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AbstractThe Fram Strait is the only deep gateway between the Arctic Ocean and the Nordic Seas and thus is a key area to study past changes in ocean circulation and the marine carbon cycle. Here, we study deep ocean temperature, δ18O, carbonate chemistry (i.e., carbonate ion concentration [CO32−]), and nutrient content in the Fram Strait during the late glacial (35,000–19,000 years BP) and the Holocene based on benthic foraminiferal geochemistry and carbon cycle modeling. Our results indicate a thickening of Atlantic water penetrating into the northern Nordic Seas, forming a subsurface Atlantic intermediate water layer reaching to at least ∼2,600 m water depth during most of the late glacial period. The recirculating Atlantic layer was characterized by relatively high [CO32−] and low δ13C during the late glacial, and provides evidence for a Nordic Seas source to the glacial North Atlantic intermediate water flowing at 2,000–3,000 m water depth, most likely via the Denmark Strait. In addition, we discuss evidence for enhanced terrestrial carbon input to the Nordic Seas at ∼23.5 ka. Comparing our δ13C and qualitative [CO32−] records with results of carbon cycle box modeling suggests that the total terrestrial CO2 release during this carbon input event was low, slow, or directly to the atmosphere.

L'aquaculture joue un rôle important dans la sécurité alimentaire et fournit des moyens de subsistance et des emplois à des millions de personnes dans les communautés côtières du monde entier. Cependant, le secteur aquacole en pleine croissance a également suscité des débats sur sa durabilité écologique à long terme, sa viabilité économique, les inégalités sociales potentielles et les problèmes de gouvernance. Nous avons étudié les défis et les opportunités perçus pour parvenir à une aquaculture durable du crabe de boue dans les régions côtières tropicales en utilisant l'étude de cas des fermes côtières de crabe de boue dans l'Andhra Pradesh, en Inde. Sur la base des perceptions et des données financières indicatives d'un échantillon de parties prenantes, nous avons étudié les résultats économiques potentiels dans différents scénarios représentant des niveaux de rendement, des facteurs de risque et des périodes de projet variables. Les principaux risques identifiés par les parties prenantes étaient associés à l'approvisionnement limité en graines de crabe de boue et au manque d'accès aux programmes de soutien gouvernementaux et non gouvernementaux. Il n'y a pas de tampons financiers, donc des épidémies majeures ou des conditions météorologiques extrêmes causées par le changement climatique entraîneraient une perte de moyens de subsistance. Cet article met également en évidence le facteur le plus critique déterminant le niveau de succès de l'élevage du crabe de boue étant le taux de survie du crabe qui est influencé par une variété de facteurs, y compris l'augmentation de la température de la surface de la mer. Les résultats de cette étude montrent que l'élevage de crabes de boue à petite échelle comporte moins de risques et une plus grande flexibilité que l'élevage de crabes de boue à grande échelle. Il pourrait s'agir d'une entreprise économiquement durable et servir d'outil de réduction de la pauvreté dans les pays en développement si un soutien et une formation en matière de microfinance sont disponibles. La acuicultura desempeña un papel importante en la seguridad alimentaria y proporciona medios de subsistencia y empleo a millones de personas en las comunidades costeras de todo el mundo. Sin embargo, el creciente sector de la acuicultura también ha creado debates en torno a su sostenibilidad ecológica a largo plazo, viabilidad económica, posibles desigualdades sociales y problemas de gobernanza. Investigamos los desafíos y oportunidades percibidos para lograr una acuicultura sostenible de cangrejo de fango en las regiones costeras tropicales utilizando el estudio de caso de las granjas costeras de cangrejo de fango en Andhra Pradesh, India. Con base en las percepciones y los datos financieros indicativos de una muestra de partes interesadas, investigamos los posibles resultados económicos en diferentes escenarios que representan diferentes niveles de rendimiento, factores de riesgo y períodos de tiempo del proyecto. Los principales riesgos identificados por las partes interesadas se asociaron con el suministro limitado de semillas de cangrejo de fango y la falta de acceso a esquemas de apoyo gubernamentales y no gubernamentales. No hay amortiguadores financieros, por lo tanto, los grandes brotes de enfermedades o las condiciones climáticas extremas causadas por el cambio climático conducirían a la pérdida de los medios de vida. Este documento también destaca que el factor más crítico que determina el nivel de éxito del cultivo de cangrejo de fango es la tasa de supervivencia del cangrejo, que está influenciada por una variedad de factores, incluido el aumento de la temperatura de la superficie del mar. Los resultados de este estudio muestran que el cultivo de cangrejo de fango a pequeña escala tiene menos riesgos y una mayor flexibilidad que el cultivo de cangrejo de fango a gran escala. Podría ser una empresa económicamente sostenible y servir como una herramienta para el alivio de la pobreza en los países en desarrollo si se dispone de apoyo y capacitación en microfinanzas. Aquaculture plays a significant role in food security and provides livelihoods and employment for millions of people among coastal communities worldwide. However, the growing aquaculture sector has also created debates around its long-term ecological sustainability, economic viability, potential social inequalities and governance issues. We investigated the perceived challenges and opportunities to achieving sustainable mud crab aquaculture in tropical coastal regions by using the case study of coastal mud crab farms in Andhra Pradesh, India. Informed by perceptions and indicative financial data from a sample of stakeholders we investigated the potential economic outcomes under different scenarios representing varying yield levels, risk factors and project time periods. The main risks identified by the stakeholders were associated with the limited supply of mud crab seeds and the lack of access to governmental and non-governmental support schemes. There are no financial buffers, therefore major disease outbreaks or extreme weather conditions caused by climate change would lead to a loss of livelihoods. This paper also highlights the most critical factor determining the level of success of mud crab farming being the crab survival rate which is influenced by a variety of factors including increasing sea surface temperature. The results of this study show that small-scale mud crab farming has fewer risks and higher flexibility involved than large-scale mud crab farming. It could be an economically sustainable enterprise and serve as a tool for poverty alleviation in developing countries if microfinance support and training are available. تلعب تربية الأحياء المائية دورًا مهمًا في الأمن الغذائي وتوفر سبل العيش وفرص العمل لملايين الأشخاص بين المجتمعات الساحلية في جميع أنحاء العالم. ومع ذلك، فإن قطاع تربية الأحياء المائية المتنامي قد خلق أيضًا مناقشات حول استدامته البيئية طويلة الأجل، وقابليته الاقتصادية، وعدم المساواة الاجتماعية المحتملة، وقضايا الحوكمة. لقد حققنا في التحديات والفرص المتصورة لتحقيق تربية مستدامة لسرطان البحر الطيني في المناطق الساحلية الاستوائية باستخدام دراسة حالة لمزارع سرطان البحر الطيني الساحلية في ولاية أندرا براديش، الهند. استنادًا إلى التصورات والبيانات المالية الإرشادية من عينة من أصحاب المصلحة، قمنا بالتحقيق في النتائج الاقتصادية المحتملة في ظل سيناريوهات مختلفة تمثل مستويات عائد متفاوتة وعوامل خطر وفترات زمنية للمشروع. ارتبطت المخاطر الرئيسية التي حددها أصحاب المصلحة بمحدودية المعروض من بذور سرطان البحر الطيني وعدم الوصول إلى خطط الدعم الحكومية وغير الحكومية. لا توجد حواجز مالية، وبالتالي فإن تفشي الأمراض الرئيسية أو الظروف الجوية القاسية الناجمة عن تغير المناخ ستؤدي إلى فقدان سبل العيش. تسلط هذه الورقة الضوء أيضًا على العامل الأكثر أهمية الذي يحدد مستوى نجاح زراعة سرطان البحر الطيني وهو معدل بقاء سرطان البحر الذي يتأثر بمجموعة متنوعة من العوامل بما في ذلك زيادة درجة حرارة سطح البحر. تظهر نتائج هذه الدراسة أن زراعة سرطان البحر الطيني على نطاق صغير تنطوي على مخاطر أقل ومرونة أعلى من زراعة سرطان البحر الطيني على نطاق واسع. يمكن أن يكون مشروعًا مستدامًا اقتصاديًا وأن يكون بمثابة أداة للتخفيف من حدة الفقر في البلدان النامية إذا توفر الدعم والتدريب في مجال التمويل الأصغر.

The chemical and biological properties of the water column at a Tyrrhenian site (Isola del Giglio) were studied during a 3-year period. The results highlighted the oligotrophic features of the site, characterised by quite low concentrations of organic carbon (on average DOC 102 micromol/L and POC 9 micromol/L). Relevant bacterial biomass (on average 42.1 microg C/L) and a notable activity (in terms of frequency of dividing cells, on average more than 5%) were observed. However, remarkable changes for these parameters were seasonally recorded. The cyclic occurrence, generally during the late spring-summer period, of benthic mucilage indicated that localised distrophic processes may occur. In particular, the benthic mucilage events of 2000 and 2001 were investigated, although some comparative information was available also for 1999 and 2002. The mucilage aggregates generally showed high bacterial colonisation, which have remarkable effects on the organic matter cycle both inside the aggregates and in the surrounding seawater. During the benthic mucilage development, an increase of DOC and POC concentrations was observed (up to 129 and 18 micromol/L, respectively, in June 2000 and up to 145 and 10 micromol/L, respectively, in May and June 2001) in the water column adjacent to the bottom. However, a general decrease of the trophic value of particulate matter (in terms of C/N ratio) was also observed, especially in 2000 after the disappearance of the mucilage. The available energy and organic matter during the mucilage events led to an increased presence of bacteria in the bottom waters of the Isola del Giglio, with maximum biomass values in 2001. Similarly, the replicative activity of bacteria was higher in 2001 (frequency of dividing cells about 5% vs. 3% of 2000). The lower activity of 2000, in addition to the lower trophic value of organic matter and different environmental conditions (namely lower temperature), might be involved in the persistence of mucilage in 2000 with respect to the rapid disappearance observed in 2001.

Meteorological forcing at the air-water interface is the main determinant of the heat balance of most lakes (Edinger et al., 1968; Sweers, 1976). Year-to-year changes in the weather therefore have a major effect on the thermal characteristics of lakes. However, lakes that differ with respect to their morphometry respond differently to these changes (Gorham, 1964), with deeper lakes integrating the effects of meteorological forcing over longer periods of time. Other important factors that can influence the thermal characteristics of lakes include hydraulic residence time, optical properties and landscape setting (e.g. Salonen et al., 1984; Fee et al., 1996; Livingstone et al., 1999). These factors modify the thermal responses of the lake to meteorological forcing (cf. Magnuson et al., 2004; Blenckner, 2005) and regulate the patterns of spatial coherence (Chapter 17) observed in the different regions (Livingstone, 1993; George et al., 2000; Livingstone and Dokulil, 2001; Jarvinen et al., 2002; Blenckner et al., 2004)

Hydrogen is a zero emission alternative gaseous fuel generally used in internal combustion engine with single fuel or duel fuel mode. In this work the Hydrogen is introduced in inlet manifold in addition to main diesel fuel used in the engine. The different flow rate of hydrogen fuel is used in this work are from 2 lpm to 10 lpm at 2 bar pressure. Here the single cylinder, direct injection, diesel engine with 1500 rpm rated speed is used for test. In addition to hydrogen, the exhaust gas also introduced in the inlet manifold with various percentages namely 10% and 20%. The engine is loaded with eddy current dynamometer .The engine performance and emissions of various combination of hydrogen flow rate and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) were analyzed. The result showed that in 8 lpm hydrogen flow rate without EGR the BTE increased and BSFC decreased. At the same condition the HC, CO emissions reduced and NOx emission is increased. But NOx emission with 10% and 20% EGR is reduced.

The aim of this study is to augment thermal transport in latent heat thermal energy storage (LHTES) system by the optimum allocation of metal foam-phase change material (PCM) composite. This study ...

This article demonstrates how a cultural reading of consumption that focuses on the meaning and materiality of domestic indoor microclimates can contribute to conceptual developments in the field of practice theory that refocus attention on cultural patterns, including prevailing norms and prescriptions regarding indoor temperature and thermal comfort. Drawing on evidence collected during a research-led change initiative that encouraged people to reduce energy use in the home by lowering indoor temperature to 18°C, we deploy the heuristic device of “indoor microclimate as artifact” to show how the manifestation of this new artifact initiated significant changes in everyday practices that revolve around heating. We observe that these changes may also spill over into the public sphere – from home to workplace. By making the microclimate a tangible and visible thing, we describe how people appropriate and appreciate this new object of consumption, what it says about different bodies in diverse and bounded spaces, and what the artifact as a commodity reveals about broader systems of heating and energy provision, and associated actors. Due to the increasing spread of central heating and the growing importance of complex technological devices to monitor and control indoor temperature, heating is no longer a practice in and of itself for many urban dwellers in Europe. However, when people appropriate the indoor microclimate, new heating-related practices emerge that can lead to energy sufficiency. We thus argue that by deliberately “materializing” domestic indoor microclimate as part of a change initiative, more sustainable forms of energy use can be made to matter.

The SmartBay NIAP fund was made available in 2012 through Dublin City University over a two year period to enable researchers to access the SmartBay Ireland National Test and Demonstration Facility in Galway Bay. Research proposals were invited for funding under a number of activity types that are in line with the objectives of the SmartBay PRTLI Cycle 5 programme. This fund provided small awards (typically €2-25K) to research teams through a national competitive process, which was open to all higher education institutions on the island of Ireland. There were both open and biannual calls. The SmartBay NIAP fund was established to enable researchers in academia and industry to access the SmartBay Ireland national test and demonstration infrastructure. Proposals to access the infrastructure were brief and required information on the researcher(s), a description of the proposed research and its potential impact to the research team arising from the access to SmartBay Ireland. Marine Institute