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In summer 2020 the energy company St1 carried out its second stimulation of deep geothermal wells in Otaniemi, Espoo, in the Helsinki metropolitan area, southern Finland. Institute of Seismology of University of Helsinki (ISUH) monitored the induced seismicity during the stimulation, and also months before and after it. In the second half of 2022 ISUH consulted the Australian company Institute of Mine Seismology (IMS, https://www.imseismology.org) for providing an automatic phase picking on the ISUH 2020 event and waveform data catalogue (doi:10.23729/cdfd937c-37d5-46b0-9c16-f6e0c10bc81f) using an algorithm based on machine learning (doi: 10.1785/0220210068). The dataset provided by IMS was later transferred to formats used by ISUH. The resulting dataset comprises of phase pickings and relevant waveforms of 85 induced earthquakes that occurred between 8 March 2020 to 8 December, 2020, with local magnitudes between -1.1 and 1.4. Note that the event location and other metadata of the resulting dataset are still based on the ISUH 2020 catalogue in order to preserve the consistency within the dataset as some events did not have enough automatic phase picks for reliable relocation. Waveform, location and timing data have been produced at ISUH using seismic stations of the Finnish National Seismic Network (doi: 10.14470/UR044600) including the Helsinki local broadband network, the temporary HEL broadband network in Helsinki and Espoo, the temporary borehole network of St1 (doi: 10.1785/0220190253), and a pool of lightweight mobile seismic instruments operated by ISUH (GIPP data cubes, doi: 10.5880/GIPP.201925.1; SmartSolos and Refteks, doi: 10.1785/0220210195). The deployment is described in Rintamäki et al., 2021, A Seismic Network to Monitor the 2020 EGS Stimulation in the Espoo/Helsinki Area, Southern Finland, doi:10.1785/0220210195. Event data, event metadata, and station metadata are provided in distinct directories, and for event data, each event is assigned a subdirectory. Data formats follow generally accepted seismological standards.

In summer 2018 the energy company St1 carried out its first stimulation of deep geothermal wells in Otaniemi, Espoo, in the Helsinki metropolitan area, southern Finland. The Institute of Seismology of University of Helsinki (ISUH) monitored the induced seismicity during the stimulation, and also months before and after it. In the second half of 2022 ISUH consulted the Australian company Institute of Mine Seismology (IMS, https://www.imseismology.org) for providing seismic location and time data based on ISUH waveform data, and the IMS algorithm that is based on machine learning (doi: 10.1785/0220210068). The IMS location and time data were later transferred to formats used by ISUH. The resulting dataset consists of seismic waveforms of 483 induced earthquakes that occurred between 5 June 2018 to 26 July 2018, with local magnitudes between -0.7 and 2.0. Seismic data derive from stations of the Finnish National Seismic Network (doi: 10.14470/UR044600) the temporary HEL broadband network, the temporary borehole network of St1 (doi: 10.1785/0220190253), and a pool of lightweight mobile seismic instruments operated by ISUH (GIPP data cubes, doi: 10.5880/GIPP.201802.1, ). The deployment is described in Hillers et al., 2020, The 2018 Geothermal Reservoir Stimulation in Espoo/Helsinki, Southern Finland: Seismic Network Anatomy and Data Features, doi:10.1785/0220190253. Event data, event metadata, and station metadata are provided in distinct directories. For event data, each event is assigned a subdirectory. Data formats follow generally accepted seismological standards. Due to an unfortunate miscommunication, the IMS amplitude readings in this data product need to be halved in order to be compatible with the ISUH 2018 dataset. This also has the effect of reducing the local magnitude values reported herein by ~0.25 units.

The present research is dedicated to the study of anaerobic co-digestion process of different biomass materials. Anaerobic co-digestion of digested sludge, grass silage, haylage and cattle manure was evaluated in mesophilic tank reactors in the lab-scale experiment. Twelve laboratory scale tank reactors (1.5 L) were used during the incubation period of 45 days. First triplet of reactors was fed with pure digested sludge and the other three with different mixtures having the volumetric ratios of 30/35/25/10, 40/30/20/10 and 50/25/15/10 for digested sludge/corn silage/grass haylage/cattle manure. Methane production was analyzed for all labscale reactors individually. The resulting specific methane production of above-mentioned batches was 336.34, 238.1 and 233.23 LSTP[CH4] kg-1 [TVS], respectively. Other results such as cumulative biogas and methane yield, volumetric biogas and methane yield, volumetric biogas and methane yield per day were also assessed. These results had the highest meaning when complex substrate had no more than 30% of inoculum

Sustainable development comprehensively addresses environmental degradation, economic and social inequality. Sustainable development offers a blueprint for a more sustainable future for both the present and future generations by balancing economic growth, social advancement, and environmental preservation. Adopting sustainable practices is crucial in preventing the overexploitation of the available resources due to the rising demand for the same. Sustainable development plans highlight the significance of creating vital infrastructure and encouraging community engagement as the world faces challenges. Japan has been conscious of environmental challenges since the country's fast industrialization and urbanization in the early ХХ-th century. The Japanese government developed several policies and initiatives to address environmental issues and spur sustainable development. These initiatives cover several issues of concern, such as environmental conservation, renewable energy use, combating climate change's effects, and research and development. The article explores some of the central policies and programs developed by the Japanese government. By examining Japan's policies, initiatives, and experiences, the authors aim to explore the country's achievements, challenges, and possible solutions in its pursuit of sustainability. The obtained results contribute to the understanding of Japan's experience and also provide valuable guidance to other countries seeking to implement effective and sustainable practices. Тұрақты даму қоршаған ортаның нашарлауы, сондай-ақ экономикалық және әлеуметтік теңсіздік проблемаларын кешенді шешуге бағытталған. Тұрақты даму – экономикалық өсуді, әлеуметтік дамуды және қоршаған ортаны сақтау сияқты маңызды үш элементті теңестіру арқылы қазіргі және келешек ұрпақ үшін неғұрлым тұрақты болашақ құру жоспары болып табылады. Тұрақты тәжірибелер ресурстарды шамадан тыс қолданудан шектеу үшін өте маңызды. Әлем жаһандық сын-қатерлерге тап болған жағдайда неғұрлым мықты инфрақұрылымды құрудың және мәселені шешуде қоғамның қатысуын ынталандырудың маңыздылығы тұрақты даму мақсаттарында айқын көрініс табады. Жапония ХХ ғасырдың басындағы елдің қарқынды индустриялануы мен урбанизациялануынан кейін экологиялық мәселелердің маңыздылығын түсінді. Жапон үкіметі экологиялық мәселелерді шешу және тұрақты дамуға жәрдемдесу үшін заң жобалары мен бастамаларды әзірледі. Бұл бастамалар қоршаған ортаны қорғау, жаңартылатын энергия көздерін пайдалану, климаттың өзгеруінің салдарымен күресу үшін зерттеулер мен әзірлемелер сияқты мәселелерді қамтиды. Жапонияның саясатын, бастамаларын және тәжірибесін зерттей отырып, авторлар елдің тұрақтылыққа ұмтылуындағы жетістіктерін, қиындықтарын және ықтимал шешімдерін зерттеуді мақсат етеді. Алынған нәтижелер Жапония тәжірибесін түсінуге ықпал етеді. Сонымен қатар тиімді және тұрақты тәжірибелерді енгізуге ұмтылатын басқа елдерге құнды нұсқаулар береді. Устойчивое развитие направлено на комплексное решение проблем деградации окружающей среды, а также экономического и социального неравенства. Устойчивое развитие – это план создания более устойчивого будущего для нынешнего и будущих поколений путем уравновешивания трех основных элементов экономического роста, социального развития и защиты окружающей среды. Устойчивые методы необходимы для ограничения чрезмерного использования ресурсов. Поскольку мир сталкивается с глобальными проблемами, важность создания более прочной инфраструктуры и поощрения участия общественности в решении проблем четко отражена в Целях устойчивого развития. Япония осознала важность экологических проблем после ускоренной индустриализации и урбанизации страны в начале ХХ века. Правительство Японии разработало законы и инициативы для решения экологических проблем и содействия устойчивому развитию. Эти инициативы включают такие вопросы, как защита окружающей среды, использование возобновляемых источников энергии, а также исследования и разработки для борьбы с последствиями изменения климата. Изучая политику, инициативы и практику Японии, авторы стремятся изучить достижения, проблемы и потенциальные решения страны в стремлении к устойчивости. Полученные результаты будут способствовать пониманию опыта Японии, а также станут ценным рекомендациями для других стран, стремящихся внедрить эффективные и устойчивые методы. Международные отношения и Регионоведение, Выпуск 3 (53) 2023

Kazakhstan is currently committed to develop its renewable energy resources. In 2012, the government introduced a low-carbon energy strategy to reduce the production of air pollutants, including anthropogenic CO2e, and to increase the share of clean energy up to 50% of total consumption by 2050. As a contribution to this strategy, this paper presents a comparison in techno-economic performance of three scenarios. The differentiation will be between currently implemented fixed-slope on-grid PV power plants in Kazakhstan and proxy similar solar parks using one- or two-axis solar tracking systems. This paper aims to determine to what extent the more effective, but more expensive tracking systems might be a suitable standard in future PV power stations in the country. For this purpose, the existent fixed-slope 50 MWp Burnoye-1 commercial solar power plant located in Jambyl region, Kazakhstan, is used as a benchmark. As expected, solar panels with tracking systems produce more electricity year-round compared to those with fixed slopes. In comparison, one- and two-axis tracking systems led almost to the same amount of electricity export to the grid. Furthermore, despite the proxy PV power stations with one- and two-axis tracking technology could reduce around 10 ktCO2e emissions per year. This 25 to 29% and 33 to 33% ratio of extra-cost to extra-energy production, respectively, made both tracking scenarios not economically competitive compared to fixed panels. Nevertheless, if a tracking system has to be considered to further reduce GHG emissions and add extra annual electricity generation using current installed capacity of Burnoye-I, our results demonstrated that one-axis tracking should be preferred above two-axis system. International Journal of Sustainable Energy Planning and Management, Vol. 29 (2020)

This article describes using renewable energy for bioethanol production. Kostanay Region is a developed agricultural region. Most part of its area is under grain crops and corn, oil crops and vegetables. In the course of production, transportation, storage and processing of agricultural crops, a large part of them becomes unsuitable for use; in future they cannot be used for the intended purpose. Substandard product often stays in the fields to rot or is thrown away. Information considered in this article demonstrates that agricultural waste can be used to produce rather inexpensive bioethanol. Most part of the population in this region is rural. Settlements are far apart from each. It would be reasonable to use bioethanol as a source of electric and thermal energy to meet the needs of rural residents and infrastructure. Wastes from bioethanol production can be used for feeding animal stock what is also important for rural areas and reduces environmental burden. In the course of human life, solid waste is formed that is suitable for producing bioethanol, and consequently, for generating thermal and electric energy. Presented calculations show the feasibility of processing municipal solid waste into bioethanol. EU countries successfully use researches performed by their scientists for developing technologies for the production of bioethanol and synthetic fuels. Kazakhstan, with its experience in cultivation of oilseeds and required planted area, can successfully develop bioethanol industry. No researches in this respect have been conducted to this day in Kazakhstan. Using bioethanol provides consumers with their own energy sources that meet quality standards, thereby increasing energy security of region, reducing the amount of harmful emissions into the atmosphere, and creating small-scale energy enterprises where rural residents can work.

Climate change gives rise to many problems for states that require immediate solutions. The solution of climate problems is especially difficult for countries that have a limited amount of resources and tools in this area. According to "Our World in Data" China is the leader in carbon dioxide emissions, has a significant impact on both the situation with global environmental problems and the world's energy markets. However, a low-carbon development policy may change the situation and China's attempts to create an "ecological civilization" may be quite successful. The study helped to conclude that China has now directed its development towards "green development" and the transition to the so-called renewable energy sources while reducing the share of fossil fuels in the energy mix. This will allow China to significantly reduce environmental pollution and reduce the energy intensity of the economy, improve the standard of living of the population, fulfill the obligations stipulated by the Paris climate agreement, improve national energy security, and realize its own innovation potential. Therefore, the conclusions on a comparative analysis of the climate change protection programs of Kazakhstan and China were provided in this article for further use in identifying the shortcomings of the domestic program. Moreover, topical problems associated with climate change and their impact are considered, as well as an assessment of the effectiveness of the implemented programs of the two countries Климаттың өзгеруі мемлекеттер үшін шұғыл шешімдерді қажет ететін көптеген проблемаларды тудырады. Климаттық проблемаларды шешу әсіресе осы саладағы ресурстары мен құралдары шектеулі елдер үшін қиын. «Our World in Data» деректері бойынша Қытай көмірқышқыл газының шығарындылары бойынша көшбасшы болып табылады, жаһандық экологиялық проблемаларға да, әлемдік энергетикалық нарықтарға да айтарлықтай әсер етеді. Дегенмен, төмен көміртекті даму саясаты жағдайды өзгертуі мүмкін және Қытайдың «экологиялық өркениет» құру әрекеті айтарлықтай сәтті болуы мүмкін. Зерттеу Қытай енді өз дамуын «жасыл дамуға» және энергия қоспасындағы қазбалы отынның үлесін азайта отырып, жаңартылатын энергия көздері деп аталатындарға көшуге бағыттады деген қорытынды жасауға көмектесті. Бұл Қытайға қоршаған ортаның ластануын айтарлықтай азайтуға және экономиканың энергия сыйымдылығын азайтуға, халықтың өмір сүру деңгейін жақсартуға, Париж климаттық келісімінде көзделген міндеттемелерді орындауға, ұлттық энергетикалық қауіпсіздікті жақсартуға және өзінің инновациялық әлеуетін жүзеге асыруға мүмкіндік береді. Сондықтан отандық бағдарламаның кемшіліктерін анықтауда одан әрі пайдалану үшін осы мақалада Қазақстан мен Қытайдың климаттың өзгеруінен қорғау бағдарламаларын салыстырмалы талдау бойынша қорытындылар берілді. Сонымен қатар, климаттың өзгеруіне байланысты өзекті мәселелер мен олардың әсері қарастырылып, екі елдің іске асырылып жатқан бағдарламаларының тиімділігіне баға беріледі. Международные отношения и Регионоведение, Выпуск 3 (49) 2022

Everyone has long known the benefits and effectiveness of biogas. Particularly, getting biogas from the agricultural waste is very promising. But, the question is if we can use such a useful and effective biogas at 100%. Today, we use only a half of the benefit, because to get the biogas we spend more energy than we get. In this regard, the work on the study of the biogas development is extremely important. The study of the biogas formation requires numerous experiments. This article analyzes the biogas mass transfer with the membrane purification and identification of the of mass transfer mechanisms through the membrane pores.