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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Misbah Abdelrahim; Gamal Alkawsi; Ammar Ahmed Alkahtani; Ali M. W. Alhasan; +4 Authors

    Renewable energy sources have become necessary for long-term energy sustainability due to the increased demand for electric cars and worrisome rises in carbon dioxide emissions from traditional energy sources. Furthermore, transportation is one of the sectors that uses the most energy on the planet, accounting for 24% of overall consumption. Fossil fuels are still the dominant energy source for balancing global demand/supply dynamics. Supporting laws and regulations have enhanced the first phase of environmentally friendly energy-resource consumption. This has spurred the development of new solutions that cut greenhouse-gas emissions and reduce the air pollution produced by internal combustion engines that are fuelled by fossil fuels. Wind energy is one of the clean energy sources that may be utilised for this purpose. Wind energy has been used to power electric-car-charging infrastructure, generally in a hybrid mode with another renewable source. This research examines the possibility of using wind energy as a standalone energy source to support electric-vehicle-charging infrastructure. Using data from Malacca, Malaysia, and HOMER software, the project will build and optimise a standalone wind-powered charging station. An RC-5K-A wind turbine coupled to a battery and converter is the appropriate choice for the system. The findings demonstrate that the turbine can produce 214,272 kWh per year at the cost of USD 0.081/kWh, confirming wind’s future feasibility as an energy-infrastructure support source.

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    Energies
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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    Energies
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ COREarrow_drop_down
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      Energies
      Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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      Energies
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    Authors: Mohammed A. Hajar; Ammar Ahmed Alkahtani; Daing Nasir Ibrahim; Mohammed A. Al-Sharafi; +4 Authors

    The telecommunications industry has recognized innovation as the key to growth and survival. Globalization, liberalization, and privatization, the terms most commonly associated with this sector, have resulted in fierce competition, making it more difficult for telecommunications firms to increase their market share and, as a result, their customer base, sales volume, and, ultimately, profits. The new success strategy is differentiation through innovation, with the aim of breaking out of the competition and creating an uncontested market. This can be accomplished by providing high-value, innovative services that result in customer satisfaction and promote customer loyalty. The primary goal of this study was to create and validate a conceptual model of value innovation and its impact on firm performance and long-term growth by examining the mediation effect of customer satisfaction and loyalty. The empirical analysis results were based on 304 respondents who completed a paper-based survey provided to employees of Yemeni mobile service providers using a convenience non-probability sampling technique. SmartPLS 3 was used to test the hypothesized relationships using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-PM). As a result, the findings empirically validated the theoretical research model, confirming the importance of the value innovation approach to achieving company performance and long-term growth by promoting customer satisfaction and loyalty. Finally, we have provided a discussion of the study’s theoretical contributions, managerial implications, and future research directions.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Sustainabilityarrow_drop_down
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    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Sustainabilityarrow_drop_down
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Ammar Ahmed Alkahtani; Saad T. Y. Alfalahi; Abedalgany Athamneh; Ali Q. Al-Shetwi; +3 Authors

    Un microgrid (MG) est un système électrique à petite échelle avec un groupe de charges et de générateurs distribués fonctionnant ensemble via un logiciel de gestion de l'énergie et des dispositifs qui agissent comme une seule entité contrôlable par rapport au réseau. MG est devenu un élément de recherche clé dans les réseaux intelligents et les systèmes électriques de distribution. MG contient principalement différentes sources d'énergie renouvelables (SER) qui utilisent diverses avancées technologiques, telles que les technologies basées sur l'électronique de puissance. Cependant, il a une sortie instable, provoquant ainsi différents types d'événements de qualité d'alimentation (PQ). En conséquence, des normes et des méthodes d'atténuation ont été élaborées ces dernières années. Pour atténuer les problèmes de QP dus à l'intégration de MG, diverses méthodes et normes ont été proposées au cours des dernières années. Bien que ces méthodes individuelles soient bien documentées, une vue d'ensemble comparative n'avait pas été introduite jusqu'à présent. Ainsi, cette étude vise à combler le vide en examinant et en comparant les problèmes, les solutions et les normes de QP de l'art antérieur dans les MG. Nous comparons les principaux problèmes liés à l'affaissement de la tension, à la houle de tension, aux harmoniques de tension et de courant, aux déséquilibres du système et aux fluctuations pour assurer une puissance de sortie MG de haute qualité. Les nouvelles technologies associées aux MG génèrent des émissions harmoniques de l'ordre de 2-150 kHz, provoquant ainsi un nouveau phénomène, à savoir l'émission supraharmonique (SH), qui n'est pas suffisamment couvert dans la littérature. Par conséquent, les caractéristiques, les causes, les conséquences et les mesures de SH sont mises en évidence et analysées. Les stratégies d'atténuation, le contrôle et les dispositifs des problèmes de QP sont également discutés. De plus, une comparaison est effectuée entre les appareils les plus populaires utilisés pour atténuer les problèmes de QP dans MG en termes de coût, de notation et de différents aspects de la performance. Cette étude d'examen peut renforcer les efforts vers l'atténuation et l'élaboration de normes des problèmes de QP dans les applications MG, en particulier SH. Enfin, certaines recommandations et suggestions pour améliorer le QP de MG, y compris SH, sont mises en évidence. Una microrred (MG) es un sistema de energía a pequeña escala con un grupo de cargas y generadores distribuidos que operan juntos a través de software y dispositivos de gestión de energía que actúan como una sola entidad controlable con respecto a la red. MG se ha convertido en un elemento clave de investigación en redes inteligentes y sistemas de distribución de energía. MG contiene principalmente diferentes fuentes de energía renovable (FER) que utilizan diversos avances tecnológicos, como las tecnologías basadas en la electrónica de potencia. Sin embargo, tiene una salida inestable, lo que provoca diferentes tipos de eventos de calidad de energía (PQ). Como resultado, en los últimos años se han desarrollado estándares y métodos de mitigación. Para mitigar los problemas de PQ debido a la integración de MG, se han propuesto varios métodos y estándares en los últimos años. Aunque estos métodos individuales están bien documentados, hasta ahora no se había introducido una descripción comparativa. Por lo tanto, este estudio tiene como objetivo llenar el vacío revisando y comparando los problemas, soluciones y estándares de PQ de la técnica anterior en MG. Comparamos los principales problemas relacionados con la caída de tensión, el aumento de tensión, los armónicos de tensión y corriente, los desequilibrios del sistema y las fluctuaciones para garantizar una potencia de salida MG de alta calidad. Las nuevas tecnologías asociadas con los MG generan emisiones de armónicos en el rango de 2-150 kHz, causando así un nuevo fenómeno, a saber, la emisión de supraarmónicos (SH), que no está suficientemente cubierto en la literatura. Por lo tanto, se destacan y analizan las características, causas, consecuencias y mediciones de SH. También se discuten las estrategias de mitigación, el control y los dispositivos de los problemas de PQ. Además, se realiza una comparación entre los dispositivos más populares utilizados para mitigar los problemas de PQ en MG en términos de costo, calificación y diferentes aspectos del rendimiento. Este estudio de revisión puede fortalecer los esfuerzos hacia la mitigación y el desarrollo de estándares de los problemas de PQ en las aplicaciones de MG, especialmente SH. Por último, se destacan algunas recomendaciones y sugerencias para mejorar la PQ de MG, incluyendo SH. A microgrid (MG) is a small-scale power system with a cluster of loads and distributed generators operating together through energy management software and devices that act as a single controllable entity with respect to the grid. MG has become a key research element in smart grid and distribution power systems. MG mainly contains different renewable energy sources (RESs) that use various technological advancements, such as power electronics-based technologies. However, it has an unstable output, thereby causing different types of power quality (PQ) events. As a result, standards and mitigation methods have been developed in recent years. To mitigate PQ issues due to MG integration, various methods and standards have been proposed over the last years. Although these individual methods are well documented, a comparative overview had not been introduced so far. Thus, this study aims to fill the gap by reviewing and comparing the prior-art PQ issues, solutions, and standards in MGs. We compare the main issues related to voltage sag, voltage swell, voltage and current harmonics, system unbalances, and fluctuations to ensure high-quality MG output power. The new technologies associated with MGs generate harmonics emission in the range of 2-150 kHz, thereby causing a new phenomenon, namely, supraharmonics (SH) emission, which is not sufficiently covered in the literature. Therefore, the characteristics, causes, consequences, and measurements of SH are highlighted and analyzed. The mitigation strategies, control, and devices of PQ issues are also discussed. Moreover, a comparison is conducted between the most popular devices used to mitigate the PQ issues in MG in terms of cost, rating, and different aspects of performance. This review study can strengthen the efforts toward the mitigation and standards development of PQ issues in MG applications, especially SH. Finally, some recommendations and suggestions to improve PQ of MG, including SH, are highlighted. الشبكة الدقيقة (MG) هي نظام طاقة صغير الحجم مع مجموعة من الأحمال والمولدات الموزعة التي تعمل معًا من خلال برامج وأجهزة إدارة الطاقة التي تعمل ككيان واحد يمكن التحكم فيه فيما يتعلق بالشبكة. أصبحت MG عنصرًا بحثيًا رئيسيًا في أنظمة طاقة الشبكة والتوزيع الذكية. تحتوي MG بشكل أساسي على مصادر طاقة متجددة مختلفة (RESs) تستخدم تطورات تكنولوجية مختلفة، مثل التقنيات القائمة على إلكترونيات الطاقة. ومع ذلك، فإنه يحتوي على خرج غير مستقر، مما يتسبب في أنواع مختلفة من أحداث جودة الطاقة (PQ). ونتيجة لذلك، تم تطوير المعايير وطرق التخفيف في السنوات الأخيرة. للتخفيف من قضايا جودة الأداء بسبب تكامل MG، تم اقتراح طرق ومعايير مختلفة على مدى السنوات الماضية. على الرغم من أن هذه الأساليب الفردية موثقة جيدًا، إلا أنه لم يتم تقديم نظرة عامة مقارنة حتى الآن. وبالتالي، تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى سد الفجوة من خلال مراجعة ومقارنة قضايا وحلول ومعايير جودة الأداء السابقة في MGs. نقارن القضايا الرئيسية المتعلقة بتراجع الجهد، وتضخم الجهد، وتوافقيات الجهد والتيار، واختلالات النظام، والتقلبات لضمان طاقة خرج MG عالية الجودة. تولد التقنيات الجديدة المرتبطة بـ MGs انبعاثًا توافقيًا في نطاق 2-150 كيلو هرتز، مما يتسبب في ظاهرة جديدة، وهي انبعاث التوافقيات الفائقة (SH)، والتي لم يتم تغطيتها بشكل كافٍ في الأدبيات. لذلك، يتم تسليط الضوء على خصائص SH وأسبابه وعواقبه وقياساته وتحليلها. كما تتم مناقشة استراتيجيات التخفيف والتحكم وأجهزة قضايا جودة الأداء. علاوة على ذلك، يتم إجراء مقارنة بين الأجهزة الأكثر شيوعًا المستخدمة للتخفيف من مشكلات جودة الأداء في MG من حيث التكلفة والتصنيف والجوانب المختلفة للأداء. يمكن أن تعزز دراسة المراجعة هذه الجهود المبذولة نحو التخفيف وتطوير المعايير لقضايا جودة الأداء في تطبيقات MG، وخاصة SH. أخيرًا، يتم تسليط الضوء على بعض التوصيات والاقتراحات لتحسين جودة الأداء في MG، بما في ذلك SH.

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    Authors: Misbah Abdelrahim; Gamal Alkawsi; Ammar Ahmed Alkahtani; Ali M. W. Alhasan; +4 Authors

    Renewable energy sources have become necessary for long-term energy sustainability due to the increased demand for electric cars and worrisome rises in carbon dioxide emissions from traditional energy sources. Furthermore, transportation is one of the sectors that uses the most energy on the planet, accounting for 24% of overall consumption. Fossil fuels are still the dominant energy source for balancing global demand/supply dynamics. Supporting laws and regulations have enhanced the first phase of environmentally friendly energy-resource consumption. This has spurred the development of new solutions that cut greenhouse-gas emissions and reduce the air pollution produced by internal combustion engines that are fuelled by fossil fuels. Wind energy is one of the clean energy sources that may be utilised for this purpose. Wind energy has been used to power electric-car-charging infrastructure, generally in a hybrid mode with another renewable source. This research examines the possibility of using wind energy as a standalone energy source to support electric-vehicle-charging infrastructure. Using data from Malacca, Malaysia, and HOMER software, the project will build and optimise a standalone wind-powered charging station. An RC-5K-A wind turbine coupled to a battery and converter is the appropriate choice for the system. The findings demonstrate that the turbine can produce 214,272 kWh per year at the cost of USD 0.081/kWh, confirming wind’s future feasibility as an energy-infrastructure support source.

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    Authors: Mohammed A. Hajar; Ammar Ahmed Alkahtani; Daing Nasir Ibrahim; Mohammed A. Al-Sharafi; +4 Authors

    The telecommunications industry has recognized innovation as the key to growth and survival. Globalization, liberalization, and privatization, the terms most commonly associated with this sector, have resulted in fierce competition, making it more difficult for telecommunications firms to increase their market share and, as a result, their customer base, sales volume, and, ultimately, profits. The new success strategy is differentiation through innovation, with the aim of breaking out of the competition and creating an uncontested market. This can be accomplished by providing high-value, innovative services that result in customer satisfaction and promote customer loyalty. The primary goal of this study was to create and validate a conceptual model of value innovation and its impact on firm performance and long-term growth by examining the mediation effect of customer satisfaction and loyalty. The empirical analysis results were based on 304 respondents who completed a paper-based survey provided to employees of Yemeni mobile service providers using a convenience non-probability sampling technique. SmartPLS 3 was used to test the hypothesized relationships using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-PM). As a result, the findings empirically validated the theoretical research model, confirming the importance of the value innovation approach to achieving company performance and long-term growth by promoting customer satisfaction and loyalty. Finally, we have provided a discussion of the study’s theoretical contributions, managerial implications, and future research directions.

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    Authors: Ammar Ahmed Alkahtani; Saad T. Y. Alfalahi; Abedalgany Athamneh; Ali Q. Al-Shetwi; +3 Authors

    Un microgrid (MG) est un système électrique à petite échelle avec un groupe de charges et de générateurs distribués fonctionnant ensemble via un logiciel de gestion de l'énergie et des dispositifs qui agissent comme une seule entité contrôlable par rapport au réseau. MG est devenu un élément de recherche clé dans les réseaux intelligents et les systèmes électriques de distribution. MG contient principalement différentes sources d'énergie renouvelables (SER) qui utilisent diverses avancées technologiques, telles que les technologies basées sur l'électronique de puissance. Cependant, il a une sortie instable, provoquant ainsi différents types d'événements de qualité d'alimentation (PQ). En conséquence, des normes et des méthodes d'atténuation ont été élaborées ces dernières années. Pour atténuer les problèmes de QP dus à l'intégration de MG, diverses méthodes et normes ont été proposées au cours des dernières années. Bien que ces méthodes individuelles soient bien documentées, une vue d'ensemble comparative n'avait pas été introduite jusqu'à présent. Ainsi, cette étude vise à combler le vide en examinant et en comparant les problèmes, les solutions et les normes de QP de l'art antérieur dans les MG. Nous comparons les principaux problèmes liés à l'affaissement de la tension, à la houle de tension, aux harmoniques de tension et de courant, aux déséquilibres du système et aux fluctuations pour assurer une puissance de sortie MG de haute qualité. Les nouvelles technologies associées aux MG génèrent des émissions harmoniques de l'ordre de 2-150 kHz, provoquant ainsi un nouveau phénomène, à savoir l'émission supraharmonique (SH), qui n'est pas suffisamment couvert dans la littérature. Par conséquent, les caractéristiques, les causes, les conséquences et les mesures de SH sont mises en évidence et analysées. Les stratégies d'atténuation, le contrôle et les dispositifs des problèmes de QP sont également discutés. De plus, une comparaison est effectuée entre les appareils les plus populaires utilisés pour atténuer les problèmes de QP dans MG en termes de coût, de notation et de différents aspects de la performance. Cette étude d'examen peut renforcer les efforts vers l'atténuation et l'élaboration de normes des problèmes de QP dans les applications MG, en particulier SH. Enfin, certaines recommandations et suggestions pour améliorer le QP de MG, y compris SH, sont mises en évidence. Una microrred (MG) es un sistema de energía a pequeña escala con un grupo de cargas y generadores distribuidos que operan juntos a través de software y dispositivos de gestión de energía que actúan como una sola entidad controlable con respecto a la red. MG se ha convertido en un elemento clave de investigación en redes inteligentes y sistemas de distribución de energía. MG contiene principalmente diferentes fuentes de energía renovable (FER) que utilizan diversos avances tecnológicos, como las tecnologías basadas en la electrónica de potencia. Sin embargo, tiene una salida inestable, lo que provoca diferentes tipos de eventos de calidad de energía (PQ). Como resultado, en los últimos años se han desarrollado estándares y métodos de mitigación. Para mitigar los problemas de PQ debido a la integración de MG, se han propuesto varios métodos y estándares en los últimos años. Aunque estos métodos individuales están bien documentados, hasta ahora no se había introducido una descripción comparativa. Por lo tanto, este estudio tiene como objetivo llenar el vacío revisando y comparando los problemas, soluciones y estándares de PQ de la técnica anterior en MG. Comparamos los principales problemas relacionados con la caída de tensión, el aumento de tensión, los armónicos de tensión y corriente, los desequilibrios del sistema y las fluctuaciones para garantizar una potencia de salida MG de alta calidad. Las nuevas tecnologías asociadas con los MG generan emisiones de armónicos en el rango de 2-150 kHz, causando así un nuevo fenómeno, a saber, la emisión de supraarmónicos (SH), que no está suficientemente cubierto en la literatura. Por lo tanto, se destacan y analizan las características, causas, consecuencias y mediciones de SH. También se discuten las estrategias de mitigación, el control y los dispositivos de los problemas de PQ. Además, se realiza una comparación entre los dispositivos más populares utilizados para mitigar los problemas de PQ en MG en términos de costo, calificación y diferentes aspectos del rendimiento. Este estudio de revisión puede fortalecer los esfuerzos hacia la mitigación y el desarrollo de estándares de los problemas de PQ en las aplicaciones de MG, especialmente SH. Por último, se destacan algunas recomendaciones y sugerencias para mejorar la PQ de MG, incluyendo SH. A microgrid (MG) is a small-scale power system with a cluster of loads and distributed generators operating together through energy management software and devices that act as a single controllable entity with respect to the grid. MG has become a key research element in smart grid and distribution power systems. MG mainly contains different renewable energy sources (RESs) that use various technological advancements, such as power electronics-based technologies. However, it has an unstable output, thereby causing different types of power quality (PQ) events. As a result, standards and mitigation methods have been developed in recent years. To mitigate PQ issues due to MG integration, various methods and standards have been proposed over the last years. Although these individual methods are well documented, a comparative overview had not been introduced so far. Thus, this study aims to fill the gap by reviewing and comparing the prior-art PQ issues, solutions, and standards in MGs. We compare the main issues related to voltage sag, voltage swell, voltage and current harmonics, system unbalances, and fluctuations to ensure high-quality MG output power. The new technologies associated with MGs generate harmonics emission in the range of 2-150 kHz, thereby causing a new phenomenon, namely, supraharmonics (SH) emission, which is not sufficiently covered in the literature. Therefore, the characteristics, causes, consequences, and measurements of SH are highlighted and analyzed. The mitigation strategies, control, and devices of PQ issues are also discussed. Moreover, a comparison is conducted between the most popular devices used to mitigate the PQ issues in MG in terms of cost, rating, and different aspects of performance. This review study can strengthen the efforts toward the mitigation and standards development of PQ issues in MG applications, especially SH. Finally, some recommendations and suggestions to improve PQ of MG, including SH, are highlighted. الشبكة الدقيقة (MG) هي نظام طاقة صغير الحجم مع مجموعة من الأحمال والمولدات الموزعة التي تعمل معًا من خلال برامج وأجهزة إدارة الطاقة التي تعمل ككيان واحد يمكن التحكم فيه فيما يتعلق بالشبكة. أصبحت MG عنصرًا بحثيًا رئيسيًا في أنظمة طاقة الشبكة والتوزيع الذكية. تحتوي MG بشكل أساسي على مصادر طاقة متجددة مختلفة (RESs) تستخدم تطورات تكنولوجية مختلفة، مثل التقنيات القائمة على إلكترونيات الطاقة. ومع ذلك، فإنه يحتوي على خرج غير مستقر، مما يتسبب في أنواع مختلفة من أحداث جودة الطاقة (PQ). ونتيجة لذلك، تم تطوير المعايير وطرق التخفيف في السنوات الأخيرة. للتخفيف من قضايا جودة الأداء بسبب تكامل MG، تم اقتراح طرق ومعايير مختلفة على مدى السنوات الماضية. على الرغم من أن هذه الأساليب الفردية موثقة جيدًا، إلا أنه لم يتم تقديم نظرة عامة مقارنة حتى الآن. وبالتالي، تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى سد الفجوة من خلال مراجعة ومقارنة قضايا وحلول ومعايير جودة الأداء السابقة في MGs. نقارن القضايا الرئيسية المتعلقة بتراجع الجهد، وتضخم الجهد، وتوافقيات الجهد والتيار، واختلالات النظام، والتقلبات لضمان طاقة خرج MG عالية الجودة. تولد التقنيات الجديدة المرتبطة بـ MGs انبعاثًا توافقيًا في نطاق 2-150 كيلو هرتز، مما يتسبب في ظاهرة جديدة، وهي انبعاث التوافقيات الفائقة (SH)، والتي لم يتم تغطيتها بشكل كافٍ في الأدبيات. لذلك، يتم تسليط الضوء على خصائص SH وأسبابه وعواقبه وقياساته وتحليلها. كما تتم مناقشة استراتيجيات التخفيف والتحكم وأجهزة قضايا جودة الأداء. علاوة على ذلك، يتم إجراء مقارنة بين الأجهزة الأكثر شيوعًا المستخدمة للتخفيف من مشكلات جودة الأداء في MG من حيث التكلفة والتصنيف والجوانب المختلفة للأداء. يمكن أن تعزز دراسة المراجعة هذه الجهود المبذولة نحو التخفيف وتطوير المعايير لقضايا جودة الأداء في تطبيقات MG، وخاصة SH. أخيرًا، يتم تسليط الضوء على بعض التوصيات والاقتراحات لتحسين جودة الأداء في MG، بما في ذلك SH.

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