• Energy Research

The correct Be definition is given. Also, the ψ expression is discussed.

Throughout human history, water and energy have played pivotal roles in the expansion and progress of societies. However, the availability of fresh water on Earth is limited, constituting less than 3% of the global water resources. Moreover, the distribution of freshwater across countries is inequitable, with a considerable amount being returned to oceans and underground reservoirs. The escalating effects of global warming further disrupt the natural water cycle, posing a serious threat to numerous countries in the form of drought and famine. To meet the increasing demand for freshwater, desalination technologies have been widely employed worldwide. Nevertheless, most of the existing commercial desalination methods heavily rely on fossil fuels and contribute to significant greenhouse gas emissions, exacerbating the issue of global warming. Consequently, the integration of hybrid renewable energy sources into desalination processes emerges as a promising solution to simultaneously address the freshwater demand and combat global warming. So, utilizing hybrid renewable energy supply to drive various desalination technologies is a very promising solution to meet freshwater demands and help mitigating the global warming problem. Therefore, it is imperative to gain a comprehensive understanding of the latest advancements in hybrid renewable energy-driven desalination technologies to guide future research endeavors in this domain. The primary objective of this study is to perform a bibliometric analysis in order to identify the key sources, authors, countries, research institutions, and topics within the field of hybrid renewable energy-driven desalination technologies. By utilizing the R Bibliometrix library and the biblioshiny application, a dataset comprising 451 publications obtained from the Scopus database was analyzed. The results of the analysis reveal a substantial increase in the annual publication rate within this research field over the past five years. Notably, Iran, the United States, and China have emerged as leading contributors in terms of total publications. However, it is noteworthy that countries in the Middle East and the Mediterranean region, in addition to China and the USA, exhibit prominent involvement in various categories of research within this field.

Solar parks are mega solar projects to fast track renewable energy integration, while avoiding redundancy in electro-mechnical infrastruturing and land acquiring procedures. However these ground-mounted grid-integrated solar photovoltaic projects require vast land banks, which remain covered for the lifetime of the project.. The socio-economic and environmental externalities on at micro level affecting livelihoods often go unaccounted. Earlier works on impact assessment of large solar parks have considered environment, ecology, micro-climate at large while impact on livelihoods and long term externalities on socitial issues were not addressed. The effectivnes of agrivolticas as a mitigation mechanism was primarlity focused on type of crops vis-à-vis height of structures, water management and economic outputs. The current work has a reviewed agrivoltaic projects in India and identified the managaement practices, constraints, cost econmoics and policy framework. A review of works done on solar park impact assessment and mitigation mechanism by agrivoltaics are done in detail. The work has considered agrivoltaics from a social aspect and focused on impacts due to loss of livelihoods and associated externalities under social impact classification. A methodology in which agrivoltaics is taken as a self healing mechanism to environment and society is adopted. A conventional solar plant and an agrivoltaic plant are considered for study and three livelihood mechanisms namely medicinal plants, poultry and bee keeping are considered for techno-commecrcial analysis. It is found that while the medicinal plants in PV plants can improve the income by 8%, while poultry in solar parks bring additional income of 83%, considering one lifecycle, while bee keeping bring additional income of 4%. The economic analysis shows that agrivoltaic without workable business models for a captive power plant with 0.14$/kWh FiT breakeven at 3 years and 9 months while a captive plant with the same FiT without agrivoltaics breaks even in 2 years and 4 months. A captive plant with 0.14 $/kWh FiT with a workable business model will breakeven in 3 years and 3 months. A grid tied solar PV plants with a FiT of 0.03 $/kWh which has a breakeven of 13 years without agrivoltaics, may not breakeven within 25 years (plant life) without a workable business model. However, with a workable business model for agrivoltaics the grid tied solar PV plant with a FiT of 0.03 $/kWh will have a breakeven in 17 years and 8 months.The social impact assessment conclude that, livelihood impacts can lead to extinction of cultures, urban migrations, growth of uncontrolled peri‑urban regions, the long term impacts are beyond economics. Thus social impact mitigation cost (SIMC) along with environemental impact mitigation cost (EIMC) are considered as incentives or subsidied and the levelised cost of energy (LCOE) is calculated. It is found that levelised cost of energy for the conventional ground mounted solar PV plant is 0.03 $/kWh while for agrivoltaic plant without subsidies and incentives the LCOE is 0.052 $/kWh. For the agrivoltaic plant with a subsidy of 30% the LCOE is 0.046 $/kWh and with a further green incentive billing the LCOE can be brought down to 0.041 $/ kWh.

La présente recherche étudie la viabilité technico-économique de deux cas de systèmes énergétiques hybrides pour des solutions énergétiques durables dans une zone urbaine connue pour son ensoleillement abondant. Ces cas impliquent des combinaisons de photovoltaïque (PV) et de biomasse, avec des composants supplémentaires tels qu'un électrolyseur et une pile à combustible (FC). Le cas 1 comprend le PV/biomasse/électrolyseur, tandis que le cas 2 comprend le PV/biomasse/pile à combustible/électrolyseur/batterie, visant à produire de l'électricité et de l'hydrogène. Cet article a analysé les demandes d'énergie industrielle pendant les périodes hors saison, de mi-saison et de haute saison. Le système optimal pour le cas 2 est le plus fiable avec un panneau photovoltaïque de 23645 kW, un générateur de biogaz de 3800 kW, un convertisseur de 3821 kW, une pile à combustible de 250 kW, un électrolyseur de 600 kW, un réservoir de stockage d'hydrogène de 600 kg (Htank) et un système de secours de 30 batteries avec une stratégie d'envoi CC pour les consommateurs hors saison. Pour les utilisateurs en haute saison, le système dispose de 23789 kW de panneaux photovoltaïques, de 3800 kW de générateurs de biogaz, de 3861 kW de convertisseurs, de 250 kW de FC, de 1000 kW d'électrolyseur, de 1000 kg de Htank et de 30 batteries de réserve avec un plan d'expédition LF. Les résultats de la recherche suggèrent que l'utilisation de PV/biomasse/FC/électrolyseur/batterie est une stratégie plus réalisable et économique en raison des avantages du système. L'augmentation estimée du LCOE a été causée par la hausse du taux d'actualisation et des prix du carburant. La presente investigación investiga la viabilidad tecno-económica de dos casos de sistemas de energía híbrida para soluciones energéticas sostenibles en una zona urbana conocida por su abundante luz solar. Estos casos involucran combinaciones de energía fotovoltaica (PV) y biomasa, con componentes adicionales como un electrolizador y una celda de combustible (FC). El caso 1 comprende PV/biomasa/electrolizador, mientras que el caso 2 incluye PV/biomasa/pila de combustible/electrolizador/batería, con el objetivo de producir electricidad e hidrógeno. Este documento analizó las demandas de energía industrial en los períodos de temporada baja, media y alta. El sistema óptimo para el caso 2 es el más fiable con un panel fotovoltaico de 23645 kW, un generador de biogás de 3800 kW, un convertidor de 3821 kW, una pila de combustible de 250 kW, un electrolizador de 600 kW, un tanque de almacenamiento de hidrógeno de 600 kg (Htank) y un sistema de respaldo de 30 baterías con una estrategia de envío de CC para consumidores fuera de temporada. Para los usuarios de temporada alta, el sistema cuenta con 23789 kW de paneles fotovoltaicos, 3800 kW de generadores de biogás, 3861 kW de convertidores, 250 kW de FC, 1000 kW de electrolizador, 1000 kg de Htank y 30 bancos de salas de respaldo de baterías con un plan de despacho LF. Los resultados de la investigación sugieren que la utilización de PV/biomasa/FC/electrolizador/batería es una estrategia más factible y económica debido a los beneficios del sistema. El aumento estimado en el LCOE fue causado por el aumento de la tasa de descuento y los precios del combustible. The present research investigates the techno-economic viability of two cases of hybrid energy systems for sustainable energy solutions in an urban area known for its abundant sunlight. These cases involve combinations of photovoltaic (PV) and biomass, with additional components such as an electrolyzer and fuel cell (FC). Case 1 comprises PV/biomass/electrolyzer, while Case 2 includes PV/biomass/fuel cell/electrolyzer/battery, aiming to produce electricity and hydrogen. This paper analyzed industrial power demands across off-season, middle-season, and peak-season periods. The optimal system for case 2 is the most reliable one with a 23645-kW PV panel, a 3800-kW biogas generator, a 3821-kW converter, a 250-kW fuel cell, a 600-kW electrolyzer, a 600-kg hydrogen storage tank (Htank), and a 30-battery backup system with a CC send-off strategy for off-season consumers. For peak-season users, the system has 23789-kW of PV panels, 3800-kW of biogas generators, 3861-kW of converters, 250-kW of FC, 1000-kW of electrolyzer, 1000-kg of Htank, and 30 battery backup room banks with an LF dispatch plan. The research findings suggest that utilizing PV/biomass/FC/electrolyzer/battery is a more feasible and economical strategy due to system benefits. The estimated increase in the LCOE was caused by the rising discount rate and fuel prices. يبحث البحث الحالي في الجدوى التقنية والاقتصادية لحالتين من أنظمة الطاقة الهجينة لحلول الطاقة المستدامة في منطقة حضرية معروفة بأشعة الشمس الوفيرة. تتضمن هذه الحالات مجموعات من الخلايا الكهروضوئية (PV) والكتلة الحيوية، مع مكونات إضافية مثل المحلل الكهربائي وخلية الوقود (FC). تشتمل الحالة 1 على PV/الكتلة الحيوية/المحلل الكهربائي، بينما تتضمن الحالة 2 PV/الكتلة الحيوية/خلية الوقود/المحلل الكهربائي/البطارية، بهدف إنتاج الكهرباء والهيدروجين. حللت هذه الورقة متطلبات الطاقة الصناعية خلال فترات غير الموسم والموسم المتوسط وموسم الذروة. النظام الأمثل للحالة 2 هو الأكثر موثوقية مع لوحة PV 23645 - kW، ومولد غاز حيوي 3800 - kW، ومحول 3821 - kW، وخلية وقود 250 - kW، ومحلل كهربائي 600 - kW، وخزان تخزين هيدروجين 600 - kg (Htank)، ونظام نسخ احتياطي 30 بطارية مع استراتيجية إرسال CC للمستهلكين خارج الموسم. بالنسبة لمستخدمي موسم الذروة، يحتوي النظام على 23789 كيلو واط من الألواح الكهروضوئية، و 3800 كيلو واط من مولدات الغاز الحيوي، و 3861 كيلو واط من المحولات، و 250 كيلو واط من FC، و 1000 كيلو واط من المحلل الكهربائي، و 1000 كجم من Htank، و 30 بنك غرفة بطارية احتياطية مع خطة إرسال LF. تشير نتائج البحث إلى أن استخدام الكهروضوئية/الكتلة الحيوية/FC/المحلل الكهربائي/البطارية هو استراتيجية أكثر جدوى واقتصادية بسبب فوائد النظام. كانت الزيادة المقدرة في LCOE ناتجة عن ارتفاع معدل الخصم وأسعار الوقود.

Rural electrification is exhaustive, costly, and lacks paybacks while renewable energy interventions are policy-influenced usually taking a top-down approach. The livelihood activities are energy intensive, while specific in nature and requirement. There exists an inherent nexus among rural livelihoods between energy-water-food, which is often not explored., while polygeneration and cogeneration methods can benefit this nexus. Parabolic trough collectors (PTC), heliostats, and Linear Fresnel Reflectors (LFR) are solar concentrators used for high-temperature steam generation. The LFR has the advantage of easy installation, reduced structures, good optical efficiency, flexible designs, and direct steam generation at a temperature range of 80 C - to 400 C, which can be a techno-commercial competitor for evacuated tube collectors (ETC) and PTC. An extensive review of the energy requirement in various rural livelihoods and the potential of solar concentrators with a focus on the PTC and LFR, with their limitation and the advantages are done. While the LFR can match the optical efficiency of the PTC, it is found that the two-phase flow and the entropy generation are the limitations, while easy installations, custom designs, and reduced structures are the advantages over the PTC. The review and comparison have found that there is a difference between the thermal energy produced per mirror area and the land area with respect to PTC and the LFR. Concerning application in the diary industry, it is found that with the modifications in LFR, the thermal energy produced per square meter of land by LFR can be 300 MWh/m2, while the PTC produces 225 MWh / m2 in comparison with 180 MWh /m2. This shows that LFR modifications including reduced receiver height, inclined mirror, and double reflectors can make it the ideal solar collector for rural livelihood applications for low-medium heat requirements.

Abstract In this study, A note on the Chisholm parameter (C) equation in RELAP is presented. In literature, some researchers mentioned that the Chisholm parameter (C) value in RELAP could be calculated from the modified Baroczy correlation in terms of total mass flux (G), and the properties of each phases (ρg, μg, ρf, μf). From this note, it can be shown that the Chisholm parameter (C) is less than zero at high values of the mass flux (G) for the Baroczy dimensionless property index (Λ) value = 0.0019. This is incorrect because the minimum value of the Chisholm parameter (C) is zero.

© 2022 Elsevier LtdIn order to meet the energy demand and reduce the environmental pollution, it is necessary utilize photovoltaic (PV) module to produce electrical energy. There are many factors such as solar radiation, PV module material, wind energy, soiling factor, shading effect, geographical location, cell temperature is affecting the performance of the PV module. In this context, the performance of the multi crystalline based two PV plants has been examined. In this work, test is carried out in two solar plants installed at Kastoria, Greece (500kW, ground mounted) and Kocaeli, Turkey (110kW, roof mounted) and the results are compared with PVSYST software simulation results. From the results, it is found that the temperature losses for Kastoria and Kocaeli plants are obtained as 7.9% and 7.6% respectively. This leads to increase the performance ratio of 79% and 72.2% for Kastoria and Kocaeli plants respectively. Similarly, the maximum energy output is obtained for PVGIS database for all three models (Liu Jordan model, Hay Davies model and Perez model). The Internal Rate of Return for Kocaeli plant is 7.08% and for Kastoria plant is 6.71%. In addition, the Net Present Value for Kastoria and Kocaeli plant is obtained as 821900€ and 174072€ respectively.

Solar desalination systems are a promising solution to the water scarcity problem since the majority of the earth’s water resources are salty. With the increasing focus on desalination research, many innovative methods are being developed to extract salts from saline water. Energy consumption is a significant concern in desalination, and renewable energy, particularly solar energy, is considered a viable alternative to fossil fuel energy. In this review, we will focus on direct and indirect solar desalination methods, specifically traditional direct solar desalination methods such as solar still and humidification dehumidification (HDH) desalination systems. We will also briefly discuss a recent advancement in the desalination method known as the fogging process, which is a development of the HDH desalination system.

The air conditioning and refrigeration applications use a significant portion of the electrical energy. This research analyses a performance of refrigeration system, which comprises on different configurations of solar based organic Rankine cycle (ORC) and vapor compression refrigeration (VCR) cycles requiring low evaporation temperatures. In this research, the dry natural hydrocarbons such as n-Decane, n-Dodecane and Toluene have been chosen to serve as the working fluids in ORC. Whereas in VCR cycle natural hydrocarbons such as Ethane, Propane, isobutane, isopentane and isohexane have been used because traditional working fluids have a negative environmental impact due to high values of ozone depletion and global warming potential. The simulated results showed that the facility can be operated efficiently with the use solar thermal energy resources within the temperature range 90 to 315ºC and decreasing the need for conventional fossil fuel resources. It was also revealed that the highest efficiency was achieved by n-Dodecane in regenerative ORC, which is 35.34 % at the evaporation temperature of 315ºC and the highest overall coefficient of performance (COPoverall) in regenerative ORCCRS facility was achieved by n-Dodecane in ORC and isopentane in refrigeration cycle which is 1.017 while in case of Simple ORC–VCR facility the highest COPoverall was achieved by Toluene in ORC and isopentane in refrigeration cycle, which is 0.7174 at the evaporation temperature 315ºC.