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Wave farm planning in a coastal region should lead to the selection of: i) the type of technology of wave energy converter (WEC) providing the highest performance at specific sites and ii) the sites for wave farm operation allowing an integrated coastal zone management (ICZM). On these bases, the deployment of a wave farm should be based on an accurate analysis of the performance of different WECs at coastal locations where wave energy exploitation does not interfere with other coastal uses, and the environmental impact is minimised (or positive, e.g. allowing coastal protection). With this in view, in this piece of research the intra-annual performance of various WECs of the same type (buoy-type) is computed at different locations in NW Spain allowing an ICZM perspective. For this purpose, the intra-annual version of WEDGE-p® (Wave Energy Diagram Generator – performance) tool is implemented. The results show that, as opposed to previous analysis on WECs with different principle of operation, the level of performance of buoy-type WECs at specific locations may present strong similarities. In this case, an accurate computation of different performance parameters along with their joint analysis emerge as a prerequisite for an informed decision-making. WEDGE-p® tool is the result of an extensive work developed in the framework of several research projects supported by the Ministry of Science and Innovation: Evaluación de los Recursos Energéticos Renovables (Ref. DPI2009-14546-CO2-02), Xunta de Galicia: Consolidación e estruturación – 2016 CIGEO (Ref ED431B 2019/30), Fundación Iberdrola: Online Application and High Resolution Management System for the Exploitation of the Wave Energy Resource in the Atlantic Region of Europe, and Fundación Barrié: Development of a Geospatial Database for the Exploitation of the Wave Energy Resource along the Galician Coast. During this work I. López was supported by the postdoctoral grant ED481B 2016/125-0 of the ‘Programa de Axudas á etapa posdoutoral da Xunta de Galicia’. The authors are grateful to Puertos del Estado for providing the wave data, and to Instituto Español de Oceanográfía (IEO) and Instituto Técnolóxico para o Control do Medio Mariño de Galicia (Intecmar) for the ocean uses and environmental data. SI

To mitigate the effects of wind variability on power output, hybrid systems that combine offshore wind with other renewables are a promising option. In this work we explore the potential of combining offshore wind and solar power through a case study in Asturias (Spain)—a region where floating solutions are the only option for marine renewables due to the lack of shallow water areas, which renders bottom-fixed wind turbines inviable. Offshore wind and solar power resources and production are assessed based on high-resolution data and the technical specifications of commercial wind turbines and solar photovoltaic (PV) panels. Relative to a typical offshore wind farm, a combined offshore wind–solar farm is found to increase the capacity and the energy production per unit surface area by factors of ten and seven, respectively. In this manner, the utilization of the marine space is optimized. Moreover, the power output is significantly smoother. To quantify this benefit, a novel Power Smoothing (PS) index is introduced in this work. The PS index achieved by combining floating offshore wind and solar PV is found to be of up to 63%. Beyond the interest of hybrid systems in the case study, the advantages of combining floating wind and solar PV are extensible to other regions where marine renewable energies are being considered.