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Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have found wide applications in a variety of fields such as electrified transportation, stationary storage and portable electronics devices. A battery management system (BMS) is critical to ensure the reliability, efficiency and longevity of LIBs. Recent research has witnessed the emergence of model-based fault diagnosis methods in advanced BMSs. This paper provides a comprehensive review on the model-based fault diagnosis methods for LIBs. First, the widely explored battery models in the existing literature are classified into physics-based electrochemical models and electrical equivalent circuit models. Second, a general state-space representation that describes electrical dynamics of a faulty battery is presented. The formulation of the state vectors and the identification of the parameter matrices are then elaborated. Third, the fault mechanisms of both battery faults (incl. overcharege/overdischarge faults, connection faults, short circuit faults) and sensor faults (incl. voltage sensor faults and current sensor faults) are discussed. Furthermore, different types of modeling uncertainties, such as modeling errors and measurement noises, aging effects, measurement outliers, are elaborated. An emphasis is then placed on the observer design (incl. online state observers and offline state observers). The algorithm implementation of typical state observers for battery fault diagnosis is also put forward. Finally, discussion and outlook are offered to envision some possible future research directions. Comment: Submitted to Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews on 09-Jan-2024

Climate change, along with infectious diseasespathogens notably Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), B. salamandrivorans (Bsal), Ranavirus, and PerkinseaPerkinsus, continue to devastate global amphibian populations, contributing to the greatest vertebrate extinctions of the Anthropocene. These pathogens, primarily favoring cooler, subtropical conditions, demonstrate a significant overlap in their climatic niches, thus affecting a broad range species. Here, we aim to explore the role of global warming and other climatic factors in the dispersal and evolution of these pathogens and to predict the future implications for amphibian populations worldwide. Given the limitations of data availability We conducted a thorough analysis of the climatic niche conservatism (NC) and evolution (CNE) of these pathogens using the currently available distributional data, including our own. We used , We engaged in a comprehensive analysis of the climatic niche conservatism (NC) and evolution (CNE) of these pathogens, utilizing predictive models to anticipate potential shifts in their future distribution and evaluate the capacity for CNE in response to climate change. We show that Bd and Bsal are likely to experience a total reduction in their current potential distributions by 2040, while Ranavirus and PerkinseaPerkinsus may expand their distributions. Interestingly, CNE has played a significant role in influencing the climatic niches of Bd and Bsal, with lineage dependent variations. However, there was no strong correlation found between virulence of Bd and its climatic niche. On the contrary, ranaviruses Ranaviruses and PerkinseaPerkinsus showed evidence of sporadic and recent CNE. Moreover, the emergence of lineages adapted to warmer climates suggests an ongoing CNE and a potential evolutionary response to climate change. With increased infection risk, particularly for Asian amphibians (from Ranavirus and PerkinseaPerkinsus), and the vulnerability of the southern hemisphere (except Bsal) due to limited prior exposure, this study underscores the urgent need for close monitoring and preventive measures, including stringent biosecurity protocols such as risk analysis and pre-border pathogen screening. Our study provides a critical framework for international collaboration and guideline development for amphibian trade, while contributing to the deeper dialogue on mitigating impacts of climate change on wildlife diseases.