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  • Energy Research
  • 13. Climate action
  • 6. Clean water
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  • В последние десятилетия экологическая проблема приняла глобальный характер и требует консолидации мирового сообщества. Возникающие экологические угрозы становятся все более опасными для человечества, поэтому требуются усилия всех государств для предотвращения негативных последствий изменения окружающей среды. В данной статье рассматривается деятельность международных акторов в сфере обеспечения экологической безопасности. Авторами проведен сравнительный анализ правовых основ и национальных особенностей политики экологической безопасности Дании, США и России, рассмотрены примеры использования возобновляемых источников энергии, направленных на минимизацию экологических рисков, выявлены проблемы и определены перспективы реализации экологической политики в условиях перехода к «зеленой энергетике». In recent decades, the environmental problem has become global in nature and requires the consolidation of the world community. Emerging environmental threats are becoming more and more dangerous for humanity, therefore efforts of all states are required to prevent the negative consequences of environmental change. This article examines the activities of international actors in the field of ensuring environmental safety. The authors conducted a comparative analysis of the legal framework and national characteristics of environmental safety policies in Denmark, the USA and Russia, examined examples of the use of renewable energy sources aimed at minimizing environmental risks, identified problems and identified prospects for the implementation of environmental policy in the context of the transition to “green energy”.

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    Authors: Galina, Bityaeva; Mergen, Sangadzhiev;

    The Republic of Kalmykia is rich in solar energy, where the sun shines for more than three-quarters of a year. In addition to solar energy, wind energy can be used in the region. Since agriculture is the major branch of the economy in the Republic, waste from it can be used as biogas. This paper discusses the use of renewable energy sources in protected areas where additional noise devices and aggregates cannot be used. Also, the use of high-voltage power lines can lead to fires, and they occupy part of the useful area of nature reserves, so additional maintenance is required. To solve this problem, we analyzed the current state of the reserve for the protection of saiga lands in Kalmykia. The questions of insolation depending on the seasons and day-night characteristics are also investigated. The materials were the results of expedition routes conducted in recent years in the Black Lands reserve, data from cordons. The obtained materials will make it possible to use non-traditional types of energy for lighting cordons, hunting and tourist areas, in particular, the use of solar modules of different designs. To promote specially protected areas and the use of solar energy.

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  • The paper focuses on the current state of the Bishiney-Saladag Range glaciers in the Eastern Caucasus and dynamics of their areas change in comparison with the data of the last mid-century. For this investigation the field studies of glacial complexes in the summer seasons of 2016-2019, the information base of the USSR Catalog of Glaciers for 1975, as well as satellite images and remote sensing data have been used. We give an analysis of history of the glaciers study in the region, the glaciation dynamics and the distribution of the number of glaciers in rivers basins. The glaciation in this region, as in the other glacial basins of the Greater Caucasus, is shown to get smaller. During 1965-2019 the area of glaciers decreased by 4.47 km2 that is equal to 55.46. The number of glaciers have decreased by 10 (26.32 of the total) for the same period. The attention is drawn to the disintegration of the largest glaciers, the separation of smaller ones and their reducing in size. There are small glaciers and snowfields (stone glaciers) in the place of melted glaciers. Contraction of the glacial area of the Bishiney-Saladag Range may cause a decrease in the water balance of the Kara-Koisu and Samur rivers and influence the water supply of the population. В статье рассматривается современное состояние ледников Бишиней-Саладагского хребта на Восточном Кавказе и динамика их площадей по сравнению с данными середины прошлого столетия. Использованы экспедиционные методы полевого изучения гляциальных комплексов в летние сезоны 2016-2019 гг., информационная база Каталога ледников СССР 1975 года, космические снимки и данные дистанционного зондирования. Рассмотрены история изучения ледников региона, динамика оледенения и распределение количества ледников по речным бассейнам. Установлено, что в данном регионе, как и в других ледниковых бассейнах Большого Кавказа, оледенение сокращается. Площадь оледенения за полвека сократилась на 4.47 км2, или на 55.46. Количество ледников за этот же период уменьшилось на 10 (26.32 общего числа). Наблюдается также распад более крупных ледников, отчленение меньших ледников и сокращение их размеров. На месте растаявших ледников остаются малые ледники и снежники (каменные глетчеры). Сокращение площади оледенения Бишиней-Саладагского хребта может в перспективе привести к уменьшению водного баланса рек Каракойсу и Самур и влиять на водообеспеченность населения. №4(42) (2019)

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  • Развитие китайской экономики за последние 20 лет обусловлено ростом промышленности «Поднебесной», что сразу повлекло за собой рост потребности Китая в энергетических ресурсах. В 2003 г. по объемам потребляемой энергии Китайская Народная Республика вышла на второе место в мире, заняв позицию между США и Японией [1]. Собственных топливных ресурсов КНР уже недостаточно для запросов его развивающейся промышленности; поэтому с 1993 г. Китай начал импортировать нефть. Основными источниками оставался уголь и собственные ограниченные ресурсы углеводород, которые не способны покрыть местный спрос. В 2014 г. объем импорта нефти в КНР составил примерно 310 млн. тонн, а к 2030 г. удельный вес импортируемой нефти увеличится с нынешних на 80% [2]. Китайский импорт сырой нефти после США, занимает второе место в мире. Зависимость Китая от иностранной нефти достигла 59% в 2013 году, в то время как зависимость США не превышает 46,3%. Таким образом, в 2014 году импорт и экспорт ситуации из-за неочищенной нефти в Китае, особенно во второй половине обуславливает падение цен на нефть. Поэтому развитие торговых связей с КНР в топливно-энергетическом аспекте является ключевой ролью развития как самого Китая, так стран экспортеров. Количество последних, в условиях современных геополитических реалиях, будет очень сильно колебаться. Over the past 20 years, China’s economic growth is associated with the expansion of the industrial sector with the resultant increase in energy demand. In 2003, the Peoples Republic of China ranked second in terms of energy consumption behind the United States and ahead of Japan [1]. Domestic fuel supplies are no longer sufficient to satisfy the rising demand of the industrial sector; hence, in 1993, China began to import crude petroleum. Major energy sources are coal and scarce domestic hydrocarbon resources, which cannot meet the local demand. In 2014, China imported about 310 million tons of oil. By 2030, crude oil imports will rise by 80% [2]. China is now the second-largest importer of crude oil in the world after the United States. China's oil import dependence has reached 59% in 2013 while US import dependence does not exceed 46.3%. Therefore, the development of energy relations with China will contribute significantly to the economic growth of China and oil exporting countries. Contemporary geopolitical environment will lead to substantial fluctuations in the number of oil exporting countries.

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    Authors: I. S. Glushankova; E. V. Kalinina; E. N. Demina;

    The purification of industrial and surface wastewater from heavy metal ions (HMI) to requirements for the discharge of treated wastewater into natural waters is one of the most complicated environmental and technological problems. For the deep purification of waste water from the HMI, the use of cheap sorbents obtained from production waste is the most promising. One of the many-tonnage wastes of technology of inorganic substances is the sludge formed in the production of soda by the ammonia Solvay, s method. Currently, sludge is stored in sludge accumulators and is a long-term source of pollution of environmental objects. Scientific developments in the utilization of slimes with the production of building materials, etc., have not found wide practical use, which is due to the heterogeneity of the granulometric and chemical composition of the waste. Carried out X-ray phase analysis and studies of the physicochemical and chemical properties of waste samples showed that its main components are calcium carbonate (calcite) and calcium hydroxide (portlandite). It is known that the natural mineral limestone efficiently extracts HMI from aqueous solutions with the formation of less soluble basic salts, carbonates, and hydroxy carbonates of HM. It has been established that sludge samples have high sorption activity when copper(II) and zinc ions are extracted from low concentrated solutions (sorption capacity for copper ions is 35.0 mg/g, sorption capacity for zinc ions is 40 mg/g). To increase the operational properties, a method has been developed for the production of a modified granular sorbent based on the sludge of soda production, consisting in treating with sodium silicate. The effect of a dose of sodium silicate in the sorbent composition on the mechanical strength and sorption properties of the obtained samples was studied. It has been established that the introduction of 8,6% SiO2 into the sludge leads to an increase in the mechanical strength by 50–80%, and does not have a significant effect on the sorption activity of the material. The kinetic and sorption regularities of extraction of copper(II) ions and zinc on modified sorbents are revealed. Based on the analysis of the adsorption isotherms obtained, the adsorption equilibrium constants and maximum adsorption values (Amax (Cu2+) = 50.8 mg/g; Amax (Zn2+) = 97.1 mg/g) were determined. Obtained sorption materials can be recommended for wastewater treatment from HMI.

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    Theoretical and Applied Ecology
    Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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      Theoretical and Applied Ecology
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  • Environment is a generalized concept that characterizes the natural conditions of a certain area and its ecological state. In order to assess the harm from greenhouse gas emissions, it is necessary to understand the mechanism of their impact on the environment. Currently, greenhouse gas emissions and their regulation are one of the global problems of industrial enterprises that undertake and implement various approaches and mechanisms to address the negative impact of CO2 emissions into the atmosphere. Окружающая среда - обобщённое понятие, характеризующее природные условия некоторой местности и её экологическое состояние. Для того чтобы оценить вред от эмиссии парниковых газов, необходимо разобраться в самом механизме воздействия их на окружающую среду. В настоящее время выбросы парниковых газов и их регулирование являются одной из глобальных проблем промышленных предприятий, которые предпринимают и внедряют различные подходы и механизмы для решения негативного влияния выбросов в атмосферу. Экономика и предпринимательство, Выпуск 6 (155) 2023, Pages 260-267

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    В статье обоснована необходимость развития возобновляемых источников энергии, где наиболее перспективным направлением определено строительство солнечных электростанций. Проведен анализ существующих мощностей на основе возобновляемой энергии в рамках всего Мирового хозяйства за последние годы, при этом установлены основные направления инновационного развития солнечной энергетики. По результатам исследования было выявлено наличие активной инновационной деятельности в области солнечной энергетики, определены основные ее преимущества как относительно традиционных способов выработки энергии, так и прочих возобновляемых источников энергии. Данное исследование позволило сделать вывод, что регулярному использованию экологически чистых источников энергии препятствуют существенные материальные затраты. The article substantiates the necessity in developing renewable energy sources, where the construction of solar power plants are considered the most promising direction. The study conducts an analysis of the existing capacities based on renewable energy in the entire world economy in recent years, while also establishing the main directions of innovative development of solar energy. The results of the study determine the presence of active innovative activities in the field of solar energy, identifies its main advantages both in relation to traditional methods of energy generation and other renewable energy sources. This study allowed the authors to conclude that the regular use of environmentally friendly energy sources is hindered by significant material costs. Международный научно-исследовательский журнал, Выпуск 6 (108) 2021, Pages 129-131

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    https://dx.doi.org/10.23670/ir...
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    Climate change in the world is affecting the growing shortage of fresh water. States in the Mediterranean region that have already experienced the effects of these changes need to take the climate factor into account when managing water resources. Using the example of the Republic of Cyprus, specific adaptation measures were studied and evaluated on the basis of their effectiveness, sustainability in the face of climate change uncertainty and their sustainability in the environmental, socio-economic sectors, as well as potential barriers and risks associated with the implementation of adaptation. The presented review showed that many of the measures taken, which are considered to address the impact of climate change on water resources, increase the adaptive capacity of the water sector, but its overall vulnerability remains high, as water demand is still not met in certain areas and / or for certain uses during a drought.

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  • Analysis of the material of the petrochemical industry objects due to their long operation is extremely important to assess their safety. In this paper, we analyzed the effect of long-term operation of petrochemical equipment of unalloyed and low-alloyed steel at climatic temperatures in technological environments containing hydrogen sulfide on the degradation of the structure of this equipment. We have carried out calculations of carbon diffusion to the surface during decarburization, indicating a clear possibility of diffusion fluxes of interstitial elements occurring under climatic temperatures and long exposures. The paper presents data on the structure and technological precipitation of equipment components after long-term operation (30 years or more) in oil refineries. We have carried out calculations of carbon diffusion to the surface during decarburization, indicating a clear possibility of diffusion fluxes of interstitial elements occurring under climatic temperatures and long exposures. The reason for decarburization during operation in an environment containing hydrogen sulfide, in this case, should not be attributed to hydrogen corrosion, but to an oxide layer forming due to the presence of condensate and water vapor. Анализ состояния материала объектов нефтехимической промышленности в связи с их длительной эксплуатацией крайне важен для оценки их безопасности и работоспособности. В данной работе анализируется влияние на деградацию структуры нефтехимического оборудования из нелегированных и низколегированных сталей длительной эксплуатации при климатических температурах в технологических средах, содержащих сероводород. Приводятся данные исследования структуры и технологических отложений элементов оборудования после длительной (30 и более лет) эксплуатации на предприятиях нефтепереработки. Выполнены расчеты диффузии углерода к поверхности при обезуглероживании, которые указывают на явную возможность протекания при климатических температурах и длительных выдержках диффузионных потоков элементов внедрения. Причину обезуглероживания при работе в среде, содержащей сероводород, в данном случае следует связывать не с водородной коррозией, а с образованием оксидного слоя вследствие наличия конденсата и паров воды.

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    Authors: V. M. Shaber; I. V. Ivanova;

    The article is devoted to the solution of a complex of problems that arise in small and medium-scale treatment complexes, gas production plants and small and medium-capacity power plants associated with the processing of crude methane and the possibility of reducing the greenhouse effect.The economic feasibility of the development of fuel cells (FC) on raw biomethane was demonstrated by the authors in previous publications.The specificity of the solution of problems is focused on small and medium-scale treatment complexes, gas production plants and small and medium power plants.The aim of the study is to show the possibility of solving a multicomponent task of developing fuel cells, including the experimental determination of the actual use of sodium formate as a reducing agent for the production of electricity in a fuel cell (FC).Results are the following: the possibility of solving the issues of reducing greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere during processing of waste products of human vital activity is proved. A method for converting methane and carbon dioxide emissions into useful products is shown. Статья посвящена решению комплекса проблем, которые возникают на малых и средних очистных комплексах, заводах по производству газа и электростанциях малой и средней мощности, связанных с переработкой сырого метана и возможности уменьшения парникового эффекта.Экономическая целесообразность разработки топливных ячеек (ТЯ) на сыром биометане была показана авторами в прежних публикациях.Специфика решения задач ориентированна на малые и средние очистные комплексы, заводы по производству газа и электростанции малой и средней мощности.Цель исследования показать возможность решения многокомпонентной задачи развития топливных ячеек, включая экспериментальное определение реального использования формиата натрия в качестве восстановителя для производства электроэнергии в топливном элементе (ТЭ).Результаты доказана возможность решения вопросов снижения выбросов парниковых газов в атмосферу при переработке отходов продуктов жизнедеятельности человека. Показан способ преобразования выбросов метана и двуокиси углерода в полезные продукты. №5 (227) (2017)

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  • В последние десятилетия экологическая проблема приняла глобальный характер и требует консолидации мирового сообщества. Возникающие экологические угрозы становятся все более опасными для человечества, поэтому требуются усилия всех государств для предотвращения негативных последствий изменения окружающей среды. В данной статье рассматривается деятельность международных акторов в сфере обеспечения экологической безопасности. Авторами проведен сравнительный анализ правовых основ и национальных особенностей политики экологической безопасности Дании, США и России, рассмотрены примеры использования возобновляемых источников энергии, направленных на минимизацию экологических рисков, выявлены проблемы и определены перспективы реализации экологической политики в условиях перехода к «зеленой энергетике». In recent decades, the environmental problem has become global in nature and requires the consolidation of the world community. Emerging environmental threats are becoming more and more dangerous for humanity, therefore efforts of all states are required to prevent the negative consequences of environmental change. This article examines the activities of international actors in the field of ensuring environmental safety. The authors conducted a comparative analysis of the legal framework and national characteristics of environmental safety policies in Denmark, the USA and Russia, examined examples of the use of renewable energy sources aimed at minimizing environmental risks, identified problems and identified prospects for the implementation of environmental policy in the context of the transition to “green energy”.

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    Authors: Galina, Bityaeva; Mergen, Sangadzhiev;

    The Republic of Kalmykia is rich in solar energy, where the sun shines for more than three-quarters of a year. In addition to solar energy, wind energy can be used in the region. Since agriculture is the major branch of the economy in the Republic, waste from it can be used as biogas. This paper discusses the use of renewable energy sources in protected areas where additional noise devices and aggregates cannot be used. Also, the use of high-voltage power lines can lead to fires, and they occupy part of the useful area of nature reserves, so additional maintenance is required. To solve this problem, we analyzed the current state of the reserve for the protection of saiga lands in Kalmykia. The questions of insolation depending on the seasons and day-night characteristics are also investigated. The materials were the results of expedition routes conducted in recent years in the Black Lands reserve, data from cordons. The obtained materials will make it possible to use non-traditional types of energy for lighting cordons, hunting and tourist areas, in particular, the use of solar modules of different designs. To promote specially protected areas and the use of solar energy.

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  • The paper focuses on the current state of the Bishiney-Saladag Range glaciers in the Eastern Caucasus and dynamics of their areas change in comparison with the data of the last mid-century. For this investigation the field studies of glacial complexes in the summer seasons of 2016-2019, the information base of the USSR Catalog of Glaciers for 1975, as well as satellite images and remote sensing data have been used. We give an analysis of history of the glaciers study in the region, the glaciation dynamics and the distribution of the number of glaciers in rivers basins. The glaciation in this region, as in the other glacial basins of the Greater Caucasus, is shown to get smaller. During 1965-2019 the area of glaciers decreased by 4.47 km2 that is equal to 55.46. The number of glaciers have decreased by 10 (26.32 of the total) for the same period. The attention is drawn to the disintegration of the largest glaciers, the separation of smaller ones and their reducing in size. There are small glaciers and snowfields (stone glaciers) in the place of melted glaciers. Contraction of the glacial area of the Bishiney-Saladag Range may cause a decrease in the water balance of the Kara-Koisu and Samur rivers and influence the water supply of the population. В статье рассматривается современное состояние ледников Бишиней-Саладагского хребта на Восточном Кавказе и динамика их площадей по сравнению с данными середины прошлого столетия. Использованы экспедиционные методы полевого изучения гляциальных комплексов в летние сезоны 2016-2019 гг., информационная база Каталога ледников СССР 1975 года, космические снимки и данные дистанционного зондирования. Рассмотрены история изучения ледников региона, динамика оледенения и распределение количества ледников по речным бассейнам. Установлено, что в данном регионе, как и в других ледниковых бассейнах Большого Кавказа, оледенение сокращается. Площадь оледенения за полвека сократилась на 4.47 км2, или на 55.46. Количество ледников за этот же период уменьшилось на 10 (26.32 общего числа). Наблюдается также распад более крупных ледников, отчленение меньших ледников и сокращение их размеров. На месте растаявших ледников остаются малые ледники и снежники (каменные глетчеры). Сокращение площади оледенения Бишиней-Саладагского хребта может в перспективе привести к уменьшению водного баланса рек Каракойсу и Самур и влиять на водообеспеченность населения. №4(42) (2019)

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  • Развитие китайской экономики за последние 20 лет обусловлено ростом промышленности «Поднебесной», что сразу повлекло за собой рост потребности Китая в энергетических ресурсах. В 2003 г. по объемам потребляемой энергии Китайская Народная Республика вышла на второе место в мире, заняв позицию между США и Японией [1]. Собственных топливных ресурсов КНР уже недостаточно для запросов его развивающейся промышленности; поэтому с 1993 г. Китай начал импортировать нефть. Основными источниками оставался уголь и собственные ограниченные ресурсы углеводород, которые не способны покрыть местный спрос. В 2014 г. объем импорта нефти в КНР составил примерно 310 млн. тонн, а к 2030 г. удельный вес импортируемой нефти увеличится с нынешних на 80% [2]. Китайский импорт сырой нефти после США, занимает второе место в мире. Зависимость Китая от иностранной нефти достигла 59% в 2013 году, в то время как зависимость США не превышает 46,3%. Таким образом, в 2014 году импорт и экспорт ситуации из-за неочищенной нефти в Китае, особенно во второй половине обуславливает падение цен на нефть. Поэтому развитие торговых связей с КНР в топливно-энергетическом аспекте является ключевой ролью развития как самого Китая, так стран экспортеров. Количество последних, в условиях современных геополитических реалиях, будет очень сильно колебаться. Over the past 20 years, China’s economic growth is associated with the expansion of the industrial sector with the resultant increase in energy demand. In 2003, the Peoples Republic of China ranked second in terms of energy consumption behind the United States and ahead of Japan [1]. Domestic fuel supplies are no longer sufficient to satisfy the rising demand of the industrial sector; hence, in 1993, China began to import crude petroleum. Major energy sources are coal and scarce domestic hydrocarbon resources, which cannot meet the local demand. In 2014, China imported about 310 million tons of oil. By 2030, crude oil imports will rise by 80% [2]. China is now the second-largest importer of crude oil in the world after the United States. China's oil import dependence has reached 59% in 2013 while US import dependence does not exceed 46.3%. Therefore, the development of energy relations with China will contribute significantly to the economic growth of China and oil exporting countries. Contemporary geopolitical environment will lead to substantial fluctuations in the number of oil exporting countries.

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    Authors: I. S. Glushankova; E. V. Kalinina; E. N. Demina;

    The purification of industrial and surface wastewater from heavy metal ions (HMI) to requirements for the discharge of treated wastewater into natural waters is one of the most complicated environmental and technological problems. For the deep purification of waste water from the HMI, the use of cheap sorbents obtained from production waste is the most promising. One of the many-tonnage wastes of technology of inorganic substances is the sludge formed in the production of soda by the ammonia Solvay, s method. Currently, sludge is stored in sludge accumulators and is a long-term source of pollution of environmental objects. Scientific developments in the utilization of slimes with the production of building materials, etc., have not found wide practical use, which is due to the heterogeneity of the granulometric and chemical composition of the waste. Carried out X-ray phase analysis and studies of the physicochemical and chemical properties of waste samples showed that its main components are calcium carbonate (calcite) and calcium hydroxide (portlandite). It is known that the natural mineral limestone efficiently extracts HMI from aqueous solutions with the formation of less soluble basic salts, carbonates, and hydroxy carbonates of HM. It has been established that sludge samples have high sorption activity when copper(II) and zinc ions are extracted from low concentrated solutions (sorption capacity for copper ions is 35.0 mg/g, sorption capacity for zinc ions is 40 mg/g). To increase the operational properties, a method has been developed for the production of a modified granular sorbent based on the sludge of soda production, consisting in treating with sodium silicate. The effect of a dose of sodium silicate in the sorbent composition on the mechanical strength and sorption properties of the obtained samples was studied. It has been established that the introduction of 8,6% SiO2 into the sludge leads to an increase in the mechanical strength by 50–80%, and does not have a significant effect on the sorption activity of the material. The kinetic and sorption regularities of extraction of copper(II) ions and zinc on modified sorbents are revealed. Based on the analysis of the adsorption isotherms obtained, the adsorption equilibrium constants and maximum adsorption values (Amax (Cu2+) = 50.8 mg/g; Amax (Zn2+) = 97.1 mg/g) were determined. Obtained sorption materials can be recommended for wastewater treatment from HMI.

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    Theoretical and Applied Ecology
    Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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      Theoretical and Applied Ecology
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  • Environment is a generalized concept that characterizes the natural conditions of a certain area and its ecological state. In order to assess the harm from greenhouse gas emissions, it is necessary to understand the mechanism of their impact on the environment. Currently, greenhouse gas emissions and their regulation are one of the global problems of industrial enterprises that undertake and implement various approaches and mechanisms to address the negative impact of CO2 emissions into the atmosphere. Окружающая среда - обобщённое понятие, характеризующее природные условия некоторой местности и её экологическое состояние. Для того чтобы оценить вред от эмиссии парниковых газов, необходимо разобраться в самом механизме воздействия их на окружающую среду. В настоящее время выбросы парниковых газов и их регулирование являются одной из глобальных проблем промышленных предприятий, которые предпринимают и внедряют различные подходы и механизмы для решения негативного влияния выбросов в атмосферу. Экономика и предпринимательство, Выпуск 6 (155) 2023, Pages 260-267

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    В статье обоснована необходимость развития возобновляемых источников энергии, где наиболее перспективным направлением определено строительство солнечных электростанций. Проведен анализ существующих мощностей на основе возобновляемой энергии в рамках всего Мирового хозяйства за последние годы, при этом установлены основные направления инновационного развития солнечной энергетики. По результатам исследования было выявлено наличие активной инновационной деятельности в области солнечной энергетики, определены основные ее преимущества как относительно традиционных способов выработки энергии, так и прочих возобновляемых источников энергии. Данное исследование позволило сделать вывод, что регулярному использованию экологически чистых источников энергии препятствуют существенные материальные затраты. The article substantiates the necessity in developing renewable energy sources, where the construction of solar power plants are considered the most promising direction. The study conducts an analysis of the existing capacities based on renewable energy in the entire world economy in recent years, while also establishing the main directions of innovative development of solar energy. The results of the study determine the presence of active innovative activities in the field of solar energy, identifies its main advantages both in relation to traditional methods of energy generation and other renewable energy sources. This study allowed the authors to conclude that the regular use of environmentally friendly energy sources is hindered by significant material costs. Международный научно-исследовательский журнал, Выпуск 6 (108) 2021, Pages 129-131

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    https://dx.doi.org/10.23670/ir...
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    Climate change in the world is affecting the growing shortage of fresh water. States in the Mediterranean region that have already experienced the effects of these changes need to take the climate factor into account when managing water resources. Using the example of the Republic of Cyprus, specific adaptation measures were studied and evaluated on the basis of their effectiveness, sustainability in the face of climate change uncertainty and their sustainability in the environmental, socio-economic sectors, as well as potential barriers and risks associated with the implementation of adaptation. The presented review showed that many of the measures taken, which are considered to address the impact of climate change on water resources, increase the adaptive capacity of the water sector, but its overall vulnerability remains high, as water demand is still not met in certain areas and / or for certain uses during a drought.

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  • Analysis of the material of the petrochemical industry objects due to their long operation is extremely important to assess their safety. In this paper, we analyzed the effect of long-term operation of petrochemical equipment of unalloyed and low-alloyed steel at climatic temperatures in technological environments containing hydrogen sulfide on the degradation of the structure of this equipment. We have carried out calculations of carbon diffusion to the surface during decarburization, indicating a clear possibility of diffusion fluxes of interstitial elements occurring under climatic temperatures and long exposures. The paper presents data on the structure and technological precipitation of equipment components after long-term operation (30 years or more) in oil refineries. We have carried out calculations of carbon diffusion to the surface during decarburization, indicating a clear possibility of diffusion fluxes of interstitial elements occurring under climatic temperatures and long exposures. The reason for decarburization during operation in an environment containing hydrogen sulfide, in this case, should not be attributed to hydrogen corrosion, but to an oxide layer forming due to the presence of condensate and water vapor. Анализ состояния материала объектов нефтехимической промышленности в связи с их длительной эксплуатацией крайне важен для оценки их безопасности и работоспособности. В данной работе анализируется влияние на деградацию структуры нефтехимического оборудования из нелегированных и низколегированных сталей длительной эксплуатации при климатических температурах в технологических средах, содержащих сероводород. Приводятся данные исследования структуры и технологических отложений элементов оборудования после длительной (30 и более лет) эксплуатации на предприятиях нефтепереработки. Выполнены расчеты диффузии углерода к поверхности при обезуглероживании, которые указывают на явную возможность протекания при климатических температурах и длительных выдержках диффузионных потоков элементов внедрения. Причину обезуглероживания при работе в среде, содержащей сероводород, в данном случае следует связывать не с водородной коррозией, а с образованием оксидного слоя вследствие наличия конденсата и паров воды.

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    Authors: V. M. Shaber; I. V. Ivanova;

    The article is devoted to the solution of a complex of problems that arise in small and medium-scale treatment complexes, gas production plants and small and medium-capacity power plants associated with the processing of crude methane and the possibility of reducing the greenhouse effect.The economic feasibility of the development of fuel cells (FC) on raw biomethane was demonstrated by the authors in previous publications.The specificity of the solution of problems is focused on small and medium-scale treatment complexes, gas production plants and small and medium power plants.The aim of the study is to show the possibility of solving a multicomponent task of developing fuel cells, including the experimental determination of the actual use of sodium formate as a reducing agent for the production of electricity in a fuel cell (FC).Results are the following: the possibility of solving the issues of reducing greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere during processing of waste products of human vital activity is proved. A method for converting methane and carbon dioxide emissions into useful products is shown. Статья посвящена решению комплекса проблем, которые возникают на малых и средних очистных комплексах, заводах по производству газа и электростанциях малой и средней мощности, связанных с переработкой сырого метана и возможности уменьшения парникового эффекта.Экономическая целесообразность разработки топливных ячеек (ТЯ) на сыром биометане была показана авторами в прежних публикациях.Специфика решения задач ориентированна на малые и средние очистные комплексы, заводы по производству газа и электростанции малой и средней мощности.Цель исследования показать возможность решения многокомпонентной задачи развития топливных ячеек, включая экспериментальное определение реального использования формиата натрия в качестве восстановителя для производства электроэнергии в топливном элементе (ТЭ).Результаты доказана возможность решения вопросов снижения выбросов парниковых газов в атмосферу при переработке отходов продуктов жизнедеятельности человека. Показан способ преобразования выбросов метана и двуокиси углерода в полезные продукты. №5 (227) (2017)

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