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博士（工学） ; 日本大学

This research aims to clarify the characteristics and issues of the existence bases and sustainability of small-scale urban centers, especially those associated with mineral resource development, among urban development in arid regions related to desertification, which is one of the serious global environmental problems, Arizona, United States as an example. Arizona is one of the driest states in the United States, with vast stretches of desolate land. From the end of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century, many workers settled here for the purpose of developing various mining resources, and many settlements were formed. Many of them were abandoned after resource depletion, or vulnerable to disasters such as large fires caused by drying, resulting in a rapid population decline or uninhabited ghost towns. Arizona's ghost towns are: (1) Due to the low reserves of resources, resources were exhausted in a short period of time and only ruins remained; (2) Old buildings and townscapes are preserved after becoming a ghost because the town survived for a certain period of time, such as the Tombstone Historic District; (3) Like the Jerome Historic District and Bisbee, the population in its peak was about 10,000 or more, and even after the mines were closed and ghosted, the residents remained. It turned out that there are three types of settlements that have regenerated and survived through efforts. Abandoned ghost towns and huge open-pit mining sites are difficult to restore vegetation and land use, and can be a factor in desertification. It is necessary to keep a close watch so that such developments are not repeated in developing countries in the 21st century.

The amount of precipitation around the Sagami River estuary in autumn 2020 was 38% of that in autumn 2019 and this was expected to reduce the inflow of river-ater to the estuary. To estimate the effects of the decreased precipitation, the abiotic and biotic envi-ronments were measured in the estuary in January 2021 and were compared with those in De-cember 2019. The reduced precipitation clearly affected the abiotic environment. The coastal water-mass derived from river water, which was observed in December 2019, was not observed in this study. The open sea water-mass covered the estuary and the salinities measured in this study were ca. 0.4‰ higher than those of December 2019. The reduced precipitation also affected the biotic environment. The phytoplankton biomass was significantly lower and the accumulation of phytoplankton on the seafloor was not observed in this study. Corresponding to the lower biomass, the surface densities of the dominant diatom species (Skeletonema costa-tum complex) in this study decreased to ca. 40% of those in December 2019, although decreases in cell density were not observed in the dominant haptophyte species (Gephyrocapsa oceanica). The effects of lower precipitation varied from species to species, resulting in significant chang-es in the species composition of phytoplankton communities. This study showed that decreased precipitation has a marked impact not only on abiotic environments in the estuary but also on biotic ones. ; 原著 ; 2020年度 神奈川大学総合理学研究所共同研究助成論文

With the growing importance of taking stepwise adaptation measures to climate change, we conducted a future change analysis of rainfall during the baiu rainy season using 150-year continuous run. We analyzed two aspects about the baiu rainfall: baiu frontal zones based on average daily rainfall in July and baiu extreme rainfall based on hourly rainfall. The results show that the rainfall area gradually moves northward in both the frontal zone and location of the extreme rainfall events. The analysis of future changes in average daily rainfall by region showed that there was a marked tendency for rainfall to in-crease in northern Japan, but there were also regions that contained periods when rainfall was lower than the historical average. The reasons for this are discussed in terms of the influence of sea surface temperatures and typhoons. Furthermore, we showed that the duration of extreme rainfall events will gradually increase in the future.

博士（工学） ; 日本大学

洋上風力発電は陸上風力発電よりも極めて大きな発電量を持つことから、近年気候変動問題の緩和策として最も有力視されている再生可能エネルギーのひとつである。その一方で、風車への海鳥の衝突等、野生動物への影響も懸念されている。このため、海鳥の生息に配慮した風力発電事業計画のための実用的なセンシティビティマップが求められるが、多くの国で作成されていない。本研究は、海鳥類への影響を最小限にとどめることを目的に、オオセグロカモメ Larus schistisagusをケーススタディとし、本種の生息場選択に関わる要因を明らかにし、センシティビティマップを作成した。 2018年 6－8月に、北海道道東地方に生息するオオセグロカモメ 6個体に GPSロガーを装着し 5分間隔で利用場所を特定した。オオセグロカモメの利用頻度は海水面温度、クロロフィル a、および営巣地からの距離が関係しており、海水面温度やクロロフィル aの上昇に伴い増加し、営巣地からの距離に応じて減少した。しかし、営巣地からの距離が 25 kmを越えた辺りからは横ばいとなった。これらの結果を用いてセンシティビティマップを作成したところ、営巣地に近接した海域だけでなく、遠方であっても潜在的に餌資源量が多い海域であれば、本種が風車に衝突する可能性が高くなることが示唆された。国内での洋上風力発電事業が計画されつつある今日では、本研究で示された手順で緊急にセンシティビティマップを作成し、事前の開発地選択に活用する必要がある。 ; Offshore wind energy is a renewable energy source that offers an opportunity to reduce greenhouse gas emissions while increasing energy security. However, many ecologists have suggested that offshore wind farms may have severe negative impacts on wildlife, especially seabirds. Thus, balancing seabird conservation with human energy demands is necessary when developing wind farms. Bird sensitivity mapping is a powerful and practical tool that can determine turbine collision risk within specific areas; however, sensitivity maps have seldom been generated for seabirds. Focusing on the Slaty-backed gull (Larus schistisagus), a red-listed species that often collides with wind turbines, we determined factors affecting habitat selection with the goal of reducing negative impacts of offshore wind farms. We then generated a sensitivity map using habitat modeling. GPS loggers set to record at 5-minute intervals between June and August 2018 were attached to six Slaty-backed gulls residing in Ochiishi Bay, Nemuro Prefecture, Japan. A Gaussian mixed model indicated that habitat selection was related to food availability (as determined by sea surface temperature and chlorophyll a content) and distance to the nest site. Sea surface temperature and chlorophyll a content were positively related area visitation frequency of Slaty-backed gulls, whereas distance to nest site was negatively correlated. ...

研究の概要(和文)：本研究は、自治体の多文化共生の取り組みに関する実態について把握することを目的に大阪市24区を対象にしたもので、本報では大阪市が抱える課題について大阪市において多文化共生を担っている大阪市市民局ダイバーシティ推進室人権企画課に対しインタビュー調査を実施し分析したものである。その結果、大阪市における近年増加する外国人在住者に対する課題として次の3つのことが分かった。①大阪市多文化共生指針（2020.12）に基づく行動計画（2021.2）の評価と外国人住民のニーズに合った取り組みが求められること、②自治体からの外国人住民に対する情報発信策（情報環境整備）が求められること、③日本人と外国人住民の相互理解（コミュニティ形成）の場の必要性があること。日本においては、大阪市のように短期間に多国籍化が進んだ地域が多数存在するが、大阪市において持続可能な多文化共生が実現されることによって、今後の在住外国人が集住する地域にとっても、多文化共生のモデルとなることが考えられる。 ; 研究の概要(英文)：This study was conducted in the 24 wards of Osaka City with the aim of grasping the actual situation regarding the efforts of local governments for multicultural coexistence, and this report conducted and analyzed the issues facing Osaka City by conducting an interview survey with the Human Rights Planning Division of the Diversity Promotion Office of the Osaka City Citizens’ Bureau, which is responsible for multicultural coexistence in Osaka City.As a result, the following three issues were identified as issues for the increasing number of foreign residents in Osaka City in recent years. （1） Evaluation of the action plan （February 2021） based on the Osaka City Multicultural Conviviality Guidelines （December 2020） and efforts to meet the needs of foreign residents are required （2） Measures to disseminate information to foreign residents （improvement of information environment） from local governments are required （3） There is a need for a place for mutual understanding （community formation） between Japan and foreign residents.In the Japan region, there are many regions such as Osaka City where multinationalization has progressed in a short period of time. If sustainable multicultural coexistence is realized in Osaka City, it will become a model for multicultural coexistence in areas where foreign residents will congregate in the future.

In forensic autopsies, postmortem microbial ethanol production makes it difficult to estimate the amount of antemortem alcohol consumption. 1-propanol, which is produced simultaneously with ethanol, has been used as an indicator of postmortem ethanol production. However, it becomes increasingly clear that postmortem ethanol production can occur without 1-propanol production. Therefore, the use of 1-propanol as an indicator of postmortem ethanol production is getting awkward to use and the identification of bacteria accompanied with ethanol production is required to elucidate the mechanism of postmortem ethanol production. In this study, we measured the blood alcohol concentration and analyzed the bacterial flora using the 16SrRNA (16S) gene region by next-generation sequencing to identify the bacteria involved in postmortem alcohol production. The bacterial flora analysis of 88 samples identified 1065 bacterial genera. Wed ivided the 88 samples into 3 groups as follows: Group Ⅰ(n=27); ethanol (-) and 1-propanol (-), Group Ⅱ (n=21); ethanol (+) and 1-propanol (-), and Group Ⅲ (n=40); ethanol (+) and 1-propanol (+). The bacterial content was compared among groups using Linear Discrimination Analysis Effect Size (LEfSe) and 16S copies. The total 16S copies was significantly larger in groups Ⅱ and Ⅲ than in group Ⅰ, demonstrating that postmortem alcohol production is more likely to occur as the bacterial content increases. In the blood of decomposed corpses, anaerobic bacteria such as Proteus and Vagococcus were involved in ethanol production, while Morganella, Peptoniphilus, Anaerosalibacter, and Tissierella were involved in 1-propanol production as well as ethanol production. This study demonstrated that the postmortem alcohol production depended on the amount and type of bacteria. This is the first study that analyzed the relationship between bacterial flora and alcohol production in cadaveric blood. These results may be applicable to the estimation of antemortem ethanol consumption in the practical forensic ...

The objective of this study is to clarify the effect of opening openings in buildings on room temperature and cooling load in summer with numerical calculation method. Numerical simulation was carried out for two rest rooms with different opening conditions of a western-style building in Nagasaki City using multi-zone heat calculation program TRNSYS. In addition, by examining the western-style building located in Nagasaki City where the passive design methods are adopted, the effects of passive cooling methods such as window opening were clarified.