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  • Energy Research

  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Lydia de la Cruz-Amo; Guillermo Bañares-de-Dios; Victoria Cala; Íñigo Granzow-de la Cerda; +6 Authors

    Los bosques montanos tropicales (TMF) desempeñan un papel importante como reservorio de carbono a escala mundial. Sin embargo, existe una falta de comprensión integral sobre la variación en el almacenamiento de carbono entre los compartimentos de TMF (a saber, biomasa sobre el suelo [AGB], biomasa subterránea [BGB] y materia orgánica del suelo) a lo largo de los gradientes altitudinales y ambientales y sus posibles compensaciones. Este estudio tiene como objetivo: 1) comprender cómo varían las reservas de carbono a lo largo de los gradientes altitudinales en los TMF andinos, y; 2) determinar la influencia del clima, particularmente la estacionalidad de las precipitaciones, en la distribución de las reservas de carbono en diferentes compartimentos forestales. El estudio se realizó en sesenta parcelas de 0,1 ha a lo largo de dos gradientes altitudinales en el Parque Nacional Podocarpus (Ecuador) y el Parque Nacional Río Abiseo (Perú). En cada parcela, calculamos la cantidad de carbono en AGB (es decir, reserva de carbono por encima del suelo, AGC), BGB (es decir, reserva de carbono por debajo del suelo, BGC) y materia orgánica del suelo (es decir, reserva de carbono orgánico del suelo, SOC). La reserva total media de carbono encontrada en las parcelas en todos los sitios fue de 229,02 ± 68,06 Mg ha-1. Aunque AGC, BGC y SOC mostraron diferentes patrones de partición a lo largo del gradiente altitudinal tanto en Ecuador como en Perú, el stock total de carbono no cambió con la altitud en ninguno de los sitios. La reserva total media de carbono encontrada en las parcelas en todos los sitios fue de 229,02 ± 68,06 Mg ha-1. La combinación de la temperatura media anual y la estacionalidad de las precipitaciones explicó las diferencias en los patrones observados de las reservas de carbono en los compartimentos forestales entre los dos sitios. Este estudio sugiere que la mayor estacionalidad de precipitación de las altitudes más frías y altas promueve tasas de rotación más rápidas de materia orgánica y nutrientes y, en consecuencia, menos acumulación de COS pero mayor AGC y BGC, en comparación con aquellos sitios con menor estacionalidad de precipitación. Nuestros resultados demuestran la capacidad de los TMF para almacenar cantidades sustanciales de carbono y sugieren la existencia de una compensación en las reservas de carbono entre los compartimentos forestales, que podría deberse en parte a las diferencias en la estacionalidad de las precipitaciones, especialmente bajo las temperaturas más frías de las grandes altitudes. Les forêts tropicales montagnardes (FTM) jouent un rôle important en tant que réservoir de carbone à l'échelle mondiale. Cependant, il existe un manque de compréhension globale de la variation du stockage du carbone dans les compartiments des TMF (à savoir la biomasse aérienne [AGB], la biomasse souterraine [BGB] et la matière organique du sol) le long des gradients altitudinaux et environnementaux et de leurs compromis potentiels. Cette étude vise à : 1) comprendre comment les stocks de carbone varient le long des gradients altitudinaux dans les TMF andins, et ; 2) déterminer l'influence du climat, en particulier la saisonnalité des précipitations, sur la répartition des stocks de carbone entre les différents compartiments forestiers. L'étude a été menée sur soixante parcelles de 0,1 ha le long de deux pentes altitudinales du parc national de Podocarpus (Équateur) et du parc national de Río Abiseo (Pérou). À chaque placette, nous avons calculé la quantité de carbone dans l'AGB (c.-à-d. le stock de carbone aérien, AGC), le BGB (c.-à-d. le stock de carbone souterrain, BGC) et la matière organique du sol (c.-à-d. le stock de carbone organique du sol, SOC). Le stock total moyen de carbone trouvé dans les placettes à travers les sites était de 229,02 ± 68,06 Mg ha-1. Bien que l'AGC, le BGC et le SOC aient montré des schémas de partitionnement différents le long du gradient altitudinal à la fois en Équateur et au Pérou, le stock total de carbone n'a pas changé avec l'altitude dans les deux sites. Le stock total moyen de carbone trouvé dans les placettes à travers les sites était de 229,02 ± 68,06 Mg ha-1. La combinaison de la température moyenne annuelle et de la saisonnalité des précipitations expliquait les différences dans les modèles observés de stocks de carbone entre les compartiments forestiers entre les deux sites. Cette étude suggère que la plus grande saisonnalité des précipitations des altitudes plus froides et plus élevées favorise des taux de renouvellement plus rapides de la matière organique et des nutriments et, par conséquent, moins d'accumulation de COS mais plus d'AGC et de BGC, par rapport aux sites avec moins de saisonnalité des précipitations. Nos résultats démontrent la capacité des TMF à stocker des quantités substantielles de carbone et suggèrent l'existence d'un compromis dans les stocks de carbone entre les compartiments forestiers, ce qui pourrait être en partie dû aux différences de saisonnalité des précipitations, en particulier sous les températures plus froides des hautes altitudes. Tropical montane forests (TMFs) play an important role as a carbon reservoir at a global scale. However, there is a lack of a comprehensive understanding on the variation in carbon storage across TMF compartments (namely aboveground biomass [AGB], belowground biomass [BGB], and soil organic matter) along altitudinal and environmental gradients and their potential trade-offs. This study aims to: 1) understand how carbon stocks vary along altitudinal gradients in Andean TMFs, and; 2) determine the influence of climate, particularly precipitation seasonality, on the distribution of carbon stocks across different forest compartments. The study was conducted in sixty 0.1 ha plots along two altitudinal gradients at the Podocarpus National Park (Ecuador) and Río Abiseo National Park (Peru). At each plot, we calculated the amount of carbon in AGB (i.e. aboveground carbon stock, AGC), BGB (i.e. belowground carbon stock, BGC), and soil organic matter (i.e. soil organic carbon stock, SOC). The mean total carbon stock found in plots across sites was 229.02 ± 68.06 Mg ha-1. Although AGC, BGC and SOC showed different partitioning patterns along the altitudinal gradient both in Ecuador and Peru, total carbon stock did not change with altitude in either site. The mean total carbon stock found in plots across sites was 229.02 ± 68.06 Mg ha-1. The combination of annual mean temperature and precipitation seasonality explained differences in the observed patterns of carbon stocks across forest compartments between the two sites. This study suggests that the greater precipitation seasonality of colder, higher altitudes promotes faster turnover rates of organic matter and nutrients and, consequently, less accumulation of SOC but greater AGC and BGC, compared to those sites with lesser precipitation seasonality. Our results demonstrate the capacity of TMFs to store substantial amounts of carbon and suggest the existence of a trade-off in carbon stocks among forest compartments, which could be partly driven by differences in precipitation seasonality, especially under the colder temperatures of high altitudes. تلعب الغابات الجبلية المدارية (TMFs) دورًا مهمًا كمستودع للكربون على نطاق عالمي. ومع ذلك، هناك نقص في الفهم الشامل للتباين في تخزين الكربون عبر مقصورات TMF (أي الكتلة الحيوية فوق الأرض [AGB]، والكتلة الحيوية تحت الأرض [BGB]، والمواد العضوية في التربة) على طول التدرجات الارتفاعية والبيئية ومفاضلاتها المحتملة. تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى: 1) فهم كيفية اختلاف مخزونات الكربون على طول التدرجات الارتفاعية في TMFs الأنديز، و 2) تحديد تأثير المناخ، وخاصة موسمية هطول الأمطار، على توزيع مخزونات الكربون عبر أقسام الغابات المختلفة. أجريت الدراسة على ستين قطعة أرض مساحتها 0.1 هكتار على طول اثنين من التدرجات الارتفاعية في حديقة بودوكاربوس الوطنية (الإكوادور) ومتنزه ريو أبيسيو الوطني (بيرو). في كل قطعة أرض، قمنا بحساب كمية الكربون في AGB (أي مخزون الكربون فوق الأرض، AGC)، BGB (أي مخزون الكربون تحت الأرض، BGC)، والمواد العضوية في التربة (أي مخزون الكربون العضوي في التربة، SOC). بلغ متوسط إجمالي مخزون الكربون الموجود في قطع الأراضي عبر المواقع 229.02 ± 68.06 ملغ هكتار-1. على الرغم من أن AGC و BGC و SOC أظهرت أنماط تقسيم مختلفة على طول التدرج الطولي في كل من الإكوادور وبيرو، إلا أن إجمالي مخزون الكربون لم يتغير مع الارتفاع في أي من الموقعين. بلغ متوسط إجمالي مخزون الكربون الموجود في قطع الأراضي عبر المواقع 229.02 ± 68.06 ملغ هكتار-1. وأوضح الجمع بين متوسط درجة الحرارة السنوية وموسمية هطول الأمطار الاختلافات في الأنماط المرصودة لمخزونات الكربون عبر مقصورات الغابات بين الموقعين. تشير هذه الدراسة إلى أن زيادة موسمية هطول الأمطار في الارتفاعات الأكثر برودة والأعلى تعزز معدلات دوران أسرع للمواد العضوية والمغذيات، وبالتالي، تراكم أقل لمخزون الكربون العضوي في التربة ولكن AGC و BGC أكبر، مقارنة بتلك المواقع ذات موسمية هطول أقل. تظهر نتائجنا قدرة TMFs على تخزين كميات كبيرة من الكربون وتشير إلى وجود مقايضة في مخزونات الكربون بين مقصورات الغابات، والتي يمكن أن تكون مدفوعة جزئيًا بالاختلافات في موسمية هطول الأمطار، خاصة في ظل درجات الحرارة الأكثر برودة على ارتفاعات عالية.

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    Frontiers in Plant Science
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Niall P. McNamara; Andrew T. Nottingham; Andrew T. Nottingham; Jeanette Whitaker; +6 Authors

    Les enzymes du sol sont des catalyseurs de dépolymérisation de la matière organique, ce qui est d'une importance cruciale pour le cycle du carbone (C) de l'écosystème. Une meilleure compréhension de la sensibilité des enzymes à la température permettra d'améliorer les prévisions des impacts du changement climatique sur les stocks de C du sol. Ces impacts peuvent être particulièrement importants dans les forêts montagnardes tropicales, qui contiennent de grandes quantités de sol C. Nous avons déterminé la sensibilité à la température (Q 10) d'une gamme d'enzymes hydrolytiques et oxydatives impliquées dans le cycle de la matière organique des sols le long d'un gradient d'élévation de 1900 m (un gradient de température annuel moyen de 10 °C) de la forêt montagnarde tropicale dans les Andes péruviennes. Nous avons examiné si l'activité (V max) des enzymes sélectionnées : (i) présentait un Q 10 qui variait en fonction de l'altitude et/ou des propriétés du sol ; et (ii) variait entre les enzymes et selon la complexité du substrat cible pour les enzymes de dégradation du C. Le Q 10 de V max pour la β-glucosidase et la β-xylanase augmentait avec l'augmentation de l'élévation et la baisse de la température moyenne annuelle. Pour toutes les autres enzymes, y compris la cellobiohydrolase, la N-acétyl β-glucosaminidase et la phosphomonoestérase, le Q 10 de V max ne variait pas linéairement avec l'élévation. Les enzymes hydrolytiques qui dégradent les composés C plus complexes avaient un Q 10 supérieur à V max, mais ce modèle ne s'appliquait pas aux enzymes oxydatives car la phénol oxydase avait la valeur Q 10 la plus faible de toutes les enzymes étudiées ici. Nos résultats suggèrent que les différences régionales dans les sensibilités à la température des différentes classes d'enzymes peuvent influencer le cycle du C terrestre dans le cadre du réchauffement climatique futur. Las enzimas del suelo son catalizadores de la despolimerización de la materia orgánica, que es de importancia crítica para el ciclo del carbono (C) del ecosistema. Una mejor comprensión de la sensibilidad de las enzimas a la temperatura permitirá mejorar las predicciones de los impactos del cambio climático en las poblaciones de C del suelo. Estos impactos pueden ser especialmente grandes en los bosques montanos tropicales, que contienen grandes cantidades de suelo C. Determinamos la sensibilidad a la temperatura (Q 10) de una gama de enzimas hidrolíticas y oxidativas involucradas en el ciclo de la materia orgánica de los suelos a lo largo de un gradiente de elevación de 1900 m (un gradiente de temperatura media anual de 10 ° C) del bosque montano tropical en los Andes peruanos. Investigamos si la actividad (V máx) de las enzimas seleccionadas: (i) exhibía una Q 10 que variaba con la elevación y/o las propiedades del suelo; y (ii) variaba entre las enzimas y de acuerdo con la complejidad del sustrato objetivo para las enzimas degradantes de C. El Q 10 de V máx para β-glucosidasa y β-xilanasa aumentó con el aumento de la elevación y la disminución de la temperatura media anual. Para todas las demás enzimas, incluidas la celobiohidrolasa, la N-acetil β-glucosaminidasa y la fosfomonoesterasa, el Q 10 de V max no varió linealmente con la elevación. Las enzimas hidrolíticas que degradan compuestos C más complejos tuvieron un mayor Q 10 de V máx, pero este patrón no se aplicó a las enzimas oxidativas porque la fenol oxidasa tuvo el valor Q 10 más bajo de todas las enzimas estudiadas aquí. Nuestros hallazgos sugieren que las diferencias regionales en las sensibilidades a la temperatura de diferentes clases de enzimas pueden influir en el ciclo C terrestre bajo el calentamiento climático futuro. Soil enzymes are catalysts of organic matter depolymerisation, which is of critical importance for ecosystem carbon (C) cycling. Better understanding of the sensitivity of enzymes to temperature will enable improved predictions of climate change impacts on soil C stocks. These impacts may be especially large in tropical montane forests, which contain large amounts of soil C. We determined the temperature sensitivity (Q 10) of a range of hydrolytic and oxidative enzymes involved in organic matter cycling from soils along a 1900 m elevation gradient (a 10 °C mean annual temperature gradient) of tropical montane forest in the Peruvian Andes. We investigated whether the activity (V max) of selected enzymes: (i) exhibited a Q 10 that varied with elevation and/or soil properties; and (ii) varied among enzymes and according to the complexity of the target substrate for C-degrading enzymes. The Q 10 of V max for β-glucosidase and β-xylanase increased with increasing elevation and declining mean annual temperature. For all other enzymes, including cellobiohydrolase, N-acetyl β-glucosaminidase and phosphomonoesterase, the Q 10 of V max did not vary linearly with elevation. Hydrolytic enzymes that degrade more complex C compounds had a greater Q 10 of V max, but this pattern did not apply to oxidative enzymes because phenol oxidase had the lowest Q 10 value of all enzymes studied here. Our findings suggest that regional differences in the temperature sensitivities of different enzyme classes may influence the terrestrial C cycle under future climate warming. إنزيمات التربة هي محفزات لإزالة بلمرة المواد العضوية، وهو أمر ذو أهمية حاسمة لدورة الكربون (C) في النظام البيئي. إن الفهم الأفضل لحساسية الإنزيمات لدرجة الحرارة سيمكن من تحسين التنبؤات بتأثيرات تغير المناخ على مخزونات التربة C. قد تكون هذه التأثيرات كبيرة بشكل خاص في الغابات الجبلية الاستوائية، التي تحتوي على كميات كبيرة من التربة C. حددنا حساسية درجة الحرارة (Q 10) لمجموعة من الإنزيمات الهيدرولية والمؤكسدة المشاركة في تدوير المواد العضوية من التربة على طول تدرج ارتفاع 1900 متر (متوسط تدرج درجة الحرارة السنوية 10 درجة مئوية) من الغابات الجبلية الاستوائية في جبال الأنديز في بيرو. لقد تحققنا مما إذا كان نشاط (V max) الإنزيمات المختارة: (1) أظهر Q 10 يختلف باختلاف الارتفاع و/أو خصائص التربة ؛ و (2) يختلف بين الإنزيمات ووفقًا لتعقيد الركيزة المستهدفة للإنزيمات المتحللة C. زاد Q 10 من V max لـ β - glucosidase و β - xylanase مع زيادة الارتفاع وانخفاض متوسط درجة الحرارة السنوية. بالنسبة لجميع الإنزيمات الأخرى، بما في ذلك سيلوبيوهيدرولاز و N - acetyl β - glucosaminidase و phosphomonoesterase، لم يتغير Q 10 من V max خطيًا مع الارتفاع. كانت الإنزيمات المائية التي تحلل مركبات C الأكثر تعقيدًا تحتوي على Q 10 أكبر من V max، لكن هذا النمط لم ينطبق على الإنزيمات المؤكسدة لأن أكسيديز الفينول كان لديه أقل قيمة Q 10 من جميع الإنزيمات التي تمت دراستها هنا. تشير النتائج التي توصلنا إليها إلى أن الاختلافات الإقليمية في حساسيات درجات الحرارة لفئات الإنزيمات المختلفة قد تؤثر على دورة C الأرضية في ظل الاحترار المناخي في المستقبل.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Sophie Fauset; Manuel Gloor; Nikolaos M. Fyllas; Oliver L. Phillips; +49 Authors

    On pense que le climat, la composition des espèces et les sols contrôlent le cycle du carbone et la structure des forêts amazoniennes. Ici, nous ajoutons un schéma démographique (recrutement, croissance et mortalité des arbres) à un modèle non démographique récemment développé - le simulateur de forêt basé sur les traits (TFS) – pour explorer les rôles du climat et des traits des plantes dans le contrôle de la productivité et de la structure des forêts. Nous avons comparé deux sites avec des climats différents (précipitations saisonnières versus saisonnières) et des traits végétaux. Grâce à une simulation de validation initiale, nous avons évalué si le modèle converge sur les propriétés forestières observées (productivité, variables démographiques et structurelles) en utilisant des ensembles de données de traits fonctionnels, de structure et de climat pour modéliser le cycle du carbone aux deux sites. Dans un deuxième ensemble de simulations, nous avons testé l'importance relative du climat et des traits végétaux pour les propriétés forestières dans le cadre de la TFS en utilisant le climat des deux sites avec des distributions de traits hypothétiques représentant deux axes de variation fonctionnelle (traits foliaires « rapides » par rapport à « lents » et densité de bois élevée par rapport à faible). Le modèle adapté avec les données démographiques reproduit la variation observée de la production primaire brute (GPP) et nette (NPP) et de la respiration. Cependant, la NPP et la respiration au niveau des organes de la plante (feuille, tige et racine) ont été mal simulées. Les taux de mortalité et de recrutement ont été sous-estimés. La structure de la forêt d'équilibre différait des observations du nombre de tiges suggérant soit que les forêts ne sont pas actuellement à l'équilibre, soit que des mécanismes sont absents du modèle. Les résultats de la deuxième série de simulations ont démontré que les différences de productivité étaient attribuables au climat plutôt qu'aux caractéristiques des plantes. Contrairement aux attentes, la variation des traits foliaires n'a eu aucune influence sur la GPP. Les moteurs de la structure forestière simulée étaient complexes, avec un rôle clé pour la densité du bois médiée par son lien avec la mortalité des arbres. La mortalité et les taux de recrutement modélisés étaient liés aux seuls traits des plantes, la mortalité liée à la sécheresse n'était pas prise en compte. À l'avenir, le développement du modèle devrait se concentrer sur l'amélioration de l'allocation, de la mortalité, de la respiration des organes, de la simulation des arbres du sous-étage et de l'ajout de traits hydrauliques. Ce type de modèle qui intègre diverses stratégies d'arbres, une structure forestière détaillée et une physiologie réaliste est nécessaire si nous voulons être en mesure de simuler les réponses des forêts tropicales aux scénarios de changement global. Se cree que el clima, la composición de las especies y los suelos controlan el ciclo del carbono y la estructura forestal en los bosques amazónicos. Aquí, agregamos un esquema demográfico (reclutamiento, crecimiento y mortalidad de árboles) a un modelo no demográfico recientemente desarrollado, el Simulador Forestal Basado en Rasgos (TFS), para explorar los roles del clima y los rasgos de las plantas en el control de la productividad y la estructura forestal. Comparamos dos sitios con diferentes climas (precipitación estacional versus estacional) y rasgos de plantas. A través de una simulación de validación inicial, evaluamos si el modelo converge en las propiedades forestales observadas (productividad, variables demográficas y estructurales) utilizando conjuntos de datos de rasgos funcionales, estructura y clima para modelar el ciclo del carbono en los dos sitios. En un segundo conjunto de simulaciones, probamos la importancia relativa de los rasgos climáticos y vegetales para las propiedades forestales dentro del marco de TFS utilizando el clima de los dos sitios con distribuciones hipotéticas de rasgos que representan dos ejes de variación funcional (rasgos de hojas 'rápidas' versus 'lentas' y alta versus baja densidad de madera). El modelo adaptado con datos demográficos reprodujo la variación observada en la producción primaria bruta (GPP) y neta (NPP) y la respiración. Sin embargo, la NPP y la respiración a nivel de los órganos de la planta (hoja, tallo y raíz) se simularon mal. Las tasas de mortalidad y reclutamiento se subestimaron. La estructura del bosque en equilibrio difería de lo observado en el número de tallos, lo que sugiere que los bosques no están actualmente en equilibrio o que faltan mecanismos en el modelo. Los hallazgos del segundo conjunto de simulaciones demostraron que las diferencias en la productividad fueron impulsadas por el clima, en lugar de los rasgos de las plantas. Contrariamente a lo esperado, los rasgos foliares variables no tuvieron influencia en la GPP. Los impulsores de la estructura forestal simulada eran complejos, con un papel clave para la densidad de la madera mediada por su vínculo con la mortalidad de los árboles. Las tasas de mortalidad y reclutamiento modeladas se vincularon solo a los rasgos de las plantas, no se tuvo en cuenta la mortalidad relacionada con la sequía. En el futuro, el desarrollo del modelo debe centrarse en mejorar la asignación, la mortalidad, la respiración de órganos, la simulación de árboles de sotobosque y la adición de rasgos hidráulicos. Este tipo de modelo que incorpora diversas estrategias de árboles, una estructura forestal detallada y una fisiología realista es necesario si queremos poder simular las respuestas de los bosques tropicales a los escenarios de cambio global. Climate, species composition, and soils are thought to control carbon cycling and forest structure in Amazonian forests. Here, we add a demographics scheme (tree recruitment, growth, and mortality) to a recently developed non-demographic model - the Trait-based Forest Simulator (TFS) – to explore the roles of climate and plant traits in controlling forest productivity and structure. We compared two sites with differing climates (seasonal versus aseasonal precipitation) and plant traits. Through an initial validation simulation, we assessed whether the model converges on observed forest properties (productivity, demographic and structural variables) using datasets of functional traits, structure, and climate to model the carbon cycle at the two sites. In a second set of simulations, we tested the relative importance of climate and plant traits for forest properties within the TFS framework using the climate from the two sites with hypothetical trait distributions representing two axes of functional variation ('fast' versus 'slow' leaf traits, and high versus low wood density). The adapted model with demographics reproduced observed variation in gross (GPP) and net (NPP) primary production, and respiration. However NPP and respiration at the level of plant organs (leaf, stem, and root) were poorly simulated. Mortality and recruitment rates were underestimated. The equilibrium forest structure differed from observations of stem numbers suggesting either that the forests are not currently at equilibrium or that mechanisms are missing from the model. Findings from the second set of simulations demonstrated that differences in productivity were driven by climate, rather than plant traits. Contrary to expectation, varying leaf traits had no influence on GPP. Drivers of simulated forest structure were complex, with a key role for wood density mediated by its link to tree mortality. Modelled mortality and recruitment rates were linked to plant traits alone, drought-related mortality was not accounted for. In future, model development should focus on improving allocation, mortality, organ respiration, simulation of understory trees and adding hydraulic traits. This type of model that incorporates diverse tree strategies, detailed forest structure and realistic physiology is necessary if we are to be able to simulate tropical forest responses to global change scenarios. يُعتقد أن المناخ وتكوين الأنواع والتربة تتحكم في دورة الكربون وهيكل الغابات في غابات الأمازون. هنا، نضيف مخططًا ديموغرافيًا (تجنيد الأشجار والنمو والوفيات) إلى نموذج غير ديموغرافي تم تطويره مؤخرًا - محاكي الغابات القائم على السمات (TFS) – لاستكشاف أدوار المناخ والسمات النباتية في التحكم في إنتاجية الغابات وهيكلها. قارنا موقعين بمناخين مختلفين (هطول الأمطار الموسمية مقابل هطول الأمطار الموسمية) وسمات النبات. من خلال محاكاة التحقق الأولية، قمنا بتقييم ما إذا كان النموذج يتقارب مع خصائص الغابات المرصودة (الإنتاجية والمتغيرات الديموغرافية والهيكلية) باستخدام مجموعات بيانات من السمات الوظيفية والهيكل والمناخ لنمذجة دورة الكربون في الموقعين. في مجموعة ثانية من عمليات المحاكاة، اختبرنا الأهمية النسبية للمناخ والسمات النباتية لخصائص الغابات ضمن إطار TFS باستخدام المناخ من الموقعين مع توزيعات سمات افتراضية تمثل محورين من التباين الوظيفي (سمات الأوراق "السريعة" مقابل "البطيئة"، والكثافة الخشبية العالية مقابل المنخفضة). أدى النموذج المعدل مع التركيبة السكانية إلى إعادة إنتاج التباين الملحوظ في الإنتاج الأولي الإجمالي (GPP) والصافي (NPP) والتنفس. ومع ذلك، تمت محاكاة NPP والتنفس على مستوى الأعضاء النباتية (الورقة والجذع والجذر) بشكل سيئ. تم التقليل من شأن معدلات الوفيات والتجنيد. اختلفت بنية غابة التوازن عن ملاحظات أرقام الساق التي تشير إما إلى أن الغابات ليست في حالة توازن حاليًا أو أن الآليات مفقودة من النموذج. أظهرت النتائج المستخلصة من المجموعة الثانية من عمليات المحاكاة أن الاختلافات في الإنتاجية كانت مدفوعة بالمناخ، وليس بالسمات النباتية. على عكس التوقعات، لم يكن لسمات الأوراق المختلفة أي تأثير على GPP. كانت محركات بنية الغابات المحاكاة معقدة، مع دور رئيسي لكثافة الأخشاب التي يتوسطها ارتباطها بموت الأشجار. تم ربط معدلات الوفيات والتجنيد النموذجية بسمات النبات وحدها، ولم يتم احتساب الوفيات المرتبطة بالجفاف. في المستقبل، يجب أن يركز تطوير النموذج على تحسين التخصيص والوفيات وتنفس الأعضاء ومحاكاة الأشجار تحت الأرض وإضافة سمات هيدروليكية. هذا النوع من النماذج الذي يتضمن استراتيجيات متنوعة للأشجار وبنية مفصلة للغابات وعلم وظائف الأعضاء الواقعي ضروري إذا أردنا أن نكون قادرين على محاكاة استجابات الغابات الاستوائية لسيناريوهات التغير العالمي.

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    Authors: Jean Bacca; Letícia Fernandes da Silva; Laura S. Borma; Alejandro Araujo-Murakami; +45 Authors

    AbstractNon-structural carbohydrates (NSC) are major substrates for plant metabolism and have been implicated in mediating drought-induced tree mortality. Despite their significance, NSC dynamics in tropical forests remain little studied. We present leaf and branch NSC data for 82 Amazon canopy tree species in six sites spanning a broad precipitation gradient. During the wet season, total NSC (NSCT) concentrations in both organs were remarkably similar across communities. However, NSCT and its soluble sugar (SS) and starch components varied much more across sites during the dry season. Notably, the proportion of leaf NSCT in the form of SS (SS:NSCT) increased greatly in the dry season in almost all species in the driest sites, implying an important role of SS in mediating water stress in these sites. This adjustment of leaf NSC balance was not observed in tree species less-adapted to water deficit, even under exceptionally dry conditions. Thus, leaf carbon metabolism may help to explain floristic sorting across water availability gradients in Amazonia and enable better prediction of forest responses to future climate change.

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    Nature Communications
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    Authors: László Nagy; Cleiton B. Eller; Lina M. Mercado; Francisco Cuesta; +16 Authors

    Contexte : La surveillance basée sur des placettes a fourni de nombreuses informations sur la diversité taxonomique et le stockage du carbone (C) dans les forêts tropicales de plaine du bassin amazonien. Cela a permis de mieux comprendre la relation entre la dynamique de la biomasse forestière des plaines et les facteurs du changement mondial, tels que le changement climatique et la concentration atmosphérique de CO 2. Beaucoup moins d'attention a été accordée aux écosystèmes montagneux d'Amérique du Sud qui comprennent les forêts montagnardes et la végétation alpine (páramo, puna, prairies des hautes Andes, zones humides et bruyère alpine).Ce complexe de végétation fournit une variété de services écosystémiques et forme un laboratoire naturel le long de divers gradients d'histoire/biogéographie physiographique, géologique et évolutive, et d'histoire de l'utilisation des terres.Images : Ici, nous passons en revue la compréhension empirique existante et les approches basées sur des modèles pour quantifier la contribution des écosystèmes de montagne à la fourniture de services écosystémiques dans le contexte socio-écologique en évolution rapide des montagnes sud-américaines.L' objectif de cet article est de définir une feuille de route générale pour la mise en œuvre de la végétation de montagne dans des modèles dynamiques de végétation mondiale (DGVM) à utiliser dans les modèles du système terrestre (ESM), sur la base de notre compréhension actuelle de leur structure et de leur fonction et de leur réactivité aux facteurs du changement global.Nous identifions également les processus de la limite des arbres, critiques dans les écosystèmes de montagne, comme des éléments manquants clés dans les DGVM/mes, et explorons ainsi en outre un modèle de limite des arbres.Méthodes : Un bilan de la disponibilité des données empiriques a été entrepris à partir de huit sites de recherche le long des Andes et dans le sud-est du Brésil.Parmi huit sites, deux (un au Venezuela et un au Brésil) avaient potentiellement des données climatiques, écologiques et écophysiologiques convenant au paramétrage d'une DGVM.Les données sur la biomasse des arbres étaient disponibles pour six sites.Une évaluation préliminaire de la DGVM du Joint UK Land Environment Simulator (JULES) a été réalisée pour identifier les lacunes dans les données disponibles et leurs impacts sur le paramétrage et l'étalonnage du modèle.En outre, l'élévation potentielle de la limite des arbres déterminée par le climat a été modélisée pour vérifier la DGVM quant à sa capacité à identifier la transition entre la forêt montagnarde et la végétation alpine.Résultats : Les résultats de l'évaluation du modèle de surface terrestre JULES ont identifié les processus clés suivants dans les forêts montagnardes : diminution liée à la température de la production primaire nette, respiration et allocation à la biomasse aérienne et augmentation des stocks de C dans le sol avec l'altitude.Il y avait un accord variable entre la biomasse simulée et celles dérivées des mesures sur le terrain via des équations allométriques.Conclusions : Nous avons identifié des écarts majeurs entre la disponibilité des données et les besoins de modélisation basée sur les processus de la végétation de montagne sud-américaine et de sa dynamique dans les DGVM.Pour combler cet écart, nous proposons un réseau transdisciplinaire, composé de membres des communautés théoriques/de modélisation et scientifiques empiriques, pour étudier la dynamique naturelle des écosystèmes de montagne et leurs réponses aux facteurs de changement mondiaux au niveau local, régional et continental, dans un cadre de système socio-écologique.Les travaux présentés ici constituent la base de la conception de la collecte de données à partir des mesures sur le terrain et des stations de surveillance instrumentales pour paramétrer et vérifier les DGVM.Le réseau est conçu pour collaborer et compléter les recherches à long terme existantes Antecedentes: El monitoreo basado en parcelas ha arrojado mucha información sobre la diversidad taxonómica y el almacenamiento de carbono (C) en los bosques tropicales de tierras bajas de la cuenca amazónica. Esto ha resultado en una mejor comprensión de la relación entre la dinámica de la biomasa forestal de las tierras bajas y los impulsores del cambio global, como el cambio climático y la concentración atmosférica de CO 2. Se ha prestado mucha menos atención a los ecosistemas de montaña de América del Sur que comprenden bosques montanos y vegetación alpina (páramo, puna, pastizales altoandinos, humedales y brezales alpinos).Este complejo de vegetación proporciona una variedad de servicios ecosistémicos y forma un laboratorio natural a lo largo de varios gradientes fisiográficos, geológicos y evolutivos de historia/biogeografía e historia del uso de la tierra. Objetivos: Aquí, revisamos la comprensión empírica existente y los enfoques basados en modelos para cuantificar la contribución de los ecosistemas de montaña a la prestación de servicios ecosistémicos en el entorno socioecológico rápidamente cambiante de las montañas sudamericanas. El objetivo de este documento es esbozar una amplia hoja de ruta para la implementación de la vegetación de montaña en modelos dinámicos de vegetación global (DGVM) para su uso en Modelos del Sistema Terrestre (ESM), basados en nuestra comprensión actual de su estructura y función y de su capacidad de respuesta a los impulsores del cambio global. También identificamos los procesos arbóreos, críticos en los ecosistemas de montaña, como elementos clave que faltan en las DGVM/ESM, y por lo tanto exploramos además un modelo arbóreo. Métodos: Se realizó un inventario de la disponibilidad de datos empíricos de ocho sitios de investigación a lo largo de los Andes y en el sureste de Brasil. De los ocho sitios, dos (uno en Venezuela y otro en Brasil) tenían algunos datos climáticos, ecológicos y ecofisiológicos potencialmente adecuado para parametrizar una DGVM. Se disponía de datos de biomasa de árboles para seis sitios. Se realizó una evaluación preliminar de la DGVM del Simulador Conjunto de Medio Ambiente Terrestre del Reino Unido (JULES) para identificar lagunas en los datos disponibles y sus impactos en la parametrización y calibración del modelo. Además, se modeló la posible elevación determinada por el clima de la línea de árboles para verificar la DGVM en cuanto a su capacidad para identificar la transición entre el bosque montano y la vegetación alpina. Resultados: Los resultados de la evaluación del modelo de superficie terrestre de JULES identificaron los siguientes procesos clave en los bosques montanos: disminución relacionada con la temperatura en la producción primaria neta, la respiración y la asignación a la biomasa sobre el suelo y aumento de las poblaciones de suelo C con elevación. Hubo un acuerdo variable entre la biomasa simulada y las derivadas de las mediciones de campo a través de ecuaciones alométricas. Conclusiones: Identificamos grandes brechas entre la disponibilidad de datos y las necesidades de modelado basado en procesos de la vegetación de montaña sudamericana y su dinámica en las DGVM. Para cerrar esta brecha, proponemos una red transdisciplinaria, compuesta por miembros de las comunidades científicas teóricas/de modelado y empíricas, para estudiar la dinámica natural de los ecosistemas de montaña y sus respuestas a los impulsores del cambio global a nivel local, regional y continental, dentro de un marco de sistema socioecológico. El trabajo presentado aquí forma la base para el diseño de la recopilación de datos a partir de mediciones de campo y estaciones de monitoreo instrumental para parametrizar y verificar las DGVM. La red está diseñada para colaborar y complementar la investigación existente a largo plazo. Background: Plot-based monitoring has yielded much information on the taxonomic diversity and carbon (C) storage in tropical lowland forests of the Amazon basin.This has resulted in an improved understanding of the relationship between lowland forest biomass dynamics and global change drivers, such as climate change and atmospheric CO 2 concentration.Much less attention has been paid to the mountain ecosystems of South America that comprise montane forests and alpine vegetation (páramo, puna, high Andean grasslands, wetlands, and alpine heath).This vegetation complex provides a variety of ecosystem services and forms a natural laboratory along various physiographic, geological and evolutionary history/biogeography, and land use history gradients.Aims: Here, we review existing empirical understanding and model-based approaches to quantify the contribution of mountain ecosystems to ecosystem service provision in the rapidly changing socioecological setting of the South American mountains.The objective of this paper is to outline a broad road map for the implementation of mountain vegetation into dynamic global vegetation models (DGVM) for use in Earth System Models (ESM), based on our current understanding of their structure and function and of their responsiveness to global change drivers.We also identify treeline processes, critical in mountain ecosystems, as key missing elements in DGVMs/ESMs, and thus explore in addition a treeline model.Methods: Stocktaking of the availability of empirical data was undertaken from eight research sites along the Andes and in south-eastern Brazil.Out of eight sites, two (one each in Venezuela and Brazil) had some climate, ecological and ecophysiological data potentially suitable to parametrise a DGVM.Tree biomass data were available for six sites.A preliminary assessment of the Joint UK Land Environment Simulator (JULES) DGVM was made to identify gaps in available data and their impacts on model parametrisation and calibration.Additionally, the potential climate-determined elevation of the treeline was modelled to check the DGVM for its ability to identify the transition between the montane forest and alpine vegetation.Results: Outcomes of the evaluation of the JULES land surface model identified the following key processes in montane forests: temperature-related decrease in net primary production, respiration, and allocation to above-ground biomass and increase in soil C stocks with elevation.There was a variable agreement between simulated biomass and those derived from field measurements via allometric equations.Conclusions: We identified major gaps between data availability and the needs for process-based modelling of South American mountain vegetation and its dynamics in DGVMs.To bridge this gap, we propose a transdisciplinary network, composed of members of the theoretical/modelling and empirical scientific communities, to study the natural dynamics of mountain ecosystems and their responses to global change drivers locally, regionally and at the continental scale, within a social-ecological system framework.The work presented here forms the basis for the design of data collection from field measurements and instrumental monitoring stations to parametrise and verify DGVMs.The network is designed to collaborate with and complement existing long-term research معلومات أساسية: أسفر الرصد القائم على قطعة الأرض عن الكثير من المعلومات حول التنوع التصنيفي وتخزين الكربون (C) في غابات الأراضي المنخفضة الاستوائية في حوض الأمازون. وقد أدى ذلك إلى فهم أفضل للعلاقة بين ديناميات الكتلة الحيوية للغابات المنخفضة ومحركات التغير العالمي، مثل تغير المناخ وتركيز ثاني أكسيد الكربون في الغلاف الجوي. وقد تم إيلاء اهتمام أقل بكثير للنظم الإيكولوجية الجبلية في أمريكا الجنوبية التي تشمل الغابات الجبلية والغطاء النباتي في جبال الألب (بارامو، بونا، الأراضي العشبية في أعالي الأنديز، الأراضي الرطبة، وصحة جبال الألب). يوفر مجمع الغطاء النباتي هذا مجموعة متنوعة من خدمات النظام الإيكولوجي ويشكل مختبرًا طبيعيًا على طول مختلف التاريخ الفيزيائي والجيولوجي والتطوري/الجغرافيا الحيوية، وتدرجات تاريخ استخدام الأراضي. الأهداف: نستعرض هنا الفهم التجريبي الحالي والنهج القائمة على النماذج لقياس مساهمة النظم الإيكولوجية الجبلية في توفير خدمات النظام الإيكولوجي في البيئة الاجتماعية والبيئية المتغيرة بسرعة لجبال أمريكا الجنوبية. الهدف من هذه الورقة هو تحديد خريطة طريق واسعة لتنفيذ الغطاء النباتي الجبلي في نماذج نباتية عالمية ديناميكية (DGVM) لاستخدامها في نماذج نظام الأرض (ESM)، بناءً على فهمنا الحالي من هيكلها ووظيفتها واستجابتها لمحركات التغير العالمي. كما نحدد عمليات خطوط الأشجار، الحرجة في النظم الإيكولوجية الجبلية، كعناصر رئيسية مفقودة في DGVMs/ESMs، وبالتالي نستكشف بالإضافة إلى ذلك نموذج خط الأشجار. الأساليب: تم إجراء جرد لتوافر البيانات التجريبية من ثمانية مواقع بحثية على طول جبال الأنديز وفي جنوب شرق البرازيل. من بين ثمانية مواقع، كان لدى موقعين (واحد في كل من فنزويلا والبرازيل) بعض البيانات المناخية والبيئية والفسيولوجية البيئية المحتملة مناسبة لتحديد معالم DGVM. كانت بيانات الكتلة الحيوية الثلاثية متاحة لستة مواقع. تم إجراء تقييم أولي لمحاكي بيئة الأراضي المشترك في المملكة المتحدة (JULES) DGVM لتحديد الثغرات في البيانات المتاحة وتأثيراتها على تحديد معالم النموذج ومعايرته. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، تم نمذجة الارتفاع المحتمل المحدد بالمناخ لخط الأشجار للتحقق من DGVM لقدرته على تحديد الانتقال بين الغابة الجبلية والغطاء النباتي في جبال الألب. النتائج: حددت نتائج تقييم نموذج سطح الأرض JULES العمليات الرئيسية التالية في الغابات الجبلية: الانخفاض المرتبط بدرجة الحرارة في صافي الإنتاج الأولي، والتنفس، والتخصيص للكتلة الحيوية فوق الأرض و زيادة مخزونات التربة C مع الارتفاع. كان هناك اتفاق متغير بين الكتلة الحيوية المحاكية وتلك المستمدة من القياسات الميدانية عبر المعادلات المتجانسة. الاستنتاجات: حددنا الفجوات الرئيسية بين توافر البيانات والاحتياجات إلى النمذجة القائمة على العمليات للغطاء النباتي الجبلي في أمريكا الجنوبية وديناميكياته في DGVM. لسد هذه الفجوة، نقترح شبكة متعددة التخصصات، تتألف من أعضاء المجتمعات العلمية النظرية/النمذجة والتجريبية، لدراسة الديناميكيات الطبيعية للنظم الإيكولوجية الجبلية واستجاباتها لمحركات التغيير العالمي محليًا وإقليميًا وعلى المستوى القاري، ضمن إطار النظام الاجتماعي الإيكولوجي. يشكل العمل المقدم هنا الأساس لتصميم جمع البيانات من القياسات الميدانية ومحطات المراقبة الآلية إلى بارامتير والتحقق من DGVM. تم تصميم الشبكة للتعاون مع البحوث القائمة طويلة الأجل واستكمالها

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    Plant Ecology & Diversity
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    Authors: Richard Tito; Norma Salinas; Eric G. Cosio; Tatiana Erika Boza Espinoza; +4 Authors

    Alors que les forêts tropicales subissent une transformation rapide en raison des impacts humains directs, de nombreuses zones déboisées reviennent à la forêt par le biais d'une régénération naturelle ou assistée par l'homme. Cette situation offre une fenêtre d'opportunité pour mettre en œuvre des stratégies de gestion forestière afin d'atteindre les objectifs environnementaux tout en promouvant le développement social et en contribuant aux moyens de subsistance locaux. Cependant, une politique de gestion forestière réussie dépend de la façon dont nous pouvons évaluer les conséquences environnementales ainsi que de la valeur des services écosystémiques fournis par ces forêts en repousse. Ici, nous passons en revue la littérature publiée pour synthétiser les services écosystémiques fournis par trois types de transitions forestières : les forêts secondaires naturellement régénérées, les systèmes agroforestiers et les plantations d'arbres, dans les régions côtières, andines et amazoniennes du Pérou. Nous discutons ensuite du potentiel de ces forêts en repousse en tant que solutions basées sur la nature qui peuvent aider à l'adoption de politiques qui favorisent leur utilisation durable et leur conservation. Notre analyse documentaire révèle que les transitions forestières fournissent des services importants pour compenser les émissions de carbone, fournir des habitats pour la biodiversité et réguler les services hydrologiques. Cependant, la quantité et l'importance des services écosystémiques varient en fonction de la transition forestière type.Les forêts secondaires offrent de multiples services, représentant une stratégie peu coûteuse, immédiate et très efficace pour atténuer les crises climatiques et de biodiversité et, en fin de compte, fournir des services écosystémiques vitaux à la société, tels que l'approvisionnement en eau. En revanche, les plantations d'arbres exotiques ont des effets négatifs sur les services de régulation de l'eau. Nous soulignons le potentiel des forêts secondaires pour la gestion des terres qui soutient de multiples initiatives environnementales intégrées. Ce cadre peut guider les décisions politiques pour choisir les options appropriées sur les types de transition forestière les plus appropriés pour atteindre des objectifs finaux spécifiques à l'échelle locale et régionale, en tenant compte à la fois des services écosystémiques et des services pour éviter les compromis dans lesquels la réalisation d'un objectif est préjudiciable à un autre. Si bien los bosques tropicales están experimentando una rápida transformación como resultado de los impactos humanos directos, muchas áreas deforestadas están volviendo a los bosques a través de la regeneración natural o asistida por el hombre. Esta situación brinda una ventana de oportunidad para implementar estrategias de manejo forestal para lograr objetivos ambientales al tiempo que promueve el desarrollo social y contribuye a los medios de vida locales. Sin embargo, la política de manejo forestal exitosa depende de qué tan bien podemos evaluar las consecuencias ambientales, así como del valor de los servicios ecosistémicos que brindan estos bosques en crecimiento. Aquí, revisamos la literatura publicada para sintetizar los servicios ecosistémicos proporcionados por tres tipos de transiciones forestales: bosques secundarios regenerados naturalmente, sistemas agroforestales y plantaciones de árboles, en las regiones costeras, andinas y amazónicas del Perú. Luego discutimos el potencial de estos bosques en crecimiento como soluciones basadas en la naturaleza que pueden ayudar en la adopción de políticas que promuevan su uso y conservación sostenibles. Nuestro análisis de la literatura revela que las transiciones forestales brindan servicios significativos para compensar las emisiones de carbono, proporcionar hábitats para la biodiversidad y regular los servicios hidrológicos. Sin embargo, la cantidad y la importancia de los servicios ecosistémicos varían dependiendo de la transición forestal tipo. Los bosques secundarios ofrecen múltiples servicios, lo que representa una estrategia de bajo costo, inmediata y altamente efectiva para mitigar las crisis climáticas y de biodiversidad y, en última instancia, proporcionar servicios ecosistémicos vitales a la sociedad, como la provisión de agua. En contraste, las plantaciones de árboles exóticos tienen efectos negativos en los servicios de regulación del agua. Destacamos el potencial de los bosques secundarios para la gestión de la tierra que apoya iniciativas ambientales múltiples e integradas. Este marco puede guiar las decisiones políticas para elegir las opciones apropiadas sobre los tipos de transición forestal más adecuados para lograr objetivos finales específicos a escala local y regional, considerando tanto los servicios ecosistémicos como los diservicios para evitar compensaciones en las que el logro de un objetivo es perjudicial para otro. While tropical forests are undergoing rapid transformation as a result of direct human impacts, many deforested areas are reverting to forest through natural or human-assisted regeneration.This situation provides a window of opportunity to implement forest management strategies to achieve environmental objectives while promoting social development and contributing to local livelihoods.Successful forest management policy, however, depends on how well we can appraise environmental consequences as well as on the value of ecosystem services that these regrowing forests provide.Here, we review the published literature to synthesize the ecosystem services provided by three types of forest transitions: naturally-regenerated secondary forests, agroforestry systems, and tree plantations, in the coastal, Andean, and Amazonian regions of Peru.We then discuss the potential of these regrowing forests as naturebased solutions that can help in the adoption of policies that promote their sustainable use and conservation.Our literature analysis reveals that forest transitions provide significant services in offsetting carbon emissions, providing habitats for biodiversity, and regulating hydrological services.However, the amount and importance of ecosystem services vary depending on the forest transition type.Secondary forests offer multiple services, representing a low-cost, immediate, and highly effective strategy in mitigating the climate and biodiversity crises and ultimately providing vital ecosystem services to society, such as water provision.In contrast, exotic tree plantations have negative effects on water regulation services.We highlight the potential of secondary forests for land management that supports multiple and integrated environmental initiatives.This framework can guide policy decisions to choose appropriate options on forest transition types most suitable to achieve specific end goals at local and regional scales, considering both ecosystem services and disservices to avoid trade-offs in which the achievement of one goal is detrimental to another. في حين أن الغابات الاستوائية تمر بتحول سريع نتيجة للتأثيرات البشرية المباشرة، فإن العديد من المناطق التي أزيلت منها الغابات تعود إلى الغابات من خلال التجديد الطبيعي أو بمساعدة الإنسان. يوفر هذا الوضع فرصة لتنفيذ استراتيجيات إدارة الغابات لتحقيق الأهداف البيئية مع تعزيز التنمية الاجتماعية والمساهمة في سبل العيش المحلية. ومع ذلك، تعتمد سياسة إدارة الغابات الناجحة على مدى قدرتنا على تقييم العواقب البيئية وكذلك على قيمة خدمات النظام الإيكولوجي التي توفرها هذه الغابات التي تعيد نموها. هنا، نراجع الأدبيات المنشورة توليف خدمات النظام الإيكولوجي التي توفرها ثلاثة أنواع من التحولات الحرجية: الغابات الثانوية المتجددة طبيعياً، وأنظمة الحراجة الزراعية، ومزارع الأشجار، في المناطق الساحلية والأنديز والأمازون في بيرو. ثم نناقش إمكانات إعادة زراعة هذه الغابات كحلول قائمة على الطبيعة يمكن أن تساعد في اعتماد سياسات تعزز استخدامها المستدام والحفاظ عليها. يكشف تحليلنا الأدبي أن التحولات الحرجية توفر خدمات مهمة في تعويض انبعاثات الكربون، وتوفير الموائل للتنوع البيولوجي، وتنظيم الخدمات الهيدرولوجية. ومع ذلك، فإن كمية وأهمية خدمات النظام الإيكولوجي تختلف باختلاف انتقال الغابات النوع. تقدم الغابات الثانوية خدمات متعددة، تمثل استراتيجية منخفضة التكلفة وفورية وفعالة للغاية في التخفيف من أزمات المناخ والتنوع البيولوجي، وفي نهاية المطاف توفر خدمات النظام الإيكولوجي الحيوية للمجتمع، مثل توفير المياه. وعلى النقيض من ذلك، فإن مزارع الأشجار الغريبة لها آثار سلبية على خدمات تنظيم المياه. نسلط الضوء على إمكانات الغابات الثانوية لإدارة الأراضي التي تدعم مبادرات بيئية متعددة ومتكاملة. يمكن أن يوجه هذا الإطار قرارات السياسة لاختيار الخيارات المناسبة لأنواع انتقال الغابات الأكثر ملاءمة لتحقيق أهداف نهائية محددة على المستويين المحلي والإقليمي، مع مراعاة كل من خدمات النظام الإيكولوجي والخدمات لتجنب المفاضلات التي يكون فيها تحقيق هدف ما ضارًا بآخر.

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      Ecology and Society
      Article . 2022
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      Wageningen Staff Publications
      Article . 2022
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/hy...
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Brian R. Zutta; Norma Salinas; Eric G. Cosio; Richard Tito; +3 Authors

    Abstract Understanding tropical secondary forest canopy greenness and responses to climatic conditions is important for climate change mitigation, particularly in the tropics where secondary forest growth is a substantial carbon sink and a promoted natural climate solution. We here test three hypotheses: (a) forest canopy greenness is higher in younger, secondary forests than in older, primary or mature forests, (b) secondary forests are more vulnerable to climatic pressures and (c) there are significant differences between forest types regarding primary–secondary canopy greenness and their differential responses to drought anomalies. To explore these relationships, we monitored wet and dry seasonal greenness from 2001 to 2020, estimated through the enhanced vegetation index (EVI), of Peruvian tropical dry, montane and lowland secondary forests and compared it to nearby primary forests. We developed predictive models of seasonal EVI using remotely sensed variables, including land surface temperature (LST), evapotranspiration (ET), potential evapotranspiration (PET), ratio of ET and PET (ETn), and the standard precipitation index (SPI). Overall, there was a higher change in annual and seasonal EVI for secondary forests compared to primary forests. However, primary forests maintained relatively stable EVI levels during the wet season despite drought anomalies. When decoupling forest type canopy greenness and drought response, primary forest greenness in dry and lowland ecosystems were temporally more stable. Secondary montane had a lower increase in greenness when drought anomalies held during different seasons. Stepwise multiple linear regression models indicated that LST and ETn, a plant water use index, were the most significant factors to predict greening fluctuations in dry and montane forest types. ET and SPI mostly drove wet season mean EVI across all forest types. Predictors of dry season mean EVI varied, but mostly including water availability. Our results suggest that tropical secondary forests are more productive overall yet more vulnerable to prolonged drought.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Environmental Resear...arrow_drop_down
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    Environmental Research Letters
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    Environmental Research Letters
    Article . 2023
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    Wageningen Staff Publications
    Article . 2023
    License: CC BY
    https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/rr...
    Other literature type . 2023
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    https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/53...
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      Environmental Research Letters
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      Environmental Research Letters
      Article . 2023
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      Wageningen Staff Publications
      Article . 2023
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/rr...
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: David T. Tissue; Markus Löw; Jeffrey M. Warren; Göran Wallin; +54 Authors

    Stomatal conductance (gs) is a key land-surface attribute as it links transpiration, the dominant component of global land evapotranspiration, and photosynthesis, the driving force of the global carbon cycle. Despite the pivotal role of gs in predictions of global water and carbon cycle changes, a global-scale database and an associated globally applicable model of gs that allow predictions of stomatal behaviour are lacking. Here, we present a database of globally distributed gs obtained in the field for a wide range of plant functional types (PFTs) and biomes. We find that stomatal behaviour differs among PFTs according to their marginal carbon cost of water use, as predicted by the theory underpinning the optimal stomatal model1 and the leaf and wood economics spectrum2, 3. We also demonstrate a global relationship with climate. These findings provide a robust theoretical framework for understanding and predicting the behaviour of gs across biomes and across PFTs that can be applied to regional, continental and global-scale modelling of ecosystem productivity, energy balance and ecohydrological processes in a future changing climate. This research was supported by the Australian Research Council (ARC MIA Discovery Project 1433500-2012-14). A.R. was financially supported in part by The Next-Generation Ecosystem Experiments (NGEE-Arctic) project, which is supported by the Office of Biological and Environmental Research in the Department of Energy, Office of Science, and through the United States Department of Energy contract No. DE-AC02-98CH10886 to Brookhaven National Laboratory. M.O.d.B. acknowledges that the Brassica data were obtained within a research project financed by the Belgian Science Policy (OFFQ, contract number SD/AF/02) and coordinated by K. Vandermeiren at the Open-Top Chamber research facilities of CODA-CERVA (Tervuren, Belgium).

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    Nature Climate Change
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Nature Climate Change
    Article . 2015 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Springer TDM
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    Digital.CSIC
    Article . 2015 . Peer-reviewed
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      Nature Climate Change
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Nature Climate Change
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      Digital.CSIC
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Lydia de la Cruz-Amo; Guillermo Bañares-de-Dios; Victoria Cala; Íñigo Granzow-de la Cerda; +6 Authors

    Los bosques montanos tropicales (TMF) desempeñan un papel importante como reservorio de carbono a escala mundial. Sin embargo, existe una falta de comprensión integral sobre la variación en el almacenamiento de carbono entre los compartimentos de TMF (a saber, biomasa sobre el suelo [AGB], biomasa subterránea [BGB] y materia orgánica del suelo) a lo largo de los gradientes altitudinales y ambientales y sus posibles compensaciones. Este estudio tiene como objetivo: 1) comprender cómo varían las reservas de carbono a lo largo de los gradientes altitudinales en los TMF andinos, y; 2) determinar la influencia del clima, particularmente la estacionalidad de las precipitaciones, en la distribución de las reservas de carbono en diferentes compartimentos forestales. El estudio se realizó en sesenta parcelas de 0,1 ha a lo largo de dos gradientes altitudinales en el Parque Nacional Podocarpus (Ecuador) y el Parque Nacional Río Abiseo (Perú). En cada parcela, calculamos la cantidad de carbono en AGB (es decir, reserva de carbono por encima del suelo, AGC), BGB (es decir, reserva de carbono por debajo del suelo, BGC) y materia orgánica del suelo (es decir, reserva de carbono orgánico del suelo, SOC). La reserva total media de carbono encontrada en las parcelas en todos los sitios fue de 229,02 ± 68,06 Mg ha-1. Aunque AGC, BGC y SOC mostraron diferentes patrones de partición a lo largo del gradiente altitudinal tanto en Ecuador como en Perú, el stock total de carbono no cambió con la altitud en ninguno de los sitios. La reserva total media de carbono encontrada en las parcelas en todos los sitios fue de 229,02 ± 68,06 Mg ha-1. La combinación de la temperatura media anual y la estacionalidad de las precipitaciones explicó las diferencias en los patrones observados de las reservas de carbono en los compartimentos forestales entre los dos sitios. Este estudio sugiere que la mayor estacionalidad de precipitación de las altitudes más frías y altas promueve tasas de rotación más rápidas de materia orgánica y nutrientes y, en consecuencia, menos acumulación de COS pero mayor AGC y BGC, en comparación con aquellos sitios con menor estacionalidad de precipitación. Nuestros resultados demuestran la capacidad de los TMF para almacenar cantidades sustanciales de carbono y sugieren la existencia de una compensación en las reservas de carbono entre los compartimentos forestales, que podría deberse en parte a las diferencias en la estacionalidad de las precipitaciones, especialmente bajo las temperaturas más frías de las grandes altitudes. Les forêts tropicales montagnardes (FTM) jouent un rôle important en tant que réservoir de carbone à l'échelle mondiale. Cependant, il existe un manque de compréhension globale de la variation du stockage du carbone dans les compartiments des TMF (à savoir la biomasse aérienne [AGB], la biomasse souterraine [BGB] et la matière organique du sol) le long des gradients altitudinaux et environnementaux et de leurs compromis potentiels. Cette étude vise à : 1) comprendre comment les stocks de carbone varient le long des gradients altitudinaux dans les TMF andins, et ; 2) déterminer l'influence du climat, en particulier la saisonnalité des précipitations, sur la répartition des stocks de carbone entre les différents compartiments forestiers. L'étude a été menée sur soixante parcelles de 0,1 ha le long de deux pentes altitudinales du parc national de Podocarpus (Équateur) et du parc national de Río Abiseo (Pérou). À chaque placette, nous avons calculé la quantité de carbone dans l'AGB (c.-à-d. le stock de carbone aérien, AGC), le BGB (c.-à-d. le stock de carbone souterrain, BGC) et la matière organique du sol (c.-à-d. le stock de carbone organique du sol, SOC). Le stock total moyen de carbone trouvé dans les placettes à travers les sites était de 229,02 ± 68,06 Mg ha-1. Bien que l'AGC, le BGC et le SOC aient montré des schémas de partitionnement différents le long du gradient altitudinal à la fois en Équateur et au Pérou, le stock total de carbone n'a pas changé avec l'altitude dans les deux sites. Le stock total moyen de carbone trouvé dans les placettes à travers les sites était de 229,02 ± 68,06 Mg ha-1. La combinaison de la température moyenne annuelle et de la saisonnalité des précipitations expliquait les différences dans les modèles observés de stocks de carbone entre les compartiments forestiers entre les deux sites. Cette étude suggère que la plus grande saisonnalité des précipitations des altitudes plus froides et plus élevées favorise des taux de renouvellement plus rapides de la matière organique et des nutriments et, par conséquent, moins d'accumulation de COS mais plus d'AGC et de BGC, par rapport aux sites avec moins de saisonnalité des précipitations. Nos résultats démontrent la capacité des TMF à stocker des quantités substantielles de carbone et suggèrent l'existence d'un compromis dans les stocks de carbone entre les compartiments forestiers, ce qui pourrait être en partie dû aux différences de saisonnalité des précipitations, en particulier sous les températures plus froides des hautes altitudes. Tropical montane forests (TMFs) play an important role as a carbon reservoir at a global scale. However, there is a lack of a comprehensive understanding on the variation in carbon storage across TMF compartments (namely aboveground biomass [AGB], belowground biomass [BGB], and soil organic matter) along altitudinal and environmental gradients and their potential trade-offs. This study aims to: 1) understand how carbon stocks vary along altitudinal gradients in Andean TMFs, and; 2) determine the influence of climate, particularly precipitation seasonality, on the distribution of carbon stocks across different forest compartments. The study was conducted in sixty 0.1 ha plots along two altitudinal gradients at the Podocarpus National Park (Ecuador) and Río Abiseo National Park (Peru). At each plot, we calculated the amount of carbon in AGB (i.e. aboveground carbon stock, AGC), BGB (i.e. belowground carbon stock, BGC), and soil organic matter (i.e. soil organic carbon stock, SOC). The mean total carbon stock found in plots across sites was 229.02 ± 68.06 Mg ha-1. Although AGC, BGC and SOC showed different partitioning patterns along the altitudinal gradient both in Ecuador and Peru, total carbon stock did not change with altitude in either site. The mean total carbon stock found in plots across sites was 229.02 ± 68.06 Mg ha-1. The combination of annual mean temperature and precipitation seasonality explained differences in the observed patterns of carbon stocks across forest compartments between the two sites. This study suggests that the greater precipitation seasonality of colder, higher altitudes promotes faster turnover rates of organic matter and nutrients and, consequently, less accumulation of SOC but greater AGC and BGC, compared to those sites with lesser precipitation seasonality. Our results demonstrate the capacity of TMFs to store substantial amounts of carbon and suggest the existence of a trade-off in carbon stocks among forest compartments, which could be partly driven by differences in precipitation seasonality, especially under the colder temperatures of high altitudes. تلعب الغابات الجبلية المدارية (TMFs) دورًا مهمًا كمستودع للكربون على نطاق عالمي. ومع ذلك، هناك نقص في الفهم الشامل للتباين في تخزين الكربون عبر مقصورات TMF (أي الكتلة الحيوية فوق الأرض [AGB]، والكتلة الحيوية تحت الأرض [BGB]، والمواد العضوية في التربة) على طول التدرجات الارتفاعية والبيئية ومفاضلاتها المحتملة. تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى: 1) فهم كيفية اختلاف مخزونات الكربون على طول التدرجات الارتفاعية في TMFs الأنديز، و 2) تحديد تأثير المناخ، وخاصة موسمية هطول الأمطار، على توزيع مخزونات الكربون عبر أقسام الغابات المختلفة. أجريت الدراسة على ستين قطعة أرض مساحتها 0.1 هكتار على طول اثنين من التدرجات الارتفاعية في حديقة بودوكاربوس الوطنية (الإكوادور) ومتنزه ريو أبيسيو الوطني (بيرو). في كل قطعة أرض، قمنا بحساب كمية الكربون في AGB (أي مخزون الكربون فوق الأرض، AGC)، BGB (أي مخزون الكربون تحت الأرض، BGC)، والمواد العضوية في التربة (أي مخزون الكربون العضوي في التربة، SOC). بلغ متوسط إجمالي مخزون الكربون الموجود في قطع الأراضي عبر المواقع 229.02 ± 68.06 ملغ هكتار-1. على الرغم من أن AGC و BGC و SOC أظهرت أنماط تقسيم مختلفة على طول التدرج الطولي في كل من الإكوادور وبيرو، إلا أن إجمالي مخزون الكربون لم يتغير مع الارتفاع في أي من الموقعين. بلغ متوسط إجمالي مخزون الكربون الموجود في قطع الأراضي عبر المواقع 229.02 ± 68.06 ملغ هكتار-1. وأوضح الجمع بين متوسط درجة الحرارة السنوية وموسمية هطول الأمطار الاختلافات في الأنماط المرصودة لمخزونات الكربون عبر مقصورات الغابات بين الموقعين. تشير هذه الدراسة إلى أن زيادة موسمية هطول الأمطار في الارتفاعات الأكثر برودة والأعلى تعزز معدلات دوران أسرع للمواد العضوية والمغذيات، وبالتالي، تراكم أقل لمخزون الكربون العضوي في التربة ولكن AGC و BGC أكبر، مقارنة بتلك المواقع ذات موسمية هطول أقل. تظهر نتائجنا قدرة TMFs على تخزين كميات كبيرة من الكربون وتشير إلى وجود مقايضة في مخزونات الكربون بين مقصورات الغابات، والتي يمكن أن تكون مدفوعة جزئيًا بالاختلافات في موسمية هطول الأمطار، خاصة في ظل درجات الحرارة الأكثر برودة على ارتفاعات عالية.

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    Authors: Niall P. McNamara; Andrew T. Nottingham; Andrew T. Nottingham; Jeanette Whitaker; +6 Authors

    Les enzymes du sol sont des catalyseurs de dépolymérisation de la matière organique, ce qui est d'une importance cruciale pour le cycle du carbone (C) de l'écosystème. Une meilleure compréhension de la sensibilité des enzymes à la température permettra d'améliorer les prévisions des impacts du changement climatique sur les stocks de C du sol. Ces impacts peuvent être particulièrement importants dans les forêts montagnardes tropicales, qui contiennent de grandes quantités de sol C. Nous avons déterminé la sensibilité à la température (Q 10) d'une gamme d'enzymes hydrolytiques et oxydatives impliquées dans le cycle de la matière organique des sols le long d'un gradient d'élévation de 1900 m (un gradient de température annuel moyen de 10 °C) de la forêt montagnarde tropicale dans les Andes péruviennes. Nous avons examiné si l'activité (V max) des enzymes sélectionnées : (i) présentait un Q 10 qui variait en fonction de l'altitude et/ou des propriétés du sol ; et (ii) variait entre les enzymes et selon la complexité du substrat cible pour les enzymes de dégradation du C. Le Q 10 de V max pour la β-glucosidase et la β-xylanase augmentait avec l'augmentation de l'élévation et la baisse de la température moyenne annuelle. Pour toutes les autres enzymes, y compris la cellobiohydrolase, la N-acétyl β-glucosaminidase et la phosphomonoestérase, le Q 10 de V max ne variait pas linéairement avec l'élévation. Les enzymes hydrolytiques qui dégradent les composés C plus complexes avaient un Q 10 supérieur à V max, mais ce modèle ne s'appliquait pas aux enzymes oxydatives car la phénol oxydase avait la valeur Q 10 la plus faible de toutes les enzymes étudiées ici. Nos résultats suggèrent que les différences régionales dans les sensibilités à la température des différentes classes d'enzymes peuvent influencer le cycle du C terrestre dans le cadre du réchauffement climatique futur. Las enzimas del suelo son catalizadores de la despolimerización de la materia orgánica, que es de importancia crítica para el ciclo del carbono (C) del ecosistema. Una mejor comprensión de la sensibilidad de las enzimas a la temperatura permitirá mejorar las predicciones de los impactos del cambio climático en las poblaciones de C del suelo. Estos impactos pueden ser especialmente grandes en los bosques montanos tropicales, que contienen grandes cantidades de suelo C. Determinamos la sensibilidad a la temperatura (Q 10) de una gama de enzimas hidrolíticas y oxidativas involucradas en el ciclo de la materia orgánica de los suelos a lo largo de un gradiente de elevación de 1900 m (un gradiente de temperatura media anual de 10 ° C) del bosque montano tropical en los Andes peruanos. Investigamos si la actividad (V máx) de las enzimas seleccionadas: (i) exhibía una Q 10 que variaba con la elevación y/o las propiedades del suelo; y (ii) variaba entre las enzimas y de acuerdo con la complejidad del sustrato objetivo para las enzimas degradantes de C. El Q 10 de V máx para β-glucosidasa y β-xilanasa aumentó con el aumento de la elevación y la disminución de la temperatura media anual. Para todas las demás enzimas, incluidas la celobiohidrolasa, la N-acetil β-glucosaminidasa y la fosfomonoesterasa, el Q 10 de V max no varió linealmente con la elevación. Las enzimas hidrolíticas que degradan compuestos C más complejos tuvieron un mayor Q 10 de V máx, pero este patrón no se aplicó a las enzimas oxidativas porque la fenol oxidasa tuvo el valor Q 10 más bajo de todas las enzimas estudiadas aquí. Nuestros hallazgos sugieren que las diferencias regionales en las sensibilidades a la temperatura de diferentes clases de enzimas pueden influir en el ciclo C terrestre bajo el calentamiento climático futuro. Soil enzymes are catalysts of organic matter depolymerisation, which is of critical importance for ecosystem carbon (C) cycling. Better understanding of the sensitivity of enzymes to temperature will enable improved predictions of climate change impacts on soil C stocks. These impacts may be especially large in tropical montane forests, which contain large amounts of soil C. We determined the temperature sensitivity (Q 10) of a range of hydrolytic and oxidative enzymes involved in organic matter cycling from soils along a 1900 m elevation gradient (a 10 °C mean annual temperature gradient) of tropical montane forest in the Peruvian Andes. We investigated whether the activity (V max) of selected enzymes: (i) exhibited a Q 10 that varied with elevation and/or soil properties; and (ii) varied among enzymes and according to the complexity of the target substrate for C-degrading enzymes. The Q 10 of V max for β-glucosidase and β-xylanase increased with increasing elevation and declining mean annual temperature. For all other enzymes, including cellobiohydrolase, N-acetyl β-glucosaminidase and phosphomonoesterase, the Q 10 of V max did not vary linearly with elevation. Hydrolytic enzymes that degrade more complex C compounds had a greater Q 10 of V max, but this pattern did not apply to oxidative enzymes because phenol oxidase had the lowest Q 10 value of all enzymes studied here. Our findings suggest that regional differences in the temperature sensitivities of different enzyme classes may influence the terrestrial C cycle under future climate warming. إنزيمات التربة هي محفزات لإزالة بلمرة المواد العضوية، وهو أمر ذو أهمية حاسمة لدورة الكربون (C) في النظام البيئي. إن الفهم الأفضل لحساسية الإنزيمات لدرجة الحرارة سيمكن من تحسين التنبؤات بتأثيرات تغير المناخ على مخزونات التربة C. قد تكون هذه التأثيرات كبيرة بشكل خاص في الغابات الجبلية الاستوائية، التي تحتوي على كميات كبيرة من التربة C. حددنا حساسية درجة الحرارة (Q 10) لمجموعة من الإنزيمات الهيدرولية والمؤكسدة المشاركة في تدوير المواد العضوية من التربة على طول تدرج ارتفاع 1900 متر (متوسط تدرج درجة الحرارة السنوية 10 درجة مئوية) من الغابات الجبلية الاستوائية في جبال الأنديز في بيرو. لقد تحققنا مما إذا كان نشاط (V max) الإنزيمات المختارة: (1) أظهر Q 10 يختلف باختلاف الارتفاع و/أو خصائص التربة ؛ و (2) يختلف بين الإنزيمات ووفقًا لتعقيد الركيزة المستهدفة للإنزيمات المتحللة C. زاد Q 10 من V max لـ β - glucosidase و β - xylanase مع زيادة الارتفاع وانخفاض متوسط درجة الحرارة السنوية. بالنسبة لجميع الإنزيمات الأخرى، بما في ذلك سيلوبيوهيدرولاز و N - acetyl β - glucosaminidase و phosphomonoesterase، لم يتغير Q 10 من V max خطيًا مع الارتفاع. كانت الإنزيمات المائية التي تحلل مركبات C الأكثر تعقيدًا تحتوي على Q 10 أكبر من V max، لكن هذا النمط لم ينطبق على الإنزيمات المؤكسدة لأن أكسيديز الفينول كان لديه أقل قيمة Q 10 من جميع الإنزيمات التي تمت دراستها هنا. تشير النتائج التي توصلنا إليها إلى أن الاختلافات الإقليمية في حساسيات درجات الحرارة لفئات الإنزيمات المختلفة قد تؤثر على دورة C الأرضية في ظل الاحترار المناخي في المستقبل.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Sophie Fauset; Manuel Gloor; Nikolaos M. Fyllas; Oliver L. Phillips; +49 Authors

    On pense que le climat, la composition des espèces et les sols contrôlent le cycle du carbone et la structure des forêts amazoniennes. Ici, nous ajoutons un schéma démographique (recrutement, croissance et mortalité des arbres) à un modèle non démographique récemment développé - le simulateur de forêt basé sur les traits (TFS) – pour explorer les rôles du climat et des traits des plantes dans le contrôle de la productivité et de la structure des forêts. Nous avons comparé deux sites avec des climats différents (précipitations saisonnières versus saisonnières) et des traits végétaux. Grâce à une simulation de validation initiale, nous avons évalué si le modèle converge sur les propriétés forestières observées (productivité, variables démographiques et structurelles) en utilisant des ensembles de données de traits fonctionnels, de structure et de climat pour modéliser le cycle du carbone aux deux sites. Dans un deuxième ensemble de simulations, nous avons testé l'importance relative du climat et des traits végétaux pour les propriétés forestières dans le cadre de la TFS en utilisant le climat des deux sites avec des distributions de traits hypothétiques représentant deux axes de variation fonctionnelle (traits foliaires « rapides » par rapport à « lents » et densité de bois élevée par rapport à faible). Le modèle adapté avec les données démographiques reproduit la variation observée de la production primaire brute (GPP) et nette (NPP) et de la respiration. Cependant, la NPP et la respiration au niveau des organes de la plante (feuille, tige et racine) ont été mal simulées. Les taux de mortalité et de recrutement ont été sous-estimés. La structure de la forêt d'équilibre différait des observations du nombre de tiges suggérant soit que les forêts ne sont pas actuellement à l'équilibre, soit que des mécanismes sont absents du modèle. Les résultats de la deuxième série de simulations ont démontré que les différences de productivité étaient attribuables au climat plutôt qu'aux caractéristiques des plantes. Contrairement aux attentes, la variation des traits foliaires n'a eu aucune influence sur la GPP. Les moteurs de la structure forestière simulée étaient complexes, avec un rôle clé pour la densité du bois médiée par son lien avec la mortalité des arbres. La mortalité et les taux de recrutement modélisés étaient liés aux seuls traits des plantes, la mortalité liée à la sécheresse n'était pas prise en compte. À l'avenir, le développement du modèle devrait se concentrer sur l'amélioration de l'allocation, de la mortalité, de la respiration des organes, de la simulation des arbres du sous-étage et de l'ajout de traits hydrauliques. Ce type de modèle qui intègre diverses stratégies d'arbres, une structure forestière détaillée et une physiologie réaliste est nécessaire si nous voulons être en mesure de simuler les réponses des forêts tropicales aux scénarios de changement global. Se cree que el clima, la composición de las especies y los suelos controlan el ciclo del carbono y la estructura forestal en los bosques amazónicos. Aquí, agregamos un esquema demográfico (reclutamiento, crecimiento y mortalidad de árboles) a un modelo no demográfico recientemente desarrollado, el Simulador Forestal Basado en Rasgos (TFS), para explorar los roles del clima y los rasgos de las plantas en el control de la productividad y la estructura forestal. Comparamos dos sitios con diferentes climas (precipitación estacional versus estacional) y rasgos de plantas. A través de una simulación de validación inicial, evaluamos si el modelo converge en las propiedades forestales observadas (productividad, variables demográficas y estructurales) utilizando conjuntos de datos de rasgos funcionales, estructura y clima para modelar el ciclo del carbono en los dos sitios. En un segundo conjunto de simulaciones, probamos la importancia relativa de los rasgos climáticos y vegetales para las propiedades forestales dentro del marco de TFS utilizando el clima de los dos sitios con distribuciones hipotéticas de rasgos que representan dos ejes de variación funcional (rasgos de hojas 'rápidas' versus 'lentas' y alta versus baja densidad de madera). El modelo adaptado con datos demográficos reprodujo la variación observada en la producción primaria bruta (GPP) y neta (NPP) y la respiración. Sin embargo, la NPP y la respiración a nivel de los órganos de la planta (hoja, tallo y raíz) se simularon mal. Las tasas de mortalidad y reclutamiento se subestimaron. La estructura del bosque en equilibrio difería de lo observado en el número de tallos, lo que sugiere que los bosques no están actualmente en equilibrio o que faltan mecanismos en el modelo. Los hallazgos del segundo conjunto de simulaciones demostraron que las diferencias en la productividad fueron impulsadas por el clima, en lugar de los rasgos de las plantas. Contrariamente a lo esperado, los rasgos foliares variables no tuvieron influencia en la GPP. Los impulsores de la estructura forestal simulada eran complejos, con un papel clave para la densidad de la madera mediada por su vínculo con la mortalidad de los árboles. Las tasas de mortalidad y reclutamiento modeladas se vincularon solo a los rasgos de las plantas, no se tuvo en cuenta la mortalidad relacionada con la sequía. En el futuro, el desarrollo del modelo debe centrarse en mejorar la asignación, la mortalidad, la respiración de órganos, la simulación de árboles de sotobosque y la adición de rasgos hidráulicos. Este tipo de modelo que incorpora diversas estrategias de árboles, una estructura forestal detallada y una fisiología realista es necesario si queremos poder simular las respuestas de los bosques tropicales a los escenarios de cambio global. Climate, species composition, and soils are thought to control carbon cycling and forest structure in Amazonian forests. Here, we add a demographics scheme (tree recruitment, growth, and mortality) to a recently developed non-demographic model - the Trait-based Forest Simulator (TFS) – to explore the roles of climate and plant traits in controlling forest productivity and structure. We compared two sites with differing climates (seasonal versus aseasonal precipitation) and plant traits. Through an initial validation simulation, we assessed whether the model converges on observed forest properties (productivity, demographic and structural variables) using datasets of functional traits, structure, and climate to model the carbon cycle at the two sites. In a second set of simulations, we tested the relative importance of climate and plant traits for forest properties within the TFS framework using the climate from the two sites with hypothetical trait distributions representing two axes of functional variation ('fast' versus 'slow' leaf traits, and high versus low wood density). The adapted model with demographics reproduced observed variation in gross (GPP) and net (NPP) primary production, and respiration. However NPP and respiration at the level of plant organs (leaf, stem, and root) were poorly simulated. Mortality and recruitment rates were underestimated. The equilibrium forest structure differed from observations of stem numbers suggesting either that the forests are not currently at equilibrium or that mechanisms are missing from the model. Findings from the second set of simulations demonstrated that differences in productivity were driven by climate, rather than plant traits. Contrary to expectation, varying leaf traits had no influence on GPP. Drivers of simulated forest structure were complex, with a key role for wood density mediated by its link to tree mortality. Modelled mortality and recruitment rates were linked to plant traits alone, drought-related mortality was not accounted for. In future, model development should focus on improving allocation, mortality, organ respiration, simulation of understory trees and adding hydraulic traits. This type of model that incorporates diverse tree strategies, detailed forest structure and realistic physiology is necessary if we are to be able to simulate tropical forest responses to global change scenarios. يُعتقد أن المناخ وتكوين الأنواع والتربة تتحكم في دورة الكربون وهيكل الغابات في غابات الأمازون. هنا، نضيف مخططًا ديموغرافيًا (تجنيد الأشجار والنمو والوفيات) إلى نموذج غير ديموغرافي تم تطويره مؤخرًا - محاكي الغابات القائم على السمات (TFS) – لاستكشاف أدوار المناخ والسمات النباتية في التحكم في إنتاجية الغابات وهيكلها. قارنا موقعين بمناخين مختلفين (هطول الأمطار الموسمية مقابل هطول الأمطار الموسمية) وسمات النبات. من خلال محاكاة التحقق الأولية، قمنا بتقييم ما إذا كان النموذج يتقارب مع خصائص الغابات المرصودة (الإنتاجية والمتغيرات الديموغرافية والهيكلية) باستخدام مجموعات بيانات من السمات الوظيفية والهيكل والمناخ لنمذجة دورة الكربون في الموقعين. في مجموعة ثانية من عمليات المحاكاة، اختبرنا الأهمية النسبية للمناخ والسمات النباتية لخصائص الغابات ضمن إطار TFS باستخدام المناخ من الموقعين مع توزيعات سمات افتراضية تمثل محورين من التباين الوظيفي (سمات الأوراق "السريعة" مقابل "البطيئة"، والكثافة الخشبية العالية مقابل المنخفضة). أدى النموذج المعدل مع التركيبة السكانية إلى إعادة إنتاج التباين الملحوظ في الإنتاج الأولي الإجمالي (GPP) والصافي (NPP) والتنفس. ومع ذلك، تمت محاكاة NPP والتنفس على مستوى الأعضاء النباتية (الورقة والجذع والجذر) بشكل سيئ. تم التقليل من شأن معدلات الوفيات والتجنيد. اختلفت بنية غابة التوازن عن ملاحظات أرقام الساق التي تشير إما إلى أن الغابات ليست في حالة توازن حاليًا أو أن الآليات مفقودة من النموذج. أظهرت النتائج المستخلصة من المجموعة الثانية من عمليات المحاكاة أن الاختلافات في الإنتاجية كانت مدفوعة بالمناخ، وليس بالسمات النباتية. على عكس التوقعات، لم يكن لسمات الأوراق المختلفة أي تأثير على GPP. كانت محركات بنية الغابات المحاكاة معقدة، مع دور رئيسي لكثافة الأخشاب التي يتوسطها ارتباطها بموت الأشجار. تم ربط معدلات الوفيات والتجنيد النموذجية بسمات النبات وحدها، ولم يتم احتساب الوفيات المرتبطة بالجفاف. في المستقبل، يجب أن يركز تطوير النموذج على تحسين التخصيص والوفيات وتنفس الأعضاء ومحاكاة الأشجار تحت الأرض وإضافة سمات هيدروليكية. هذا النوع من النماذج الذي يتضمن استراتيجيات متنوعة للأشجار وبنية مفصلة للغابات وعلم وظائف الأعضاء الواقعي ضروري إذا أردنا أن نكون قادرين على محاكاة استجابات الغابات الاستوائية لسيناريوهات التغير العالمي.

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    Authors: Jean Bacca; Letícia Fernandes da Silva; Laura S. Borma; Alejandro Araujo-Murakami; +45 Authors

    AbstractNon-structural carbohydrates (NSC) are major substrates for plant metabolism and have been implicated in mediating drought-induced tree mortality. Despite their significance, NSC dynamics in tropical forests remain little studied. We present leaf and branch NSC data for 82 Amazon canopy tree species in six sites spanning a broad precipitation gradient. During the wet season, total NSC (NSCT) concentrations in both organs were remarkably similar across communities. However, NSCT and its soluble sugar (SS) and starch components varied much more across sites during the dry season. Notably, the proportion of leaf NSCT in the form of SS (SS:NSCT) increased greatly in the dry season in almost all species in the driest sites, implying an important role of SS in mediating water stress in these sites. This adjustment of leaf NSC balance was not observed in tree species less-adapted to water deficit, even under exceptionally dry conditions. Thus, leaf carbon metabolism may help to explain floristic sorting across water availability gradients in Amazonia and enable better prediction of forest responses to future climate change.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: László Nagy; Cleiton B. Eller; Lina M. Mercado; Francisco Cuesta; +16 Authors

    Contexte : La surveillance basée sur des placettes a fourni de nombreuses informations sur la diversité taxonomique et le stockage du carbone (C) dans les forêts tropicales de plaine du bassin amazonien. Cela a permis de mieux comprendre la relation entre la dynamique de la biomasse forestière des plaines et les facteurs du changement mondial, tels que le changement climatique et la concentration atmosphérique de CO 2. Beaucoup moins d'attention a été accordée aux écosystèmes montagneux d'Amérique du Sud qui comprennent les forêts montagnardes et la végétation alpine (páramo, puna, prairies des hautes Andes, zones humides et bruyère alpine).Ce complexe de végétation fournit une variété de services écosystémiques et forme un laboratoire naturel le long de divers gradients d'histoire/biogéographie physiographique, géologique et évolutive, et d'histoire de l'utilisation des terres.Images : Ici, nous passons en revue la compréhension empirique existante et les approches basées sur des modèles pour quantifier la contribution des écosystèmes de montagne à la fourniture de services écosystémiques dans le contexte socio-écologique en évolution rapide des montagnes sud-américaines.L' objectif de cet article est de définir une feuille de route générale pour la mise en œuvre de la végétation de montagne dans des modèles dynamiques de végétation mondiale (DGVM) à utiliser dans les modèles du système terrestre (ESM), sur la base de notre compréhension actuelle de leur structure et de leur fonction et de leur réactivité aux facteurs du changement global.Nous identifions également les processus de la limite des arbres, critiques dans les écosystèmes de montagne, comme des éléments manquants clés dans les DGVM/mes, et explorons ainsi en outre un modèle de limite des arbres.Méthodes : Un bilan de la disponibilité des données empiriques a été entrepris à partir de huit sites de recherche le long des Andes et dans le sud-est du Brésil.Parmi huit sites, deux (un au Venezuela et un au Brésil) avaient potentiellement des données climatiques, écologiques et écophysiologiques convenant au paramétrage d'une DGVM.Les données sur la biomasse des arbres étaient disponibles pour six sites.Une évaluation préliminaire de la DGVM du Joint UK Land Environment Simulator (JULES) a été réalisée pour identifier les lacunes dans les données disponibles et leurs impacts sur le paramétrage et l'étalonnage du modèle.En outre, l'élévation potentielle de la limite des arbres déterminée par le climat a été modélisée pour vérifier la DGVM quant à sa capacité à identifier la transition entre la forêt montagnarde et la végétation alpine.Résultats : Les résultats de l'évaluation du modèle de surface terrestre JULES ont identifié les processus clés suivants dans les forêts montagnardes : diminution liée à la température de la production primaire nette, respiration et allocation à la biomasse aérienne et augmentation des stocks de C dans le sol avec l'altitude.Il y avait un accord variable entre la biomasse simulée et celles dérivées des mesures sur le terrain via des équations allométriques.Conclusions : Nous avons identifié des écarts majeurs entre la disponibilité des données et les besoins de modélisation basée sur les processus de la végétation de montagne sud-américaine et de sa dynamique dans les DGVM.Pour combler cet écart, nous proposons un réseau transdisciplinaire, composé de membres des communautés théoriques/de modélisation et scientifiques empiriques, pour étudier la dynamique naturelle des écosystèmes de montagne et leurs réponses aux facteurs de changement mondiaux au niveau local, régional et continental, dans un cadre de système socio-écologique.Les travaux présentés ici constituent la base de la conception de la collecte de données à partir des mesures sur le terrain et des stations de surveillance instrumentales pour paramétrer et vérifier les DGVM.Le réseau est conçu pour collaborer et compléter les recherches à long terme existantes Antecedentes: El monitoreo basado en parcelas ha arrojado mucha información sobre la diversidad taxonómica y el almacenamiento de carbono (C) en los bosques tropicales de tierras bajas de la cuenca amazónica. Esto ha resultado en una mejor comprensión de la relación entre la dinámica de la biomasa forestal de las tierras bajas y los impulsores del cambio global, como el cambio climático y la concentración atmosférica de CO 2. Se ha prestado mucha menos atención a los ecosistemas de montaña de América del Sur que comprenden bosques montanos y vegetación alpina (páramo, puna, pastizales altoandinos, humedales y brezales alpinos).Este complejo de vegetación proporciona una variedad de servicios ecosistémicos y forma un laboratorio natural a lo largo de varios gradientes fisiográficos, geológicos y evolutivos de historia/biogeografía e historia del uso de la tierra. Objetivos: Aquí, revisamos la comprensión empírica existente y los enfoques basados en modelos para cuantificar la contribución de los ecosistemas de montaña a la prestación de servicios ecosistémicos en el entorno socioecológico rápidamente cambiante de las montañas sudamericanas. El objetivo de este documento es esbozar una amplia hoja de ruta para la implementación de la vegetación de montaña en modelos dinámicos de vegetación global (DGVM) para su uso en Modelos del Sistema Terrestre (ESM), basados en nuestra comprensión actual de su estructura y función y de su capacidad de respuesta a los impulsores del cambio global. También identificamos los procesos arbóreos, críticos en los ecosistemas de montaña, como elementos clave que faltan en las DGVM/ESM, y por lo tanto exploramos además un modelo arbóreo. Métodos: Se realizó un inventario de la disponibilidad de datos empíricos de ocho sitios de investigación a lo largo de los Andes y en el sureste de Brasil. De los ocho sitios, dos (uno en Venezuela y otro en Brasil) tenían algunos datos climáticos, ecológicos y ecofisiológicos potencialmente adecuado para parametrizar una DGVM. Se disponía de datos de biomasa de árboles para seis sitios. Se realizó una evaluación preliminar de la DGVM del Simulador Conjunto de Medio Ambiente Terrestre del Reino Unido (JULES) para identificar lagunas en los datos disponibles y sus impactos en la parametrización y calibración del modelo. Además, se modeló la posible elevación determinada por el clima de la línea de árboles para verificar la DGVM en cuanto a su capacidad para identificar la transición entre el bosque montano y la vegetación alpina. Resultados: Los resultados de la evaluación del modelo de superficie terrestre de JULES identificaron los siguientes procesos clave en los bosques montanos: disminución relacionada con la temperatura en la producción primaria neta, la respiración y la asignación a la biomasa sobre el suelo y aumento de las poblaciones de suelo C con elevación. Hubo un acuerdo variable entre la biomasa simulada y las derivadas de las mediciones de campo a través de ecuaciones alométricas. Conclusiones: Identificamos grandes brechas entre la disponibilidad de datos y las necesidades de modelado basado en procesos de la vegetación de montaña sudamericana y su dinámica en las DGVM. Para cerrar esta brecha, proponemos una red transdisciplinaria, compuesta por miembros de las comunidades científicas teóricas/de modelado y empíricas, para estudiar la dinámica natural de los ecosistemas de montaña y sus respuestas a los impulsores del cambio global a nivel local, regional y continental, dentro de un marco de sistema socioecológico. El trabajo presentado aquí forma la base para el diseño de la recopilación de datos a partir de mediciones de campo y estaciones de monitoreo instrumental para parametrizar y verificar las DGVM. La red está diseñada para colaborar y complementar la investigación existente a largo plazo. Background: Plot-based monitoring has yielded much information on the taxonomic diversity and carbon (C) storage in tropical lowland forests of the Amazon basin.This has resulted in an improved understanding of the relationship between lowland forest biomass dynamics and global change drivers, such as climate change and atmospheric CO 2 concentration.Much less attention has been paid to the mountain ecosystems of South America that comprise montane forests and alpine vegetation (páramo, puna, high Andean grasslands, wetlands, and alpine heath).This vegetation complex provides a variety of ecosystem services and forms a natural laboratory along various physiographic, geological and evolutionary history/biogeography, and land use history gradients.Aims: Here, we review existing empirical understanding and model-based approaches to quantify the contribution of mountain ecosystems to ecosystem service provision in the rapidly changing socioecological setting of the South American mountains.The objective of this paper is to outline a broad road map for the implementation of mountain vegetation into dynamic global vegetation models (DGVM) for use in Earth System Models (ESM), based on our current understanding of their structure and function and of their responsiveness to global change drivers.We also identify treeline processes, critical in mountain ecosystems, as key missing elements in DGVMs/ESMs, and thus explore in addition a treeline model.Methods: Stocktaking of the availability of empirical data was undertaken from eight research sites along the Andes and in south-eastern Brazil.Out of eight sites, two (one each in Venezuela and Brazil) had some climate, ecological and ecophysiological data potentially suitable to parametrise a DGVM.Tree biomass data were available for six sites.A preliminary assessment of the Joint UK Land Environment Simulator (JULES) DGVM was made to identify gaps in available data and their impacts on model parametrisation and calibration.Additionally, the potential climate-determined elevation of the treeline was modelled to check the DGVM for its ability to identify the transition between the montane forest and alpine vegetation.Results: Outcomes of the evaluation of the JULES land surface model identified the following key processes in montane forests: temperature-related decrease in net primary production, respiration, and allocation to above-ground biomass and increase in soil C stocks with elevation.There was a variable agreement between simulated biomass and those derived from field measurements via allometric equations.Conclusions: We identified major gaps between data availability and the needs for process-based modelling of South American mountain vegetation and its dynamics in DGVMs.To bridge this gap, we propose a transdisciplinary network, composed of members of the theoretical/modelling and empirical scientific communities, to study the natural dynamics of mountain ecosystems and their responses to global change drivers locally, regionally and at the continental scale, within a social-ecological system framework.The work presented here forms the basis for the design of data collection from field measurements and instrumental monitoring stations to parametrise and verify DGVMs.The network is designed to collaborate with and complement existing long-term research معلومات أساسية: أسفر الرصد القائم على قطعة الأرض عن الكثير من المعلومات حول التنوع التصنيفي وتخزين الكربون (C) في غابات الأراضي المنخفضة الاستوائية في حوض الأمازون. وقد أدى ذلك إلى فهم أفضل للعلاقة بين ديناميات الكتلة الحيوية للغابات المنخفضة ومحركات التغير العالمي، مثل تغير المناخ وتركيز ثاني أكسيد الكربون في الغلاف الجوي. وقد تم إيلاء اهتمام أقل بكثير للنظم الإيكولوجية الجبلية في أمريكا الجنوبية التي تشمل الغابات الجبلية والغطاء النباتي في جبال الألب (بارامو، بونا، الأراضي العشبية في أعالي الأنديز، الأراضي الرطبة، وصحة جبال الألب). يوفر مجمع الغطاء النباتي هذا مجموعة متنوعة من خدمات النظام الإيكولوجي ويشكل مختبرًا طبيعيًا على طول مختلف التاريخ الفيزيائي والجيولوجي والتطوري/الجغرافيا الحيوية، وتدرجات تاريخ استخدام الأراضي. الأهداف: نستعرض هنا الفهم التجريبي الحالي والنهج القائمة على النماذج لقياس مساهمة النظم الإيكولوجية الجبلية في توفير خدمات النظام الإيكولوجي في البيئة الاجتماعية والبيئية المتغيرة بسرعة لجبال أمريكا الجنوبية. الهدف من هذه الورقة هو تحديد خريطة طريق واسعة لتنفيذ الغطاء النباتي الجبلي في نماذج نباتية عالمية ديناميكية (DGVM) لاستخدامها في نماذج نظام الأرض (ESM)، بناءً على فهمنا الحالي من هيكلها ووظيفتها واستجابتها لمحركات التغير العالمي. كما نحدد عمليات خطوط الأشجار، الحرجة في النظم الإيكولوجية الجبلية، كعناصر رئيسية مفقودة في DGVMs/ESMs، وبالتالي نستكشف بالإضافة إلى ذلك نموذج خط الأشجار. الأساليب: تم إجراء جرد لتوافر البيانات التجريبية من ثمانية مواقع بحثية على طول جبال الأنديز وفي جنوب شرق البرازيل. من بين ثمانية مواقع، كان لدى موقعين (واحد في كل من فنزويلا والبرازيل) بعض البيانات المناخية والبيئية والفسيولوجية البيئية المحتملة مناسبة لتحديد معالم DGVM. كانت بيانات الكتلة الحيوية الثلاثية متاحة لستة مواقع. تم إجراء تقييم أولي لمحاكي بيئة الأراضي المشترك في المملكة المتحدة (JULES) DGVM لتحديد الثغرات في البيانات المتاحة وتأثيراتها على تحديد معالم النموذج ومعايرته. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، تم نمذجة الارتفاع المحتمل المحدد بالمناخ لخط الأشجار للتحقق من DGVM لقدرته على تحديد الانتقال بين الغابة الجبلية والغطاء النباتي في جبال الألب. النتائج: حددت نتائج تقييم نموذج سطح الأرض JULES العمليات الرئيسية التالية في الغابات الجبلية: الانخفاض المرتبط بدرجة الحرارة في صافي الإنتاج الأولي، والتنفس، والتخصيص للكتلة الحيوية فوق الأرض و زيادة مخزونات التربة C مع الارتفاع. كان هناك اتفاق متغير بين الكتلة الحيوية المحاكية وتلك المستمدة من القياسات الميدانية عبر المعادلات المتجانسة. الاستنتاجات: حددنا الفجوات الرئيسية بين توافر البيانات والاحتياجات إلى النمذجة القائمة على العمليات للغطاء النباتي الجبلي في أمريكا الجنوبية وديناميكياته في DGVM. لسد هذه الفجوة، نقترح شبكة متعددة التخصصات، تتألف من أعضاء المجتمعات العلمية النظرية/النمذجة والتجريبية، لدراسة الديناميكيات الطبيعية للنظم الإيكولوجية الجبلية واستجاباتها لمحركات التغيير العالمي محليًا وإقليميًا وعلى المستوى القاري، ضمن إطار النظام الاجتماعي الإيكولوجي. يشكل العمل المقدم هنا الأساس لتصميم جمع البيانات من القياسات الميدانية ومحطات المراقبة الآلية إلى بارامتير والتحقق من DGVM. تم تصميم الشبكة للتعاون مع البحوث القائمة طويلة الأجل واستكمالها

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    Authors: Richard Tito; Norma Salinas; Eric G. Cosio; Tatiana Erika Boza Espinoza; +4 Authors

    Alors que les forêts tropicales subissent une transformation rapide en raison des impacts humains directs, de nombreuses zones déboisées reviennent à la forêt par le biais d'une régénération naturelle ou assistée par l'homme. Cette situation offre une fenêtre d'opportunité pour mettre en œuvre des stratégies de gestion forestière afin d'atteindre les objectifs environnementaux tout en promouvant le développement social et en contribuant aux moyens de subsistance locaux. Cependant, une politique de gestion forestière réussie dépend de la façon dont nous pouvons évaluer les conséquences environnementales ainsi que de la valeur des services écosystémiques fournis par ces forêts en repousse. Ici, nous passons en revue la littérature publiée pour synthétiser les services écosystémiques fournis par trois types de transitions forestières : les forêts secondaires naturellement régénérées, les systèmes agroforestiers et les plantations d'arbres, dans les régions côtières, andines et amazoniennes du Pérou. Nous discutons ensuite du potentiel de ces forêts en repousse en tant que solutions basées sur la nature qui peuvent aider à l'adoption de politiques qui favorisent leur utilisation durable et leur conservation. Notre analyse documentaire révèle que les transitions forestières fournissent des services importants pour compenser les émissions de carbone, fournir des habitats pour la biodiversité et réguler les services hydrologiques. Cependant, la quantité et l'importance des services écosystémiques varient en fonction de la transition forestière type.Les forêts secondaires offrent de multiples services, représentant une stratégie peu coûteuse, immédiate et très efficace pour atténuer les crises climatiques et de biodiversité et, en fin de compte, fournir des services écosystémiques vitaux à la société, tels que l'approvisionnement en eau. En revanche, les plantations d'arbres exotiques ont des effets négatifs sur les services de régulation de l'eau. Nous soulignons le potentiel des forêts secondaires pour la gestion des terres qui soutient de multiples initiatives environnementales intégrées. Ce cadre peut guider les décisions politiques pour choisir les options appropriées sur les types de transition forestière les plus appropriés pour atteindre des objectifs finaux spécifiques à l'échelle locale et régionale, en tenant compte à la fois des services écosystémiques et des services pour éviter les compromis dans lesquels la réalisation d'un objectif est préjudiciable à un autre. Si bien los bosques tropicales están experimentando una rápida transformación como resultado de los impactos humanos directos, muchas áreas deforestadas están volviendo a los bosques a través de la regeneración natural o asistida por el hombre. Esta situación brinda una ventana de oportunidad para implementar estrategias de manejo forestal para lograr objetivos ambientales al tiempo que promueve el desarrollo social y contribuye a los medios de vida locales. Sin embargo, la política de manejo forestal exitosa depende de qué tan bien podemos evaluar las consecuencias ambientales, así como del valor de los servicios ecosistémicos que brindan estos bosques en crecimiento. Aquí, revisamos la literatura publicada para sintetizar los servicios ecosistémicos proporcionados por tres tipos de transiciones forestales: bosques secundarios regenerados naturalmente, sistemas agroforestales y plantaciones de árboles, en las regiones costeras, andinas y amazónicas del Perú. Luego discutimos el potencial de estos bosques en crecimiento como soluciones basadas en la naturaleza que pueden ayudar en la adopción de políticas que promuevan su uso y conservación sostenibles. Nuestro análisis de la literatura revela que las transiciones forestales brindan servicios significativos para compensar las emisiones de carbono, proporcionar hábitats para la biodiversidad y regular los servicios hidrológicos. Sin embargo, la cantidad y la importancia de los servicios ecosistémicos varían dependiendo de la transición forestal tipo. Los bosques secundarios ofrecen múltiples servicios, lo que representa una estrategia de bajo costo, inmediata y altamente efectiva para mitigar las crisis climáticas y de biodiversidad y, en última instancia, proporcionar servicios ecosistémicos vitales a la sociedad, como la provisión de agua. En contraste, las plantaciones de árboles exóticos tienen efectos negativos en los servicios de regulación del agua. Destacamos el potencial de los bosques secundarios para la gestión de la tierra que apoya iniciativas ambientales múltiples e integradas. Este marco puede guiar las decisiones políticas para elegir las opciones apropiadas sobre los tipos de transición forestal más adecuados para lograr objetivos finales específicos a escala local y regional, considerando tanto los servicios ecosistémicos como los diservicios para evitar compensaciones en las que el logro de un objetivo es perjudicial para otro. While tropical forests are undergoing rapid transformation as a result of direct human impacts, many deforested areas are reverting to forest through natural or human-assisted regeneration.This situation provides a window of opportunity to implement forest management strategies to achieve environmental objectives while promoting social development and contributing to local livelihoods.Successful forest management policy, however, depends on how well we can appraise environmental consequences as well as on the value of ecosystem services that these regrowing forests provide.Here, we review the published literature to synthesize the ecosystem services provided by three types of forest transitions: naturally-regenerated secondary forests, agroforestry systems, and tree plantations, in the coastal, Andean, and Amazonian regions of Peru.We then discuss the potential of these regrowing forests as naturebased solutions that can help in the adoption of policies that promote their sustainable use and conservation.Our literature analysis reveals that forest transitions provide significant services in offsetting carbon emissions, providing habitats for biodiversity, and regulating hydrological services.However, the amount and importance of ecosystem services vary depending on the forest transition type.Secondary forests offer multiple services, representing a low-cost, immediate, and highly effective strategy in mitigating the climate and biodiversity crises and ultimately providing vital ecosystem services to society, such as water provision.In contrast, exotic tree plantations have negative effects on water regulation services.We highlight the potential of secondary forests for land management that supports multiple and integrated environmental initiatives.This framework can guide policy decisions to choose appropriate options on forest transition types most suitable to achieve specific end goals at local and regional scales, considering both ecosystem services and disservices to avoid trade-offs in which the achievement of one goal is detrimental to another. في حين أن الغابات الاستوائية تمر بتحول سريع نتيجة للتأثيرات البشرية المباشرة، فإن العديد من المناطق التي أزيلت منها الغابات تعود إلى الغابات من خلال التجديد الطبيعي أو بمساعدة الإنسان. يوفر هذا الوضع فرصة لتنفيذ استراتيجيات إدارة الغابات لتحقيق الأهداف البيئية مع تعزيز التنمية الاجتماعية والمساهمة في سبل العيش المحلية. ومع ذلك، تعتمد سياسة إدارة الغابات الناجحة على مدى قدرتنا على تقييم العواقب البيئية وكذلك على قيمة خدمات النظام الإيكولوجي التي توفرها هذه الغابات التي تعيد نموها. هنا، نراجع الأدبيات المنشورة توليف خدمات النظام الإيكولوجي التي توفرها ثلاثة أنواع من التحولات الحرجية: الغابات الثانوية المتجددة طبيعياً، وأنظمة الحراجة الزراعية، ومزارع الأشجار، في المناطق الساحلية والأنديز والأمازون في بيرو. ثم نناقش إمكانات إعادة زراعة هذه الغابات كحلول قائمة على الطبيعة يمكن أن تساعد في اعتماد سياسات تعزز استخدامها المستدام والحفاظ عليها. يكشف تحليلنا الأدبي أن التحولات الحرجية توفر خدمات مهمة في تعويض انبعاثات الكربون، وتوفير الموائل للتنوع البيولوجي، وتنظيم الخدمات الهيدرولوجية. ومع ذلك، فإن كمية وأهمية خدمات النظام الإيكولوجي تختلف باختلاف انتقال الغابات النوع. تقدم الغابات الثانوية خدمات متعددة، تمثل استراتيجية منخفضة التكلفة وفورية وفعالة للغاية في التخفيف من أزمات المناخ والتنوع البيولوجي، وفي نهاية المطاف توفر خدمات النظام الإيكولوجي الحيوية للمجتمع، مثل توفير المياه. وعلى النقيض من ذلك، فإن مزارع الأشجار الغريبة لها آثار سلبية على خدمات تنظيم المياه. نسلط الضوء على إمكانات الغابات الثانوية لإدارة الأراضي التي تدعم مبادرات بيئية متعددة ومتكاملة. يمكن أن يوجه هذا الإطار قرارات السياسة لاختيار الخيارات المناسبة لأنواع انتقال الغابات الأكثر ملاءمة لتحقيق أهداف نهائية محددة على المستويين المحلي والإقليمي، مع مراعاة كل من خدمات النظام الإيكولوجي والخدمات لتجنب المفاضلات التي يكون فيها تحقيق هدف ما ضارًا بآخر.

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    Ecology and Society
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    Wageningen Staff Publications
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      Ecology and Society
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    Authors: Brian R. Zutta; Norma Salinas; Eric G. Cosio; Richard Tito; +3 Authors

    Abstract Understanding tropical secondary forest canopy greenness and responses to climatic conditions is important for climate change mitigation, particularly in the tropics where secondary forest growth is a substantial carbon sink and a promoted natural climate solution. We here test three hypotheses: (a) forest canopy greenness is higher in younger, secondary forests than in older, primary or mature forests, (b) secondary forests are more vulnerable to climatic pressures and (c) there are significant differences between forest types regarding primary–secondary canopy greenness and their differential responses to drought anomalies. To explore these relationships, we monitored wet and dry seasonal greenness from 2001 to 2020, estimated through the enhanced vegetation index (EVI), of Peruvian tropical dry, montane and lowland secondary forests and compared it to nearby primary forests. We developed predictive models of seasonal EVI using remotely sensed variables, including land surface temperature (LST), evapotranspiration (ET), potential evapotranspiration (PET), ratio of ET and PET (ETn), and the standard precipitation index (SPI). Overall, there was a higher change in annual and seasonal EVI for secondary forests compared to primary forests. However, primary forests maintained relatively stable EVI levels during the wet season despite drought anomalies. When decoupling forest type canopy greenness and drought response, primary forest greenness in dry and lowland ecosystems were temporally more stable. Secondary montane had a lower increase in greenness when drought anomalies held during different seasons. Stepwise multiple linear regression models indicated that LST and ETn, a plant water use index, were the most significant factors to predict greening fluctuations in dry and montane forest types. ET and SPI mostly drove wet season mean EVI across all forest types. Predictors of dry season mean EVI varied, but mostly including water availability. Our results suggest that tropical secondary forests are more productive overall yet more vulnerable to prolonged drought.

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    Environmental Research Letters
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    Environmental Research Letters
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      Environmental Research Letters
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      Environmental Research Letters
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    Authors: David T. Tissue; Markus Löw; Jeffrey M. Warren; Göran Wallin; +54 Authors

    Stomatal conductance (gs) is a key land-surface attribute as it links transpiration, the dominant component of global land evapotranspiration, and photosynthesis, the driving force of the global carbon cycle. Despite the pivotal role of gs in predictions of global water and carbon cycle changes, a global-scale database and an associated globally applicable model of gs that allow predictions of stomatal behaviour are lacking. Here, we present a database of globally distributed gs obtained in the field for a wide range of plant functional types (PFTs) and biomes. We find that stomatal behaviour differs among PFTs according to their marginal carbon cost of water use, as predicted by the theory underpinning the optimal stomatal model1 and the leaf and wood economics spectrum2, 3. We also demonstrate a global relationship with climate. These findings provide a robust theoretical framework for understanding and predicting the behaviour of gs across biomes and across PFTs that can be applied to regional, continental and global-scale modelling of ecosystem productivity, energy balance and ecohydrological processes in a future changing climate. This research was supported by the Australian Research Council (ARC MIA Discovery Project 1433500-2012-14). A.R. was financially supported in part by The Next-Generation Ecosystem Experiments (NGEE-Arctic) project, which is supported by the Office of Biological and Environmental Research in the Department of Energy, Office of Science, and through the United States Department of Energy contract No. DE-AC02-98CH10886 to Brookhaven National Laboratory. M.O.d.B. acknowledges that the Brassica data were obtained within a research project financed by the Belgian Science Policy (OFFQ, contract number SD/AF/02) and coordinated by K. Vandermeiren at the Open-Top Chamber research facilities of CODA-CERVA (Tervuren, Belgium).

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    Nature Climate Change
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    Nature Climate Change
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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Digital.CSIC
    Article . 2015 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Nature Climate Chang...arrow_drop_down
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Nature Climate Change
      Article . 2015 . Peer-reviewed
      License: Springer TDM
      Data sources: Crossref
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Digital.CSIC
      Article . 2015 . Peer-reviewed
      Data sources: Digital.CSIC
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      This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.

      You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.