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AbstractIntegrated cartography plays an important role in digital mapping. Based on Geographic Information System (GIS), this study presents an integrated cartography technique which consists of spatial data conversion, basal graph-object-oriented symbol design and seamless and adaptive map visualization. This technique is successfully applied for electronic navigation chart (ENC) mapping. In this research, basic graph-object-oriented symbol includes point-symbol design, line-symbol design and polygon-symbol design. In addition, adaptive visualization contains several essentials: rendering display, adaptive scale display, priority-based display, text annotation display, safe-depth display. Based on the above research, as a result, an ENC information software system has been developed. The main function modules include different scale spatial data conversing, field-data editing, graph-object-oriented symbol designing, map-viewer filling, dynamic pictures and character displaying, map layer controlling and database managing.

Abstract In present study, the concentrated photovoltaic thermal (PVT) has been proposed for higher thermal gain. The compound parabolic concentrator (CPC) has been also implemented with photovoltaic thermal (PVT) to increase higher input energy or solar radiation to get higher temperature. Here, water and dimethyl‐diphenyl silicone fluid (DMDP) have been considered as a fluid for proposed system. The comparative study of two fluids: water and DMDP has been presented. The maximum outlet fluid temperature of PVT (25% of collector area covered by PV module) - CPC collector have been optimized for 190 0C at mass flow rate=0.06 kg/s of this fluid. The area of receiver and aperture are 2 m2 and 4m2. The concentration ratio is 2. The area of semi-transparent (glass to glass) PV module is 0.5m2. The annual analysis has been carried out for a clear day condition for each month, New Delhi, India. Here, the net annual overall thermal energy and exergy have been found 304.46 kWh and 50.58 kWh, respectively. The electrical gain has also been found as 12.97 kWh. The proposed system has been designed for space heating or drying for many applications with self-sustainability feature.

Abstract In this work, the cascaded supercritical CO 2 system integrated with solar and biomass energy is proposed. The system contains two parts, i.e. the recompression cycle and the simple cycle. The solar receiver or biomass burner replaces the combustor chamber in conventional Brayton cycle. Energy analysis and exergy analysis are implemented to evaluate the feasibility of the proposed system. Under the consideration of the changes of solar irradiations and biomass complementary, the design and off-design thermodynamic performances of the system are numerically studied. Results indicate that the thermal efficiency of total system reaches 40.1%. Owing to the introduction of biomass input in the proposed system, the power generation efficiency is insensitive to solar radiations and times, and thus an efficient and stable utilization approach of solar energy and biomass is achieved at all work conditions. The theoretical results indicate that the cascaded supercritical CO 2 with multi-energies input as a power cycle is a promising option for the efficient utilization of the abundant solar and biomass resources in the Western China.

AbstractRobust ultrathin polymer membranes offer significant technical and economic advantage over conventional carbon capture methods due to their potential for high throughput, high selectivity, and relative ease of implementation. We have been developing a simple, ultrathin, polymer membrane system to capture CO2 from post-combustion industrial exhaust streams. The approach involves nano-engineered membrane fabrication using an LLNL-developed solvent-less vapor deposition followed by in-situ polymerization (SLIP) process. The SLIP process vapor deposits ultrathin polymer films onto high throughput substrates to fabricate composite membranes. Single component gas permeation tests for PMDA-ODA films with thicknesses between 100–1000 nm were conducted. Permeability was found to be in the 30–100 Barrer range while maintaining CO2/N2 selectivity of ∼20:1. Membrane performance may be enhanced via improved film quality, reduced thickness, the development of new materials which are compatible with the SLIP process, and a modeling effort to understand the underlying transport phenomena within the membrane material.

Abstract This paper presents an integrated numerical framework to co-optimize EOR and CO 2 storage performance in the Farnsworth field unit (FWU), Ochiltree County, Texas. The framework includes a field-scale compositional reservoir flow model, an uncertainty quantification model and a neural network optimization process. The reservoir flow model has been constructed based on the field geophysical, geological, and engineering data. A laboratory fluid analysis was tuned to an equation of state and subsequently used to predict the thermodynamic minimum miscible pressure (MMP). A history match of primary and secondary recovery processes was conducted to estimate the reservoir and multiphase flow parameters as the baseline case for analyzing the effect of recycling produced gas, infill drilling and water alternating gas (WAG) cycles on oil recovery and CO 2 storage. A multi-objective optimization model was defined for maximizing both oil recovery and CO 2 storage. The uncertainty quantification model comprising the Latin Hypercube sampling, Monte Carlo simulation, and sensitivity analysis, was used to study the effects of uncertain variables on the defined objective functions. Uncertain variables such as bottom hole injection pressure, WAG cycle, injection and production group rates, and gas-oil ratio among others were selected. The most significant variables were selected as control variables to be used for the optimization process. A neural network optimization algorithm was utilized to optimize the objective function both with and without geological uncertainty. The vertical permeability anisotropy (Kv/Kh) was selected as one of the uncertain parameters in the optimization process. The simulation results were compared to a scenario baseline case that predicted CO 2 storage of 74%. The results showed an improved approach for optimizing oil recovery and CO 2 storage in the FWU. The optimization process predicted more than 94% of CO 2 storage and most importantly about 28% of incremental oil recovery. The sensitivity analysis reduced the number of control variables to decrease computational time. A risk aversion factor was used to represent results at various confidence levels to assist management in the decision-making process. The defined objective functions were proved to be a robust approach to co-optimize oil recovery and CO 2 storage. The Farnsworth CO 2 project will serve as a benchmark for future CO 2 –EOR or CCUS projects in the Anadarko basin or geologically similar basins throughout the world.

AbstractSolar-aided upgrade of the energy content of fossil fuels, such as natural gas, can provide a near-term transition path towards a future solar-fuel economy and reduce carbon dioxide emission from fossil fuel consumption. Both steam and dry reforming a methane-containing fuel stream have been studied with concentrated solar power as the energy input to drive the highly endothermic reactions but the concept has not been demonstrated at a commercial scale. Under a current project with the U.S. Department of Energy, PNNL is developing an integrated solar thermochemical reaction system that combines solar concentrators with micro- and meso-channel reactors and heat exchangers to accomplish more than 20% solar augment of methane higher heating value. The objective of our three-year project is to develop and prepare for commercialization such solar reforming system with a high enough efficiency to serve as the frontend of a conventional natural gas (or biogas) combined cycle power plant, producing power with a levelized cost of electricity less than 6¢/kWh, without subsidies, by the year 2020. In this paper, we present results from the first year of our project that demonstrated a solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency as high as 69% with a prototype reaction system.

Abstract A solar chemical energy storage system with photochemical process and thermochemical process is proposed to convert full-spectrum solar energy into chemical energy. The ultraviolet and part of visible sunlight are firstly absorbed by norbornadiene derivatives, and the norbornadiene derivatives are converted into the related quadricyclane derivatives. When the quadricyclane derivatives are catalyzed, they are converted back to the norbornadiene derivatives for next cycle. The storage and releasing cycle are eco-friendly without CO2 emission. The rest of solar energy, which cannot be used in the solar photochemical process, are exploited by solar thermochemical process, providing heat for methanol decomposition. It is demonstrated that solar photochemical efficiency increases firstly and then it decreases with the increase of cut-off wavelength, while the solar thermochemical efficiency declines with the cut-off wavelength rising. In the hybrid system, the decrease of the solar thermochemical efficiency is balanced by an increase of the solar photochemical efficiency, and the maximum solar-to-chemical efficiency of the hybrid system reaches 68.7%.

Abstract This study was carried out to characterize CO 2 adsorption equilibrium and kinetics of commercial adsorbents that have potential for use in the pressure swing adsorption (PSA) process and also to provide a better understanding of CO 2 adsorption behaviour under wide ranges of operating conditions. A comprehensive set of data and the analysis for CO 2 adsorption equilibrium and kinetics are presented for six commercial adsorbents, i.e. zeolite 13x, zeolite 5A, zeolite 4A, carbon molecular sieve (MSC-3R), and activated carbons (GCA-830 and GCA-1240). The adsorption equilibrium and the kinetic data were taken at a temperature range of 293-333 K and pressure up to 35 atm. The CO 2 adsorption isotherm was found to follow typical a type-I isotherm classification according to IUPAC, representing a monolayer adsorption mechanism. Among the six commercial adsorbents tested, activated carbon GCA-1240 offered the highest adsorption capacity, and zeolite 4A provided the lowest capacity. The obtained isotherm data were correlated as a function of temperature and pressure to fit with different model equations ( i.e. Langmuir, Toth, Sips, and Prausnitz). The Sips model showed the best fit with the equilibrium data for zeolite 13X, zeolte 5A, zeolite 4A, and carbon molecular sieve (MSC-3R) while the Prausnitz model provided an excellent fit with the data for activated carbons (GCA-830 and GCA-1240). The isosteric heat of CO 2 adsorption was also estimated for individual adsorbents according to the Clausius-Clapeyron equation. The CO 2 adsorption kinetic, presented in terms of mass transfer coefficients ( k ), were analyzed from the plots of CO 2 uptake rate using the well-recognized linear driving force (LDF) model. The k values were correlated by non-linear regression to reveal effects of adsorption temperature and pressure. Activation energies of CO 2 adsorption on the individual adsorbents were also calculated and correlated according to the Arrhenius equation.