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The Kenya climate risk profile data contains climate, biophysical, socio economic and demographic characteristics, crops production, stakeholders, characterization of selected value chains and risks and adaptation components. All the dataset, except climate records, were collected in three phases between 2016 and 2021. The risk profiles covered the 45 rural counties of Kenya (excluding the 2 urban counties of Nairobi and Mombasa) and were developed in partnership with the Kenya Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, Fisheries and Cooperatives (MoALFC). Methodology: The methodology combined literature review (peer-reviewed journals, grey literature), data collection from key statistical resources (national census, county development plan, etc.), climate modelling and qualitative data collection tools such as key informant interviews, participatory workshops, and focus group discussions. For each profile, a prioritization process took place in the county with the key relevant stakeholders. The process included a presentation of the ten main value chains (VCs) of the county and a selection of the four main value chains by assessing them against a set of criteria: contribution to food security, productivity, importance to the economy; resilience to current and future climate change; population engaged in the value chain; and engagement of poor and marginalized groups.

Field evaluation of breeding lines developed for drought tolerance for adaptation, yield, response to field diseases and agronomic quality

AbstractThis Analysis presents a recently developed food system indicator framework and holistic monitoring architecture to track food system transformation towards global development, health and sustainability goals. Five themes are considered: (1) diets, nutrition and health; (2) environment, natural resources and production; (3) livelihoods, poverty and equity; (4) governance; and (5) resilience. Each theme is divided into three to five indicator domains, and indicators were selected to reflect each domain through a consultative process. In total, 50 indicators were selected, with at least one indicator available for every domain. Harmonized data of these 50 indicators provide a baseline assessment of the world’s food systems. We show that every country can claim positive outcomes in some parts of food systems, but none are among the highest ranked across all domains. Furthermore, some indicators are independent of national income, and each highlights a specific aspiration for healthy, sustainable and just food systems. The Food Systems Countdown Initiative will track food systems annually to 2030, amending the framework as new indicators or better data emerge.

Diversification of production to strengthen resilience is a key tenet of climate-smart agriculture (CSA), which can help to address the complex vulnerabilities of agriculture-dependent rural communities. In this study, we investigated the relationship between the promotion of different CSA practices across four climate-smart villages (CSVs) in Myanmar. To determine the impact of the CSA practices on livelihoods and health, survey data were collected from agricultural households (n = 527) over three years. Within the time period studied, the results indicate that some the CSA practices and technologies adopted were significantly associated with changes in household dietary diversity scores (HDDS), but, in the short-term, these were not associated with improvements in the households’ food insecurity scores (HFIAS). Based on the survey responses, we examined how pathways of CSA practice adoption tailored to different contexts of Myanmar’s four agroecologies could contribute to the observed changes, including possible resulting trade-offs. We highlight that understanding the impacts of CSA adoption on household food security in CSVs will require longer-term monitoring, as most CSA options are medium- to long-cycle interventions. Our further analysis of knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAPs) amongst the households indicated a poor understanding of the household knowledge, attitudes and practices in relation to nutrition, food choices, food preparation, sanitation and hygiene. Our KAP findings indicate that current nutrition education interventions in the Myanmar CSVs are inadequate and will need further improvement for health and nutrition outcomes from the portfolio of CSA interventions.

Tanzania's dairy sector is poorly developed, creating reliance on imports for processed, value-added dairy products and threatening food security, particularly when supply chains are disrupted due to market volatility or armed conflicts. The Tanzanian Dairy Development Roadmap is a domestic development initiative that aims to achieve dairy self-sufficiency by 2030. Here, we model different outcomes of the roadmap, finding that adoption of high-yield cattle breeds is essential for reducing dairy import dependency. Avoided land use change resulting from fewer, higher yielding dairy cattle would lead to lower greenhouse gas emissions. Dairy producers' average incomes could increase despite capital expenditure and land allocation required for the adoption of high-yield breeds. Our findings demonstrate the importance of bottom-up development policies for sustainable food system transformations, which also support food sovereignty, increase incomes for smallholder farmers and contribute towards Tanzania's commitments to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

Commitments made at COP26 in Glasgow shine a spotlight on how changes in global tree cover are defined, monitored and accounted for. Signed by 141 countries, the Glasgow Leaders’ Declaration on Forests and Land Use1 commits signatories to collectively “halt and reverse forest loss and land degradation by 2030 while delivering sustainable development”. This declaration recognizes that land use and land management are responsible for an estimated 23% of global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and that any plausible scenario to limit global warming to 1.5 °C by 2100 must maintain and expand tree cover2. It also recognizes that sustainable land use requires transformative international-to-local action covering relevant global production and consumption systems while simultaneously empowering smallholders, Indigenous peoples and local communities2. However, timely and effective monitoring of such transformative actions requires improved, open and shared data and new collective modes of ownership for forest information.

Abstract Cocoa and oil palm are the major commodity crops produced in Ghana and livelihood options for hundreds of thousands of rural households. However, their production has negative environmental and socioeconomic impacts. Certification standards have been promoted as a market-led mechanism to ensure their sustainable production. Even though food security does not feature in the theory of change of most certification standards, there are interesting intersections. This paper assesses the food security outcomes of certification adoption among cocoa and oil palm smallholders in Ghana. We analyse 608 household surveys from two study sites using propensity score matching and multiple standardized metrics of food security such as the Food Consumption Score (FCS), the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) and the Coping Strategies Index. Certified cocoa/oil palm farmers are more food secure than uncertified farmers and food crop farmers across most indicators and group comparisons. However, the differences are for most indicators not substantial or statistically significant (except the HFIAS). In fact, 65% and 68% of the certified cocoa and oil palm farmers are vulnerable to food insecurity in terms of the FCS. These results suggest that even though certification adoption can improve the livelihoods and yields of farmers, in reality it has marginal effect on food security. Certification standards would need to emphasize food security in their guidelines, theories of change and support packages to smallholders if they are to enhance food security and have a truly positive effect on the sustainability of cocoa and oil palm production.