1 and 3. Despite the negative situations such as the lack of economic support from the indigenous cabildo and the municipality and the lack of people to cultivate, there is an intact interest in producing food while preserving the environment, and there is a set of knowledge that is worth promoting from inside the indigenous reservation to rethink food from the collectivity. Keywords: Sustainability, Transition, Agroecology, SAN, Family Farming, Indigenous, Families, Indigenous reservation. Maestría

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    Authors: Amortegui Cruz, Daniel Mateo; Carvajal Ramírez, Juan Camilo;

    El cacao está posicionado en el tercer lugar como alimento altamente nutritivo en el mercado mundial, demandado por las principales compañías chocolateras en América y Europa (Superintendencia, 2011). En Colombia se requiere mejorar las condiciones del proceso productivo para así llevar el cacao colombiano como materia prima de exportación de primera categoría. Para esto, en el presente trabajo se diseñó un plan de manejo ambiental para el proceso productivo de cacao en Santander. Con el fin de corregir, compensar, prevenir y mitigar los impactos ambientales generados por las fincas cacaoteras que se estudiaron, fueron propuestas mejoras en caminadas a la generación de un proceso sostenible con el medio ambiente. Los objetivos que fueron propuestos se presentan en una metodología que tiene tres etapas, las cuales se describen de la siguiente manera. En la etapa 1 se hizo un levantamiento de información teniendo en cuanta la calidad del agua, el suelo y la biota, en la etapa 2 se realizó la evaluación de los impactos ambientales y en la etapa 3 el diseño de los programas de manejo ambiental. Como resultado final del proyecto se propusieron seis programas de manejo ambiental los cuales están enfocados en mejorar impactos negativos que afectan al medio ambiente, dichos programas de manejo ambiental hacen parte del resultado obtenido para optar por el título de Ingeniero Ambiental. Cocoa is positioned in third place as a highly nutritious food in the world market, demanded by the main chocolate companies in America and Europe (Superintendencia, 2011). In Colombia, it is necessary to improve the conditions of the production process in order to bring Colombian cocoa as a first-class raw material for export. To this end, an environmental management plan was designed for the cocoa production process in Santander. In order to correct, compensate, prevent, and mitigate the environmental impacts generated by the cocoa farms studied, improvements were proposed in order to generate an environmentally sustainable process. The objectives that were proposed are presented in a methodology that has three stages, which are described as follows. In stage 1, information will be gathered, and a baseline will be constructed, considering the quality of the water, soil, and biota; in stage 2, the environmental impacts will be evaluated; and in stage 3, the environmental management plan will be designed. As a result of the project, six environmental management programs were proposed, which are focused on improving negative impacts that affect the environment; these environmental management programs are part of the result obtained to obtain the degree of environmental engineer. http://www.ustabuca.edu.co/ustabmanga/presentacion Ingeniero Ambiental Pregrado

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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Muñoz Mora, Karen Liliana;

    Through this work, the aim is to socialize the results obtained with the execution of the project "Environmental education work plan developed with the producers of the ASOPROGUEJAR association as a strategy against the environmental impacts caused by the actions of the agricultural sector in eight (8) sidewalks of the municipality of Vistahermosa Meta ”which allows promoting environmental education through the action-participation method and research to replicate the concept of good agricultural practices in producers in rural areas highlighting the importance of the environment in which they live and develop productively . The application of the project was carried out with thirty-eight (38) producers in the agricultural and livestock sector of eight (8) sidewalks in the rural area of the municipality of Vista Hermosa, the approach to the problem situation arises from the needs and experiences of the peasants producers to modify the practices that they develop in their production units and that for years have left irreversible consequences on the environment due to the lack of tools to correct the polluting actions carried out on a daily basis. Through these community participation strategies, environmental values are developed as a fundamental basis for achieving sustainable development and productive environmental responsibility. A través de este trabajo se busca socializar los resultados obtenidos con la ejecución del proyecto “ Plan de trabajo de educación ambiental desarrollado con los productores de la asociación ASOPROGUEJAR como estrategia frente a los impactos ambientales causados por las acciones del sector agricola en ocho (8) veredas del municipio de Vistahermosa Meta” el cual permite fomentar la educación ambiental mediante el método de acción-participación e investigación para replicar el concepto de buenas prácticas agricolas en los productores de la zona rural resaltando la importancia del medio en que viven y se desarrollan productivamente. La aplicación del proyecto se realizó con treinta y ocho (38) productores del sector agrícola de ocho (8) veredas en el área rural del municipio de Vista hermosa, el planteamiento de la situación problema surge de las necesidades y vivencias de los campesinos productores para modificar las prácticas que desarrollan en sus unidades productivas y que durante años han dejado consecuencias irreversibles en el medio ambiente por falta de herramientas para corregir las acciones contaminantes desarrolladas a diario. Mediante estas estrategias de participación comunitaria se desarrollan los valores ambientales como base fundamental para el alcance del desarrollo sostenible y la responsabilidad ambiental productiva. Administrador Ambiental y de los Recursos Naturales http://www.ustadistancia.edu.co/?page_id=3956 Pregrado

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    Authors: Parra Flórez, Maria Fernanda;

    Este proyecto tiene como finalidad generar un prototipo de vivienda unifamiliar en el corregimiento El Llanito área rural de Barrancabermeja, que presente un modelo de sostenibilidad y productividad, implementando estrategias bioclimáticas y espacios productivos que contribuyan a la seguridad alimentaria y desarrollo económico de los usuarios. De esta manera, se pretende mejorar la calidad de vida de las familias beneficiarias, así como contribuir a la disminución del déficit habitacional existente en el centro poblado, ocasionado por la baja oferta de proyectos habitacionales y el desarrollo acelerado de viviendas informales. El interés y motivación que dio pie para el desarrollo del presente proyecto surgió a partir de un enfoque social en base a la necesidad de vivienda digna que presenta la población rural habitante del corregimiento, puesto que no gozan de condiciones óptimas de habitabilidad para un desarrollo saludable en sus entornos. Se decide escoger el corregimiento El Llanito como área de estudio, teniendo en cuenta su potencial como polo de desarrollo industrial, turístico y agropecuario. This project aims to generate a prototype of a single-family home in the village of El Llanito in rural Barrancabermeja, which presents a model of sustainability and productivity, implementing bioclimatic strategies and productive spaces that contribute to food security and economic development of users. In this way, it is intended to improve the quality of life of the beneficiary families as well as contributing to the reduction of the existing housing deficit in the population center caused by the low supply of housing projects and the accelerated development of informal housing. The interest and motivation that gave rise to the development of this project, arose from a social approach based on the need for decent housing presented by the rural population inhabiting in the village, since they do not enjoy optimal conditions of habitability for healthy development in their environments. It was decided to choose the town center El Llanito as a study area, considering its potential as a pole of industrial, tourism and agricultural development. http://www.ustabuca.edu.co/ustabmanga/presentacion Arquitecto Pregrado

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    Authors: Acosta Redondo, Jairo Esteban; Tenjo Gaitan, Jairo Andres;

    El cultivo y producción de Orellanas, se basa en el uso y aprovechamiento de los residuos de cosecha no comestibles, subutilizados o desechados en procesos agroindustriales como el arroz, maíz, heno y viruta de madera, haciendo más eficientes los recursos disponibles en la unidad productiva, siendo uno de los principios de sistemas sostenibles y una alternativa económica, para complementar la dieta de los hogares en Colombia. De acuerdo a lo anteriormente señalado el presente plan de negocio se desarrolla en el municipio de Cachipay (Cundinamarca), como una alternativa de negocio e ingresos, para la región y los profesionales vinculados. Se define en el marco de una actividad sostenible, la cual aplica prácticas agrícolas ecológicas basado en innovaciones a través de las cuales es posible producir alimentos saludables con prácticas respetuosas con el suelo, aire, agua, y respetando los derechos y salud de los agricultores. Así mismo, es financieramente rentable y viable, respondiendo al principio de producción orgánica, generando beneficios al consumidor por su consumo con un alimento sano, libre de conservantes pueden a largo plazo ser benéficos para la salud de quien lo consuma. The cultivation and production of Orellanas, is based on the use and utilization of non-edible crop residues, underutilized or discarded in agro-industrial processes such as rice, corn, hay and wood chips, making more efficient the resources available in the production unit, being one of the principles of sustainable systems and an economic alternative to supplement the diet of households in Colombia. According to the above mentioned, this business plan is developed in the municipality of Cachipay (Cundinamarca), as a business and income alternative for the region and the professionals involved. It is defined within the framework of a sustainable activity, which applies ecological agricultural practices based on innovations through which it is possible to produce healthy food with respectful practices with the soil, air, water, and respecting the rights and health of farmers. Likewise, it is financially profitable and viable, responding to the principle of organic production, generating benefits to the consumer for its consumption with a healthy food, free of preservatives that in the long term can be beneficial to the health of those who consume it. Especialista en Gerencia de Empresas Agropecuarias Especialización

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    Authors: Negrete Humánez, William Andrés;

    In the following work, a detailed bibliographic review of the analysis of the studies carried out on the oil and proximal analysis of the seed of the Moringa oleifera fruit was carried out, as well as its properties and the chemical and nutritional composition of the oil extracted from these seeds by means of spectroscopic analysis and impact on human health. In the bibliography, several research results were found on the chemical analysis of Moringa oleifera seed, some of which are detailed below: The moisture content is 5.70 - 8.90, crude fat 36.70 ± 2.80, crude protein 31.40 ± 1.30, total carbohydrates 18.40, fiber content 6.80 - 8.00 and ash content 4.40 - 6.90. The seed oil contains saponification index 171.9 - 191, iodine number 65.580 and peroxide number 8.1 - 15, rancidity index 1.970, density 0.908, free fatty acids 0.5 - 2.51 and acidity of 3.8 - 5.04. In the analysis of the oil of the seed of Moringa oleifera; It has been shown to have varied medicinal applications, especially in the countries of origin; The fruits are considered aphrodisiacs, the infusion of the seed is laxative and purgative; In addition to demonstrating great antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, cancer prevention, great contributions to human nutrition, and a great substitute for the use of gasoline as biodiesel. RESUMEN 1.0 INTRODUCCIÓN............................................. 1 2.0 OBJETIVOS.................................................... 3 2.1 OBJETIVO GENERAL........................................ 3 2.2 OBJETIVOS ESPECÍFICOS................................. 3 3.0 CAPÍTULO 1: ESTUDIOS QUÍMICOS REPORTADOS SOBRE LA SEMILLA DE Moringa oleífera Lam............. 4 3.1 ORIGEN DE LA Moringa oleífera Lam....................... 4 3.2 Distribución.............................................................. 5 3.3 Moringa oleífera Lam COMO CULTIVO POTENCIAL EN COLOMBIA.................................... 6 3.4 PLANTACIONES DE Moringa oleífera Lam EN COLOMBIA.................................. 7 3.5 Clasificación taxonómica de las plantas de Moringa oleífera..................................... 8 3.6 Características botánicas de la Moringa oleífera Lam..................................................... 9 3.6.1 Semillas de Moringa oleífera Lam............................................................... 10 3.6.2 Tallo de Moringa oleífera Lam.............................................................. 10 3.6.3 Raíz de Moringa oleífera Lam...................................................... 11 3.6.4 Hojas de Moringa oleífera Lam........................................................... 12 3.6.5 Flores de Moringa oleífera Lam................................................... 12 3.6.6 Frutos de Moringa oleífera Lam......................................... 13 3.6.7 Corteza de Moringa oleífera Lam.................................................. 14 3.7 Análisis químico del fruto de Moringa oleífera Lam....................................... 15 3.8 Composición química de la Moringa oleífera Lam................................. 16 3.9 Métodos empleados para realizar los estudios químicos a las semillas de Moringa oleífera......................... 18 3.9.1 Determinación de grasa o aceite...................................... 19 3.9.2 Contenido de Proteínas................................................. 20 3.9.3 Carbohidratos totales..................................................... 23 3.9.4 Determinación de Fibra................................................... 25 3.9.5 Cenizas o contenido de minerales........................................... 26 3.9.6 Humedad........................................................................... 28 4 CAPITULO 2. COMPOSICIÓN PROXIMAL DE LAS SEMILLAS de Moringa oleífera Lam y SU IMPACTO EN LA SALUD HUMANA.................. 30 4.1 ANALISIS PROXIMAL DE LA SEMILLA DE MORINGA OLEÍFERA....................................... 30 4.2 SIGNIFICADO DE ESTOS PARÁMETROS E IMPACTO EN LA SALUD HUMANA................................ 31 4.2.1 Importancia de las grasas o aceites.......................................... 31 4.2.2 Carbohidratos en la salud................................................... 32 4.2.3 Contenido de proteína en semillas.............................................. 32 4.2.4 Contenido de cenizas o minerales................................. 34 4.2.5 Importancia de la fibra cruda en la salud humana............................. 34 4.2.6 Importancia de la humedad....................................... 35 4.3 VALOR NUTRICIONAL DE LA MORINGA OLEÍFERA............................................. 35 4.3.1 Principales propiedades de la moringa oleífera..................................... 37 4.4 EFECTO DE LA SEMILLA DE Moringa oleífera EN LA SALUD HUMANA.................................. 38 4.5 NUTRIENTES ESENCIALES................................................ 38 4.6 PROPIEDADES NUTRICIONALES DE LA Moringa oleífera........................................... 39 4.7 IMPACTO EN LA SALUD HUMANA......................................... 40 4.7.1 Prevención de cáncer........................................................ 40 4.7.2 Actividad antinflamatoria................................................. 42 4.7.3 Prevención de tumores...................................................... 42 4.8 Alimentos a partir de la moringa oleífera................................................. 44 4.8.1 Alimentación humana................................................... 45 4.8.2 Una alternativa llamada Moringa oleífera.................................... 46 5 CAPÍTULO 3. ANÁLISIS DEL ACEITE DE LA SEMILLA DE Moringa oleífera Lam: VENTAJAS Y DESVENTAJAS..................................... 47 5.1 ACEITES VEGETALES: definición de aceite......................................... 47 5.2 ÁCIDOS GRASOS...................................................................... 47 5.3 ÁCIDOS GRASOS SATURADOS.......................................................... 48 5.4 ÁCIDOS GRASOS INSATURADOS................................................. 48 5.5 CARACTERIZACIÓN DE ACEITES....................................................... 49 5.5.1 Índice de Refracción................................................................. 49 5.5.2 Índice de Saponificación................................................ 49 5.5.3 Índice de acidez................................................................. 50 5.5.4 Índice de Yodo........................................................................... 50 5.5.5 Índice de peróxido.......................................................... 51 5.6 MÉTODOS TRADICIONALES DE EXTRACCIÓN SÓLIDO- LÍQUIDO............................................. 51 5.7 EXTRACCIÓN DEL ACEITE VEGETAL POR PRENSADO............................................ 54 5.7.1 OBTENCIÓN DE LA TORTA.............................................................. 55 5.8 EXTRACCIÓN POR FLUIDOS SUPER CRITICOS (FSC)................................................. 56 5.9 CARACTERIZACIÓN DEL ACEITE DE MORINGA OLEÍFERA................................................ 56 5.9.1 PRINCIPALES COMPONENTES DEL ACEITE DE Moringa oleífera............................................ 57 5.10 PROPIEDADES FISICOQUÍMICAS DEL ACEITE DE Moringa oleífera............................................. 59 5.11 ANÁLISIS FISICOQUÍMICO DEL ACEITE DE Moringa oleífera......................................................... 60 5.12 CONTENIDO DE POLIFENOLES TOTALES DEL ACEITE DE SEMILLAS DE Moringa oleífera........................................... 61 5.12.1 LA POLIFENOLES TOTALES FUERON DETERMINADOS MEDIANTE EL MÉTODO COLORIMÉTRICO................................ 62 5.13 CONTENIDO DE TOCOFEROLES DEL ACEITE DE LAS SEMILLAS DE Moringa oleífera............................................ 63 5.14 VENTAJAS Y DESVENTAJAS.................................................................... 65 5.14.1 VENTAJAS DEL USO DEL ACEITE DE Moringa oleífera EN LA SALUD.................................................. 65 5.14.2 DESVENTAJAS DEL USO DEL ACEITE DE LA Moringa oleífera EN LA SALUD............................................ 68 6 CAPÍTULO 4. USOS DE LAS SEMILLAS DE Moringa oleífera Lam Y SU ACEITE................................................... 71 6.1 Usos etnobotánicos de Moringa Oleífera.............................................. 71 6.1.1 Usos medicinales tradicionales de la Moringa oleífera....................................................... 72 6.2 Composición química y actividades biológicas de las semillas de Moringa Oleífera ................................................. 76 6.2.1 Actividad antimicrobiana................................................................... 77 6.2.2 Actividad antioxidante.................................................................... 79 6.3 APROVECHAMIENTO INDUSTRIAL DE LAS SEMILLAS DE Moringa Oleífera........................................... 81 6.3.1 Moringa oleífera en el tratamiento y Purificación de aguas residuales y potables .................................. 81 6.3.2 ACEITE DE Moringa oleífera EN LA INDUSTRIA................................................... 83 6.3.3 Usos no comestibles del aceite de Moringa oleífera....................................................... 85 6.3.4 Usos cosméticos.............................................................................. 85 6.3.5 Producción de biodiesel............................................................... 86 6.4 BENEFICIOS DEL ACEITE OLEICO DE LA Moringa oleífera................................................. 87 6.5 CAPACIDAD ANTIOXIDANTE DEL ACEITE DE LAS SEMILLAS DE Moringa oleífera..................................................... 90 7 CONCLUSIONES.................................................................................... 91 8 APORTES Y RECOMENDACIONES........................................................................... 94 9 BIBLIOGRAFÍA........................................................................................... 95 En este trabajos se realizó una revisión bibliográfica detallada para analizar los estudios sobre el aceite y el análisis proximal de las semillas del fruto de Moringa Oleífera, así mismo se muestran sus propiedades y la composición química y nutricional del aceite extraído de estas semillas por medio de análisis espectroscópicos e impacto en la salud humana. En la bibliografía se encontraron varios resultados de investigaciones sobre el análisis químico de la semilla de Moringa oleífera de los cuales algunos se detallan a continuación: El contenido de humedad es 5.70 – 8.90, de grasa cruda 36.70 ± 2.80, proteína cruda 31.40 ± 1.30, carbohidratos totales 18.40, contenido de fibra 6.80 – 8.00 y contenido de cenizas 4.40 – 6.90. El aceite de semilla contiene índice de saponificación 171.9 – 191, índice de yodo 65.580 y índice de peróxido 8.1 – 15, índice de rancidez 1.970, densidad 0.908, ácidos grasos libres 0.5 – 2.51 y acidez de 3.8 – 5.04. En el análisis del aceite de la semilla de Moringa oleífera; Se ha comprobado que tiene aplicaciones medicinales variadas, especialmente en los países de origen; Los frutos se consideran afrodisíacos, la infusión de la semilla es laxante y purgante; Además de demostrar gran capacidad antioxidante, antiinflamatoria, antimicrobiana, prevención del cáncer, gran aportes en la alimentación humana, y un gran sustituto al uso de la gasolina como biodiesel. Pregrado Químico(a) Trabajos de Investigación y/o Extensión

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    Authors: Comas Argemí, Ester; Bosch Serra, Àngela D.; Cuéllar Padilla, Mamen; Gamboa, Gonzalo|||0000-0003-0577-2934;

    La evaluación de la sostenibilidad en modelos de producción porcina en Cataluña (España), mediante el análisis multicriterio, se estructura en dos partes. Una primera de establecimiento del marco de análisis donde, de forma participativa, se fijan los criterios de evaluación, sus indicadores y las escalas de evaluación. En la segunda se implementa la metología expuesta para evaluar la sostenibilidad de tres modelos productivos y detectar posibles conflictos entre los diferentes grupos de interés. Los resultados obtenidos demuestran que desde el punto de vista de la sostenbilidad, en base a los criterios considerados y bajo distintas opciones de robustez, el modelo productivo más sostenible es el ecológico, seguido del familiar y, en último puesto, el del modelo denominado de integración. En cuanto a la formación de coaliciones se observa que hay un importante grupo de actores que apuestan, en primer lugar, por el modelo de integración. Los anteriores resultados avalan la necesidad de potenciar modelos intermedios entre el ecológico y el de integración. Una opción conciliadora, entre las existentes, podría ser el tipo familiar, aplicando algunas mejoras en el manejo si se quieren satisfacer plenamente los requerimientos de sostenibilidad. The sustainability evaluation of pig production systems in Catalonia (Spain) based on multicriteria analysis is divided in two parts. The first part shows the framework of the analysis and the established criteria for the evaluation. The second part applies the developed methodology in order to evaluate the sustainability of three productive systems and also, to find points of conflict between actors and the different options for their understanding. The results show the ecological system as the more sustainable, the second position is for the traditional family farming system and the last one is the integrated system. Nevertheless, a great part of actors supports integrated system. These results indicate the need to find alternative models between the ecological and the integrated ones. The improved family system could be an option in order to fully satisfy sustainable requirements.

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