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Ostrava in the Moravian-Silesian region (Czech Republic) is a European air pollution hot spot for airborne particulate matter (PM), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and ultrafine particles (UFPs). Air pollution source apportionment is essential for implementation of successful abatement strategies. UFPs or nanoparticles of diameter <100 nm exhibit the highest deposition efficiency in human lungs. To permit apportionment of PM sources at the hot-spot including nanoparticles, Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) was applied to highly time resolved particle number size distributions (NSD, 14 nm-10 μm) and PM0.09-1.15 chemical composition. Diurnal patterns, meteorological variables, gaseous pollutants, organic markers, and associations between the NSD factors and chemical composition factors were used to identify the pollution sources. The PMF on the NSD reveals two factors in the ultrafine size range: industrial UFPs (28%, number mode diameter - NMD 45 nm), industrial/fresh road traffic nanoparticles (26%, NMD 26 nm); three factors in the accumulation size range: urban background (24%, NMD 93 nm), coal burning (14%, volume mode diameter - VMD 0.5 μm), regional pollution (3%, VMD 0.8 μm) and one factor in the coarse size range: industrial coarse particles/road dust (2%, VMD 5 μm). The PMF analysis of PM0.09-1.15 revealed four factors: SIA/CC/BB (52%), road dust (18%), sinter/steel (16%), iron production (16%). The factors in the ultrafine size range resolved with NSD have a positive correlation with sinter/steel production and iron production factors resolved with chemical composition. Coal combustion factor resolved with NSD has moderate correlation with SIA/CC/BB factor. The organic markers homohopanes correlate with coal combustion and the levoglucosan correlates with urban background. The PMF applications to NSD and chemical composition datasets are complementary. PAHs in PM1 were found to be associated with coal combustion factor.

Abstract The concept of Zero Energy Building (ZEB) has gained wide international attention during last few years and is now seen as the future target for the design of buildings. However, before being fully implemented in the national building codes and international standards, the ZEB concept requires clear and consistent definition and a commonly agreed energy calculation methodology. The most important issues that should be given special attention before developing a new ZEB definition are: (1) the metric of the balance, (2) the balancing period, (3) the type of energy use included in the balance, (4) the type of energy balance, (5) the accepted renewable energy supply options, (6) the connection to the energy infrastructure and (7) the requirements for the energy efficiency, the indoor climate and in case of gird connected ZEB for the building–grid interaction. This paper focuses on the review of the most of the existing ZEB definitions and the various approaches towards possible ZEB calculation methodologies. It presents and discusses possible answers to the abovementioned issues in order to facilitate the development of a consistent ZEB definition and a robust energy calculation methodology.

Abstract Tars and alkali ashes from biomass gasification processes currently constitute one of the major problems in biomass valorisation, generating clogging of filters and issues related with the purity of syngas production. To date, these waste residues find no useful applications and they are generally disposed upon generation in the gasification process. A detailed analysis of these residues pointed out the presence of high quantities of Ca (>30 wt%). TG experiments indicated that a treatment under air at moderate temperatures (400–800°C) decomposed the majority of carbon species, while XRD indicated the presence of a crystalline CaO phase. CaO enriched valorized materials turned out to be good heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production from vegetable oils, providing moderate to good activities (50%–70% after 12 h) to fatty acid methyl esters in the transesterification of sunflower oil with methanol.

In this study, six high-Ca limestones and one dolomite from Germany, Greece, Italy, and Poland were tested for their CO2 uptake capacity during carbonation-calcination experiments in a TGA apparatus, as well as in a lab-scale atmospheric bubbling FB reactor. The calcium looping experiments were carried out both in the presence and absence of sulfur in gas phase, to study its likely inhibitory role to the CO2 penetration into the CaO particles. The mineralogy, microstructure, specific surface area, and pore size distribution of the fresh, sulfated/carbonated, and non-sulfated/carbonated sorbents were comparatively evaluated by means of X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) Spectroscopy, Energy Dispersive-Scanning Electron Microscopy (EDS-SEM), and N2-porosimetry, respectively. All samples were examined after five cycles of carbonation-calcination. In most sulfated samples, a shell of anhydrite (CaSO4) has been identified peripherally to the CaO particles, preventing part of their core from further carbonating. The macro-porosity (%) of sulfated samples is increased, compared to the non-sulfated ones, suggesting less sintering in the former, a fact also supported by their BET area findings. On the other hand, micro-porosity shows no clear tendency with sulfation. The loss of microporosity, that was in particular cases observed in the sulfated samples, is attributed to a drop in the associated conversion during carbonation. Overall, this work contains an integrated comparative characterization of the tested limestones, accompanied with suggestions for their optimum utilization in Ca-looping.

A biofuel cell comprising electrodes based on supercapacitive materials - carbon nanotubes and nanocellulose/polypyrrole composite was utilized to power an oxygen biosensor. Laccase Trametes versicolor, immobilized on naphthylated multi walled carbon nanotubes, and fructose dehydrogenase, adsorbed on a porous polypyrrole matrix, were used as the cathode and anode bioelectrocatalysts, respectively. The nanomaterials employed as the supports for the enzymes increased the surface area of the electrodes and provide direct contact with the active sites of the enzymes. The anode modified with the conducting polymer layer exhibited significant pseudocapacitive properties providing superior performance also in the high energy mode, e.g., when switching on/off the powered device. Three air-fructose biofuel cells connected in a series converted chemical energy into electrical giving 2 mW power and open circuit potential of 2V. The biofuel cell system was tested under various externally applied resistances and used as a powering unit for a laboratory designed two-electrode minipotentiostat and a laccase based sensor for oxygen sensing. Best results in terms of long time measurement of oxygen levels were obtained in the pulse mode -45 s for measurement and 15 min for self-recharging of the powering unit.

The biosynthesis of polyphenolic compounds in cabbage waste, outer green leaves of white head cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata subvar. alba), was stimulated by postharvest irradiation with UVB lamps or sunlight. Both treatments boosted the content of kaempferol and quercetin glycosides, especially in the basal leaf zone, as determined by the HPLC analysis of leaf extracts and by a non-destructive optical sensor. The destructive analysis of samples irradiated by the sun for 6 days at the end of October 2015 in Skierniewice (Poland) showed an increase of leaf flavonols by 82% with respect to controls. The treatment by a broadband UVB fluorescent lamp, with irradiance of 0.38 W m-2 in the 290-315 nm range (and 0.59 W m-2 in the UVA region) for 12 h per day at 17 °C along with a white light of about 20 μmol m-2 s-1, produced a flavonols increase of 58% with respect to controls. The kinetics of flavonols accumulation in response to the photochemical treatments was monitored with the FLAV non-destructive index. The initial FLAV rate under the sun was proportional to the daily radiation doses with a better correlation for the sun global irradiance (R2 = 0.973), followed by the UVA (R2 = 0.965) and UVB (R2 = 0.899) irradiance. The sunlight turned out to be more efficient than the UVB lamp in increasing the flavonols level of waste leaves, because of a significant role played by UVA and visible solar radiation in the regulation of the flavonoid accumulation in cabbage. The FLAV index increase induced on the adaxial leaf side was accompanied by a lower but still significant FLAV increase on the unirradiated abaxial side, likely due to a systemic signaling by mean of the long-distance movement of macromolecules. Our present investigation provides useful data for the optimization of postharvest photochemical protocols of cabbage waste valorization. It can represent a novel and alternative tool of vegetable waste management for the recovery of beneficial phytochemicals.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- This version has been superseded. The latest version is at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5517550 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Eddy covariance flux tower datasets of all Urban-PLUMBER sites, associated with the manuscript: "Harmonized, gap-filled dataset from 20 urban flux tower sites" Use of any data must give credit through citation of the above manuscript and other sources as appropriate. We recommend data users consult with site contributing authors and/or the coordination team in the project planning stage. Relevant contacts are included in timeseries metadata. For site information and timeseries plots see https://urban-plumber.github.io/sites. For processing code see https://github.com/matlipson/urban-plumber_pipeline. Within each site folder: - `index.html`: A summary page with site characteristics and timeseries plots. - `SITENAME_sitedata_vX.csv`: comma seperated file for numerical site characteristics e.g. location, surface cover fraction etc. - `timeseries/` (following files available as netCDF and txt) - `SITENAME_raw_observations_vX`: site observed timeseries before project-wide quality control. - `SITENAME_clean_observations_vX`: site observed timeseries after project-wide quality control. - `SITENAME_metforcing_vX`: site observed timeseries after project-wide quality control and gap filling. - `SITENAME_era5_corrected_vX`: site ERA5 surface data (1990-2020) with bias corrections as applied in the final dataset. - `log_processing_SITENAME_vX.txt`: a log of the print statements through running the create_dataset_SITENAME scripts. Authors Mathew Lipson, Sue Grimmond, Martin Best, Andreas Christen, Andrew Coutts, Ben Crawford, Bert Heusinkveld, Erik Velasco, Helen Claire Ward, Hirofumi Sugawara, Je-Woo Hong, Jinkyu Hong, Jonathan Evans, Joseph McFadden, Keunmin Lee, Krzysztof Fortuniak, Leena Järvi, Matthias Roth, Nektarios Chrysoulakis, Nigel Tapper, Oliver Michels, Simone Kotthaus, Stevan Earl, Sungsoo Jo, Valéry Masson, Winston Chow, Wlodzimierz Pawlak, Yeon-Hee Kim. Corresponding author: Mathew Lipson <m.lipson@unsw.edu.au>

Abstract With the ageing of population in Europe, the housing stock needs to meet the demands of older occupants, including an increasing demand for energy efficiency. As collective entities, Dutch social housing associations are among the frontrunners in achieving the energy and comfort goals of the European Union and the national government. This paper presents a number of case studies from the domain of social housing for older people from The Netherlands. The cases presented focus on the baseline conditions, the interventions conducted, the financial aspects and the involvement of stakeholders. Implications and recommendations for the design and retrofitting of housing, as well as the process of improving energy efficiency and comfort in practice, are discussed on a supranational level.