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In order to compete in the global market, engineering organizations are under increasing pressure to design, develop, and deploy products in the market place as quickly as possible with first time quality. In order to achieve these objectives, it is necessary to streamline the design and development process, namely, “transfer of analytical design of Intelligence to Mechatronics intelligence” in an efficient and expedient manner. An increasing pressure exists on the development cycle of control systems to serve this widening application spectrum. The time-to-market of a new product often determines its commercial success. Consequently, design problems have to be discovered as early as possible in the design process in order to take remedial actions. Efficient and accurate tools and procedures are required to support short yet successful development processes. Over the last two decades, commercially available computer has become both increasingly powerful and increasingly affordable. This, in turn, has led to the emergence of highly sophisticated simulation software applications that not only enable high-fidelity simulation of dynamic systems and related controls, but also automatic code generation for implementation in industrial controllers. Simulation tools have been widely used for the design and improvement of electrical systems since the mid twentieth century. The evolution of simulation tools has progressed in step with the evolution of computing technologies. In last ten years, computing technologies have improved dramatically in performance and become widely available at a steadily decreasing cost. Consequently, simulation tools have also seen dramatic performance gains and steady cost decreases. Researchers and engineers now have access to affordable, high-performance simulation tools that were previously too cost prohibitive, except for the largest manufacturers and utilities. The purpose of this paper is to review major milestones that set the stage for the development of the today's real time simulation including sufficient detail to acquaint reader with their basic principles, strength, challenges and its applications.

Risk is the possibility that an undesirable event might occur in the future that will result in some negative consequences. Risk analysis of a system is required to protect the system from risky (more failure prone) components. Reliability Importance measures play an important role in ranking the components according to the impact on the system adequate performance. Risk based measures are useful in identifying the weak components and help in improving the reliability of the overall system efficiently. Risk and Reliability of Substation Automation System (SAS) are most important and desirable design considerations. SAS consists of different components and its applications require real time performance. Three substation automation system architectures are considered in this paper. Two important measures Improvement Potential (IP) and Risk Achievement Worth (RAW) are used to prioritize the components in two types of architectures of SAS. System reliability expressions for all architectures are computed with their reliability block diagrams. On the basis of these two IP and RAW measures the components DCP, ESW and NCCS are most important, BCU and EI are least important components from both maintenance and risk point of view.

Abstract Heat exchanger is one the most essential heat transfer equipment in thermal area. On that heat transfer and effectiveness enhancement by using nano particles is recently developing method. In this study enhancement of effectiveness focused by using nano particles mixed with cold fluid used in the heat exchanger. Hot fluid is water with 200 °C flow into Counter flow heat exchanger and the cold fluid is mixed with 5% of nano particles which is combination of Aluminium oxide and Magnesium oxides with equal proportion. The inlet temperature of the cold fluid is maintained at 30 °C throughout the experiments. The temperatures of each place need to measure are obtained by the thermocouples connected on the particular portion of the setup. There is different mass flow rate of cold fluid passed in each successive experiment for the same mass flow rate and inlet temperature of the hot fluid. The consequent exit temperatures of hot and cold fluids were measured and considered for the mathematical calculations of the outcome of the experiments.

Improving access to safe drinking water can result in multi-dimensional impacts on people's livelihood. This has been aptly reflected in the Millennium Development Goals (MDG) as one of the major objectives. Despite the availability of diverse and complex set of technologies for water purification, pragmatic and cost-effective use of the same is impeding the use of available sources of water. Hence, in country like India simple low-energy technologies such as solar still are likely to succeed. Solar stills would suffice the basic minimum drinking water requirements of man. Solar stills use sunlight, to kill or inactivate many, if not all, of the pathogens found in water. This paper provides an integrated assessment of the suitability of domestic solar still as a viable safe water technology for India. Also an attempt has been made to critically assess the operational feasibility and costs incurred for using this technology in rural India.

Neem fibers are traditionally added as reinforcements in adobes. Laboratory experiments including, compressive strength, three-point bending strength, water absorption, erosion and thermal conductivity were carried out on adobes made with soil and reinforced with two neem fibers types (straw and leaves) at 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4%. It has been found that mechanical, thermal, and durability properties of adobes were globally improved. Furthermore, leaves neem fibers contribute strongly in comfort thermal, but their use has a negative effect on durability. Nevertheless, adobes reinforced with neem fibers are suitable as building materials with substantial thermal comfort and environmental benefits.

This research paper presents the planar distribution of Sauter Mean Diameter (SMD) and liquid volume fraction in airblast sprays of Jatropha vegetable oil. The effect of ethanol blending at different gas to liquid mass ratios (GLRs) is presented. The planar SMD distributions are obtained using Structured Laser Illumination and Planar Imaging-Laser Sheet Drop sizing (SLIPI-LSD) and Particle/droplet Imaging Analysis (PDIA) techniques. The straight vegetable oil (SVO) spray showed poor atomization at GLR 1, which rose with increasing GLR. The blending of ethanol significantly improved the atomization of SVO even at GLR 1 condition. The liquid volume fraction distribution increased with higher GLR and with the increase in the percentage of ethanol in the blend. The impact of the increase in ethanol on drop size is small at GLR of 5. The E30 blend showed uniformly distributed liquid in the spray plane with uniform SMD distribution in the range of 50 $$\upmu $$ m at GLR 5.

It is generally known that addition of conducting or insulating particles to mineral transformer oil, lowers its breakdown strength, Ed. However, if the particulates are of molecular dimensions, or nanoparticles, (NPs), as they are called, the breakdown strength is seen to increase considerably. Recent experiments by the authors on oil cooled power equipment such as transformers showed that, nanofluids comprising NPs of selected oxides of iron, such as Fe 3 O 4 , called magnetite, added to transformer oil increased the breakdown voltage of the virgin oil and more importantly a remarkable enhancement in the thermal conductivity and the viscosity and hence an increased loadability of the transformer for a given top oil temperature (TOT).

The article contains laboratory data comparing the rate of gasification of five types of woody plants—beech, oak, willow, poplar and rose. The gasification rate was determined thermogravimetrically. Carbon dioxide and steam were used as gasification gases. Willow wood was the most gasifiable, whereas rose wood the least.