• Energy Research
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The research deals with the issue of slums, urban sprawl on agriculture land and its impact on the city of Baghdad. This topic needs close attention because it has become a problem facing the city of Baghdad through recruiting agricultural lands and converting them to residential homes in addition to the transgression on the state lands and building abuses. This research deals with the causes of slums, irregular urban sprawl and risks of excesses on land uses of land in Baghdad. In this research, we try to know the extent to which these problems have affected the city of Baghdad. The research methodology based on the descriptive methodology to clarify the factors affecting urban sprawl at the expense of agricultural land, using studies in government and service institutions and images from satellites to clarify the size of urban sprawl over periods after the 2003 war. Finally, a conclusion and future solutions were set to solve these problems.

Technical operation of lifting and transport equipment is one of the key problems of ports and terminals. The functions of technical operation include maintenance and repair of lifting and transport equipment. The imperfection of the maintenance and repair system leads to downtime of lifting and transport equipment, which affects the cost of loading and unloading operations. The main requirements for technical operation are to ensure the quality and speed of loading and unloading operations with minimal operating costs. One of the indicators for assessing the quality of technical operation is the coefficient of technical readiness, which shows that the probability that the lifting and transport equipment will be in a working state at any time, except for periods in which operation is not provided. These periods include the time when the lifting and transport equipment is being maintained and repaired. Technical operation strategy is selected based on the technical readiness coefficient.

Aviation is one of the most significant growth drivers not only for the transportation infrastructure, but also for country’s economy as it contributes to both industrial and social progress of society. The paper focuses on Sheremetyevo International Airport, one of the largest Russian airports and analyzes it in terms of short-term and long-term perspectives. Using real statistical data, the article presents the models for forecasting essential performance indicators of airports, namely, passenger traffic and revenue. By comparing quality characteristics, most suitable models were selected and checked for adequacy. Forecasts of the probable changes in the values of the performance indicators were made under the assumption of maintaining the previously formed development trend.

Biodiversity analysis underlies macroevolutionary studies and allows to identify mass extinctions. Numerous studies of mass extinctions show that geological factors play a central role in determining the diversity dynamics. The late Cretaceous extinction is of interest to science as the closest to us extinction of the five mass extinctions that occurred in the Phanerozoic. There is currently no scientific consensus on the scenario in which the extinction occurred on land. In order to assess the features of superorderDinosauriadevelopment during the Cretaceous-Paleogene, the authors have analysed the diversity of terrestrial taxa of Mesozoic dinosaurs. Based on data from the paleobiodb paleontological database using the Python programming language and its libraries, the features of the species diversity ofDinosauriahave been studied. An attempt was made to quantify the species diversity of this group based on the ratio of predators to herbivores using data on dinosaur food types. The simulated diversity data were compared with observed patterns and existing estimates. It is likely that less than one-third of the dinosaurs that existed are currently known, as indicated by the geography of the fossils, and the proportions of dinosaurs by type of diet.

One of the important issues is the assessment of the strength of the elements of hydraulic structures, spillway structures, reservoirs, and hydraulic complexes, the determination of the connection mode of the basins, and the reduction of kinetic energy in the reinforced fields of the downstream pool. In this regard, it is especially important to determine the hydrodynamic characteristics of the flow of water moving in the apron and risberme area, which provides the stability of the downstream pool - the areas that indicate the distribution and direction of velocity and pressure.

In modern mechanical engineering, technical ceramics is finding increasing use. It has unique anti-corrosion properties and resistance to high temperatures. In most cases, the processing modes and characteristics of abrasive (diamond) wheels are selected experimentally, since there is no modeling of processing processes in the public domain. The article presents an experimental study of the surface of dissimilar materials under the influence of heat flow from the friction force of grinding wheel grains. The comparison of calculated indicators and the results of laboratory studies is given. It is concluded that the heat flow from the friction forces of the grains on the material does not cause the destruction of the polished surface. It is also shown that the flow density due to varying modes of grinding

The object of the study is the water supply and sanitation system of an industrial enterprise. Currently, many enterprises do not use the treated industrial waste water in the water supply cycle. Therefore, the use of treated wastewater is of practical importance. The scheme of thermal treatment of waste water for obtaining pure condensate by evaporation is proposed. The main results of the study are the technical solution for the development of the enterprise's wastewater treatment complex. Pure condensate is obtained in an instant boiling evaporator. The research method is based on the calculation of energy costs in wastewater treatment for different types of waste water. The results of the study allow us to determine the optimal set of energy equipment for obtaining pure condensate and its further use. The specific practical significance lies in the development of a technical solution that helps the treatment of wastewater and the reduction of emissions into the water basin.

The development of the modern technologies for passenger transportation and the integration of rail routes with other modes of transport using logistics contributes to the increasing of the mobility of the people and the increasing of the economic efficiency in general. The market of the passenger transportation by rail on the North Caucasian railway is analyzed. Multimodal passenger transportation is one of the most effective tools for increasing the mobility of the people. Social factors are determined, the fundamental idea of the organizing of the multimodal passenger transportation using a mobile application is proposed, this allows to determine the optimal route for a passenger to travel to all specified points. Using research methods within the framework of a comparative and logical analysis, variants of digitalization of the multimodal passenger transportation services by the world's leading railway operators are considered. As a result, it was detected that a promising direction of multimodal transportation is the combination of the train routes not only with the regional bus routes, but also with the integration of the urban transport through the digitalization of services and the development of the customer services. The organization of the passenger service in multimodal transportations at transport hubs and options for a convenient and rational orientation of movement for passengers are considered.