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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Md. Sanwar Hossain; Abu Jahid; Khondoker Ziaul Islam; Mohammed H. Alsharif; +1 Authors

    A hybrid solar photovoltaic (PV)/biomass generator (BG) energy-trading framework between grid supply and base stations (BSs) is proposed in this article to address the power crisis of the utility grid, to enhance energy self-reliance, and to downsize the cost. The optimal size, technical criteria, energy generation, and different types of costs have been evaluated considering the dynamic behavior of solar radiation, traffic arrival intensity, and average biomass energy potential. Additionally, the wireless network performance in terms of total achievable throughput, spectral efficiency (SE), and energy efficiency (EE) are extensively examined using the MATLAB-based Monte-Carlo simulations taking multipath fading, system bandwidth, transmission power, and inter-cell interference (ICI) into consideration. The numerical results demonstrate that the energy-trading facility can achieve net present cost (NPC) and greenhouse gas saving up to 3.20% and 65.8%, respectively. In the end, the performance of the hybrid solar PV/BG system has been thoroughly compared with the standalone solar PV, hybrid PV/wind turbine (WT), and hybrid PV/diesel generator (DG) systems under on-grid and off-grid configurations for benchmarking.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Sustainabilityarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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    Sustainability
    Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Sustainability
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    Sustainability
    Article . 2020
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Sustainabilityarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Sustainability
      Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Sustainability
      Article . 2020
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Md. Sanwar Hossain; Abu Jahid; Khondoker Ziaul Islam; Md. Fayzur Rahman;

    Due to the technological revolution and higher user data demand, the telecommunication industry is expanding at an exponential rate. Fulfilling the increasing demand of energy for the rising cellular networks has become a great challenge to the network operators because of the limited reservation of fuel energy sources and the growing concern about global warming. Energy harvesting (EH) from renewable energy sources (RES) has become an overwhelming initiative to minimize energy deficiency and carbon footprints. This paper investigates the feasibility of solar photovoltaic (PV) and biomass resources based hybrid supply systems for powering the off-grid Long Term Evolution (LTE) cellular macrocell base stations (BSs) in Bangladesh focusing the technical, economic and environmental issues. In addition, the green energy sharing technique has been incorporated via a low resistive path for optimal use of RES. The proposed system has enough potential to achieve long term sustainability and reduction of pollution rates by fulfilling the future energy demand of BS. In this work, Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewables (HOMER) simulation-based feasibility analysis is used to assess the optimal system, energy production, total net present cost (NPC), cost of electricity (COE) and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission depending on different system parameters. Furthermore, the performance of the network has been evaluated in terms of throughput and energy efficiency using Matlab-based Monte Carlo simulations. Results demonstrate that the proposed hybrid renewable energy powered BSs would be a reliable and longer-lasting green solution for the telecom sector while maintaining the quality of service (QoS). Finally, an extensive comparison with other systems has also been done to justify network validity.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ IEEE Accessarrow_drop_down
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    IEEE Access
    Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
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    IEEE Access
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    IEEE Access
    Article . 2020
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ IEEE Accessarrow_drop_down
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      IEEE Access
      Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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      IEEE Access
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      IEEE Access
      Article . 2020
      Data sources: DOAJ
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Abu Jahid; Md. Sanwar Hossain; Md. Kamrul Hasan Monju; Md. Fayzur Rahman; +1 Authors

    La prolifération généralisée de l'accès à Internet, des gadgets sans fil abordables, de la demande de données des utilisateurs et des réseaux cellulaires étendus correspondants entraîne une consommation d'énergie et une empreinte carbone importantes. Avec les avantages supplémentaires de la technologie de récupération des énergies renouvelables (REH), les stations de base de télécommunications (BS) sont principalement alimentées par des sources d'énergie vertes pour réduire les dépenses opérationnelles (OPEX) et la pollution atmosphérique avec une qualité de service (QoS) garantie. En conséquence, cet article examine la plausibilité de solutions d'alimentation électrique optimales telles que le photovoltaïque solaire autonome (PV), l'éolienne hybride PV/éolienne (PV/WT), le générateur hybride PV/diesel (DG) et le réseau hybride PV/électrique (PV/EG) pour alimenter les BS de l'évolution à long terme (LTE) concernant les aspects techniques, économiques et environnementaux au Bangladesh. Une vaste simulation basée sur Monte-Carlo est réalisée pour évaluer les performances du réseau sans fil en termes de débit, d'efficacité énergétique (EE), de gain d'efficacité énergétique (gain EE), d'économies d'énergie moyennes, de bande passante du système de variation de l'efficacité radio (B) et de puissance de transmission BS (P TX) compte tenu du comportement dynamique de l'intensité du trafic et du profil de production d'énergie renouvelable (RE). En tirant parti de la technique de zoom cellulaire et d'un cadre d'orientation de la circulation écologique, nous nous efforçons de minimiser le coût net actuel et de maximiser également les économies d'énergie moyennes. Les résultats de la simulation révèlent que la technique de zoom cellulaire a permis de réaliser des économies d'énergie allant jusqu'à 36 % et que l'amélioration du gain EE a atteint environ 23 % avec une modélisation efficace du REH. Par la suite, une comparaison complète des régimes susmentionnés est promise pour une validation ultérieure. La proliferación generalizada del acceso a Internet, los dispositivos inalámbricos asequibles, la demanda de datos de los usuarios y las correspondientes redes celulares extendidas conllevan un importante consumo de energía y huellas de carbono. Con los beneficios adicionales de la tecnología de recolección de energía renovable (REH), las estaciones base de telecomunicaciones (BS) son suministradas predominantemente por fuentes de energía verde para reducir el gasto operativo (OPEX) y la contaminación atmosférica con calidad de servicio (QoS) garantizada. En consecuencia, este documento examina la plausibilidad de soluciones óptimas de suministro de energía, como la energía solar fotovoltaica (PV) independiente, la energía fotovoltaica híbrida/turbina eólica (PV/WT), el generador fotovoltaico híbrido/diesel (DG) y la red fotovoltaica híbrida/eléctrica (PV/EG) para alimentar las BS de evolución a largo plazo (LTE) relacionadas con aspectos técnicos, económicos y ambientales en Bangladesh. Se realizan extensas simulaciones basadas en Monte-Carlo para evaluar el rendimiento de la red inalámbrica en términos de rendimiento, eficiencia energética (EE), ganancia de eficiencia energética (ganancia EE), ahorro de energía promedio, ancho de banda del sistema variable de eficiencia de radio (B) y potencia de transmisión BS (P TX) considerando el comportamiento dinámico de la intensidad del tráfico y el perfil de generación de energía renovable (RE). Al aprovechar la técnica de zoom celular y un marco de dirección de tráfico verde, se esfuerza por minimizar el costo neto actual y maximizar también el ahorro medio de energía. Los resultados de la simulación revelan que la técnica de zoom celular logró ahorros de energía de hasta el 36% y la mejora de la ganancia de EE logró alrededor del 23% con un modelado efectivo de REH. Posteriormente, se promete una comparación exhaustiva de los esquemas antes mencionados para su posterior validación. The widespread proliferation of internet access, affordable wireless gadgets, the user data demand and the corresponding extended cellular networks entailing significant energy consumption and carbon footprints. With the added benefits of renewable energy harvesting (REH) technology, telecom base stations (BSs) are predominantly supplied by green power sources to reduce operational expenditure (OPEX) and atmospheric pollution with guaranteed quality of service (QoS). Accordingly, this paper examines the plausibility of optimal power supply solutions such as standalone solar photovoltaic (PV), hybrid PV/wind turbine (PV/WT), hybrid PV/diesel generator (DG) and hybrid PV/electric grid (PV/EG) to feed the Long Term Evolution (LTE) BSs pertaining to technical, economic and environmental aspects in Bangladesh. An extensive Monte-Carlo based simulations are performed to evaluate wireless network performance in terms of throughput, energy efficiency (EE), energy efficiency gain (EE gain ), average energy savings, radio efficiency varying system bandwidth (B) and BS transmission power (P TX ) considering the dynamic behavior of traffic intensity and renewable energy (RE) generation profile. By leveraging the cell zooming technique and a green traffic steering framework endeavors to minimize the net present cost and maximize the average energy savings as well. The simulation results reveal that the cell zooming technique attained energy savings yielding up to 36% and improvement of EE gain achieved about 23% with effective modeling of REH. Subsequently, a comprehensive comparison of the aforementioned schemes is pledged for further validation. الانتشار الواسع النطاق للوصول إلى الإنترنت، والأدوات اللاسلكية بأسعار معقولة، وطلب بيانات المستخدم والشبكات الخلوية الموسعة المقابلة التي تنطوي على استهلاك كبير للطاقة وآثار الكربون. مع الفوائد الإضافية لتقنية حصاد الطاقة المتجددة (REH)، يتم توفير محطات قاعدة الاتصالات (BSs) في الغالب من مصادر الطاقة الخضراء لتقليل النفقات التشغيلية (OPEX) وتلوث الغلاف الجوي مع ضمان جودة الخدمة (QoS). وفقًا لذلك، تبحث هذه الورقة في معقولية حلول إمدادات الطاقة المثلى مثل الطاقة الشمسية الكهروضوئية المستقلة (PV)، والتوربينات الكهروضوئية/الرياح الهجينة (PV/WT)، والمولدات الكهروضوئية/الديزل الهجينة (DG) والشبكة الكهروضوئية/الكهربائية الهجينة (PV/EG) لتغذية BSs التطور طويل الأجل (LTE) المتعلقة بالجوانب التقنية والاقتصادية والبيئية في بنغلاديش. يتم إجراء عمليات محاكاة واسعة النطاق تستند إلى مونت كارلو لتقييم أداء الشبكة اللاسلكية من حيث الإنتاجية، وكفاءة الطاقة (EE)، وكسب كفاءة الطاقة (EE GAIN)، ومتوسط توفير الطاقة، وعرض النطاق الترددي المتغير لكفاءة الراديو (B) وقوة إرسال BS (P TX) مع الأخذ في الاعتبار السلوك الديناميكي لكثافة حركة المرور وملف توليد الطاقة المتجددة (RE). من خلال الاستفادة من تقنية تكبير الخلايا وإطار توجيه حركة المرور الأخضر، تسعى إلى تقليل صافي التكلفة الحالية وتعظيم متوسط توفير الطاقة أيضًا. تكشف نتائج المحاكاة أن تقنية تكبير الخلية حققت وفورات في الطاقة مما أدى إلى تحقيق ما يصل إلى 36 ٪ وتحسين مكاسب EE التي حققت حوالي 23 ٪ مع النمذجة الفعالة لـ REH. بعد ذلك، يتم التعهد بإجراء مقارنة شاملة للمخططات المذكورة أعلاه لمزيد من التحقق.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ IEEE Accessarrow_drop_down
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/t4...
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    Authors: Md. Sanwar Hossain; Khondoker Ziaul Islam; Abdullah G. Alharbi; Md Shafiullah; +2 Authors

    The increased penetration of renewable energy sources (RESs) along with the rise in demand for wireless communication had led to the need to deploy cellular base stations powered by locally accessible RESs. Moreover, networks powered by renewable energy sources have the ability to reduce the costs of generating electricity, as well as greenhouse gas emissions, thus maintaining the quality of service (QoS). This paper examines the techno-economic feasibility of developing grid-tied solar photovoltaic (PV)/biomass generator (BG)-powered heterogeneous networks in Bangladesh, taking into account the dynamic characteristics of RESs and traffic. To guarantee QoS, each macro and micro-base station is supplied through a hybrid solar PV/BG coupled with enough energy storage devices. In contrast, pico and femto BSs are powered through standalone solar PV units due to their smaller power rating. A hybrid optimization model for electric renewables (HOMER)-based optimization algorithm is considered to determine the optimum system architecture, economic and environmental analysis. MATLAB-based Monte-Carlo simulations are used to assess the system’s throughput and energy efficiency. A new weighted proportional-fair resource method is presented by trading power consumption and communication latency in non-real-time applications. Performance analysis of the proposed architecture confirmed its energy efficiency, economic soundness, reliability, and environmental friendliness. Additionally, the suggested method was shown to increase the battery life of the end devices.

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    Authors: Khondoker Islam; Md. Hossain; B. Ruhul Amin; G. Shafiullah; +1 Authors

    The heterogeneous network (HetNet) is a specified cellular platform to tackle the rapidly growing anticipated data traffic. From a communications perspective, data loads can be mapped to energy loads that are generally placed on the operator networks. Meanwhile, renewable energy-aided networks offer to curtailed fossil fuel consumption, so to reduce the environmental pollution. This paper proposes a renewable energy based power supply architecture for the off-grid HetNet using a novel energy sharing model. Solar photovoltaics (PV) along with sufficient energy storage devices are used for each macro, micro, pico, or femto base station (BS). Additionally, a biomass generator (BG) is used for macro and micro BSs. The collocated macro and micro BSs are connected through end-to-end resistive lines. A novel-weighted proportional-fair resource-scheduling algorithm with sleep mechanisms is proposed for non-real time (NRT) applications by trading-off the power consumption and communication delays. Furthermore, the proposed algorithm with an extended discontinuous reception (eDRX) and power saving mode (PSM) for narrowband internet of things (IoT) applications extends the battery lifetime for IoT devices. HOMER optimization software is used to perform optimal system architecture, economic, and carbon footprint analyses while the Monte-Carlo simulation tool is used for evaluating the throughput and energy efficiency performances. The proposed algorithms are validated through the practical data of the rural areas of Bangladesh from which it is evident that the proposed power supply architecture is energy-efficient, cost-effective, reliable, and eco-friendly.

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    Authors: Md. Sanwar Hossain; Abu Jahid; Khondoker Ziaul Islam; Mohammed H. Alsharif; +3 Authors

    El enorme crecimiento de las redes celulares y los servicios inalámbricos ubicuos ha provocado un consumo de energía trascendental, emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI) y, por lo tanto, un gran desafío para el desarrollo de redes celulares sostenibles y energéticamente eficientes. Con el aumento de la recolección de energía renovable, las estaciones base celulares (BS) se están alimentando progresivamente con fuentes de energía renovables (RES) para reducir la crisis energética, los contenidos de carbono y su dependencia del suministro de la red convencional. Por lo tanto, la utilización combinada de fuentes de energía renovables con el sistema de red eléctrica está demostrando ser una opción más realista para desarrollar un sistema energéticamente eficiente y ecosostenible en el contexto de las comunicaciones móviles ecológicas. El objetivo final de este trabajo es desarrollar un sistema de suministro de energía solar fotovoltaica (PV) conectado a la red que tenga en cuenta el tráfico y que utilice las redes heterogéneas habilitadas para la cabeza de radio remota (RRH) (HetNets) con el objetivo de minimizar el consumo de energía de la red y la huella de carbono, al tiempo que garantiza la sostenibilidad energética a largo plazo y la eficiencia energética (EE). Además, la técnica de equilibrio de carga se implementa entre las BS colocadas para una mejor utilización de los bloques de recursos (RB) y, a partir de entonces, el rendimiento del sistema se compara con una arquitectura celular habilitada para zoom celular existente para la evaluación comparativa. Además, la viabilidad tecnoeconómica del sistema previsto se ha analizado exhaustivamente utilizando el software de optimización HOMER, teniendo en cuenta la naturaleza dinámica del perfil de generación solar y la tasa de llegada de tráfico. Además, se realiza una investigación exhaustiva con la ayuda de simulaciones de Monte-Carlo para evaluar el rendimiento de la red inalámbrica en términos de rendimiento, eficiencia espectral (SE) y eficiencia energética, así como en una amplia gama de escenarios de diseño. Los resultados numéricos demuestran que el sistema solar fotovoltaico/batería conectado a la red propuesto puede lograr una reducción significativa del consumo de energía de la red con un rendimiento de hasta el 54,8% y garantizar una sostenibilidad energética destacada con el modelado eficaz de la recolección de energía renovable. L'énorme croissance des réseaux cellulaires et des services sans fil omniprésents a entraîné une consommation d'énergie et des émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES) considérables et, par conséquent, a posé un grand défi au développement de réseaux cellulaires durables et économes en énergie. Avec l'augmentation de la récolte d'énergie renouvelable, les stations de base cellulaires (BS) sont progressivement alimentées par des sources d'énergie renouvelables (SER) pour réduire la crise énergétique, la teneur en carbone et sa dépendance à l'approvisionnement en réseau conventionnel. Ainsi, l'utilisation combinée des sources d'énergie renouvelables avec le système de réseau électrique s'avère être une option plus réaliste pour développer un système économe en énergie ainsi qu'un système éco-durable dans le contexte des communications mobiles vertes. L'objectif ultime de ce travail est de développer un système d'alimentation optimale en énergie solaire photovoltaïque (PV) connecté au réseau et sensible au trafic, en s'efforçant de mettre en place des réseaux hétérogènes à tête radio à distance (RRH) (HetNets) visant à minimiser la consommation d'énergie et l'empreinte carbone du réseau tout en garantissant la durabilité énergétique et l'efficacité énergétique (EE) à long terme. En outre, la technique d'équilibrage de charge est mise en œuvre parmi les BS colocalisées pour une meilleure utilisation des blocs de ressources (RB) et, par la suite, les performances du système sont comparées à une architecture cellulaire activée par zoom de cellule existante pour l'étalonnage. En outre, la faisabilité technico-économique du système envisagé a été largement analysée à l'aide du logiciel d'optimisation HOMER compte tenu de la nature dynamique du profil de production solaire et du taux d'arrivée du trafic. En outre, une enquête approfondie est menée à l'aide de simulations Monte-Carlo pour évaluer les performances du réseau sans fil en termes de débit, d'efficacité spectrale (SE) et d'efficacité énergétique ainsi que dans un large éventail de scénarios de conception. Les résultats numériques démontrent que le système solaire photovoltaïque/batterie relié au réseau proposé peut réduire considérablement la consommation d'énergie du réseau, jusqu'à 54,8 %, et assurer une durabilité énergétique de premier plan grâce à la modélisation efficace de la collecte d'énergie renouvelable. The enormous growth in the cellular networks and ubiquitous wireless services has incurred momentous energy consumption, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and thereby, imposed a great challenge to the development of energy-efficient sustainable cellular networks. With the augmentation of harvesting renewable energy, cellular base stations (BSs) are progressively being powered by renewable energy sources (RES) to reduce the energy crisis, carbon contents, and its dependency on conventional grid supply. Thus, the combined utilization of renewable energy sources with the electrical grid system is proving to be a more realistic option for developing an energy-efficient as well as an eco-sustainable system in the context of green mobile communications. The ultimate objective of this work is to develop a traffic-aware grid-connected solar photovoltaic (PV) optimal power supply system endeavoring the remote radio head (RRH) enabled heterogeneous networks (HetNets) aiming to minimize grid energy consumption and carbon footprint while ensuring long-term energy sustainability and energy efficiency (EE). Moreover, the load balancing technique is implemented among collocated BSs for better resource blocks (RBs) utilization and thereafter, the performance of the system is compared with an existing cell zooming enabled cellular architecture for benchmarking. Besides, the techno-economic feasibility of the envisaged system has been extensively analyzed using HOMER optimization software considering the dynamic nature of solar generation profile and traffic arrival rate. Furthermore, a thorough investigation is conducted with the help of Monte-Carlo simulations to assess the wireless network performance in terms of throughput, spectral efficiency (SE), and energy efficiency as well under a wide range of design scenarios. The numerical outcomes demonstrate that the proposed grid-tied solar PV/battery system can achieve a significant reduction of grid power consumption yielding up to 54.8% and ensure prominent energy sustainability with the effective modeling of renewable energy harvesting. أدى النمو الهائل في الشبكات الخلوية والخدمات اللاسلكية في كل مكان إلى استهلاك هائل للطاقة وانبعاثات غازات الدفيئة (GHG)، وبالتالي فرض تحديًا كبيرًا لتطوير شبكات خلوية مستدامة موفرة للطاقة. مع زيادة حصاد الطاقة المتجددة، يتم تشغيل المحطات الأساسية الخلوية (BSs) تدريجياً بواسطة مصادر الطاقة المتجددة (RES) للحد من أزمة الطاقة ومحتويات الكربون واعتمادها على إمدادات الشبكة التقليدية. وبالتالي، فإن الاستخدام المشترك لمصادر الطاقة المتجددة مع نظام الشبكة الكهربائية يثبت أنه خيار أكثر واقعية لتطوير نظام موفر للطاقة ومستدام بيئيًا في سياق الاتصالات المتنقلة الخضراء. الهدف النهائي من هذا العمل هو تطوير نظام مثالي لإمداد الطاقة الشمسية الكهروضوئية المتصلة بالشبكة (PV) التي تسعى إلى إنشاء شبكات غير متجانسة ممكّنة برأس راديو بعيد (RRH) (HetNets) تهدف إلى تقليل استهلاك طاقة الشبكة والبصمة الكربونية مع ضمان استدامة الطاقة وكفاءة الطاقة على المدى الطويل (EE). علاوة على ذلك، يتم تنفيذ تقنية موازنة الحمل بين BSs المجمعة لاستخدام كتل الموارد (RBs) بشكل أفضل وبعد ذلك، تتم مقارنة أداء النظام مع البنية الخلوية القائمة التي تتيح تكبير الخلية لإجراء المقارنات المعيارية. إلى جانب ذلك، تم تحليل الجدوى التقنية والاقتصادية للنظام المتوخى على نطاق واسع باستخدام برنامج تحسين هوميروس مع الأخذ في الاعتبار الطبيعة الديناميكية لملف تعريف توليد الطاقة الشمسية ومعدل وصول حركة المرور. علاوة على ذلك، يتم إجراء تحقيق شامل بمساعدة عمليات محاكاة مونت كارلو لتقييم أداء الشبكة اللاسلكية من حيث الإنتاجية والكفاءة الطيفية (SE) وكفاءة الطاقة بالإضافة إلى مجموعة واسعة من سيناريوهات التصميم. تُظهر النتائج العددية أن نظام الطاقة الشمسية الكهروضوئية/البطارية المقترح المرتبط بالشبكة يمكن أن يحقق انخفاضًا كبيرًا في استهلاك الطاقة الشبكية الذي يصل إلى 54.8 ٪ ويضمن استدامة بارزة للطاقة من خلال النمذجة الفعالة لحصاد الطاقة المتجددة.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Md. Sanwar Hossain; Abdullah G. Alharbi; Khondoker Ziaul Islam; Md. Rabiul Islam;

    Hydrogen has received tremendous global attention as an energy carrier and an energy storage system. Hydrogen carrier introduces a power to hydrogen (P2H), and power to hydrogen to power (P2H2P) facility to store the excess energy in renewable energy storage systems, with the facts of large-scale storage capacity, transportability, and multiple utilities. This work examines the techno-economic feasibility of hybrid solar photovoltaic (PV)/hydrogen/fuel cell-powered cellular base stations for developing green mobile communication to decrease environmental degradation and mitigate fossil-fuel crises. Extensive simulation is carried out using a hybrid optimization model for electric rnewables (HOMER) optimization tool to evaluate the optimal size, energy production, total production cost, per unit energy production cost, and emission of carbon footprints subject to different relevant system parameters. In addition, the throughput, and energy efficiency performance of the wireless network is critically evaluated with the help of MATLAB-based Monte-Carlo simulations taking multipath fading, system bandwidth, transmission power, and inter-cell interference (ICI) into consideration. Results show that a more stable and reliable green solution for the telecommunications sector will be the macro cellular basis stations driven by the recommended hybrid supply system. The hybrid supply system has around 17% surplus electricity and 48.1 h backup capacity that increases the system reliability by maintaining a better quality of service (QoS). To end, the outcomes of the suggested system are compared with the other supply scheme and the previously published research work for justifying the validity of the proposed system.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Sustainabilityarrow_drop_down
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    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Md. Sanwar Hossain; Khondoker Ziaul Islam; Abu Jahid; Khondokar Mizanur Rahman; +2 Authors

    With the proliferation of cellular networks, the ubiquitous availability of new-generation multimedia devices, and their wide-ranging data applications, telecom network operators are increasingly deploying the number of cellular base stations (BSs) to deal with unprecedented service demand. The rapid and radical deployment of the cellular network significantly exerts energy consumption and carbon footprints to the atmosphere. The ultimate objective of this work is to develop a sustainable and environmentally-friendly cellular infrastructure through compelling utilization of the locally available renewable energy sources (RES) namely solar photovoltaic (PV), wind turbine (WT), and biomass generator (BG). This article addresses the key challenges of envisioning the hybrid solar PV/WT/BG powered macro BSs in Bangladesh considering the dynamic profile of the RES and traffic intensity in the tempo-spatial domain. The optimal system architecture and technical criteria of the proposed system are critically evaluated with the help of HOMER optimization software for both on-grid and off-grid conditions to downsize the electricity generation cost and waste outflows while ensuring the desired quality of experience (QoE) over 20 years duration. Besides, the green energy-sharing mechanism under the off-grid condition and the grid-tied condition has been critically analyzed for optimal use of green energy. Moreover, the heuristic algorithm of the load balancing technique among collocated BSs has been incorporated for elevating the throughput and energy efficiency (EE) as well. The spectral efficiency (SE), energy efficiency, and outage probability performance of the contemplated wireless network are substantially examined using Matlab based Monte–Carlo simulation under a wide range of network configurations. Simulation results reveal that the proper load balancing technique pledges zero outage probability with expected system performance whereas energy cooperation policy offers an attractive solution for developing green mobile communications employing better utilization of renewable energy under the proposed hybrid solar PV/WT/BG scheme.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Sustainabilityarrow_drop_down
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Md. Sanwar Hossain; Abu Jahid; Khondoker Ziaul Islam; Mohammed H. Alsharif; +1 Authors

    A hybrid solar photovoltaic (PV)/biomass generator (BG) energy-trading framework between grid supply and base stations (BSs) is proposed in this article to address the power crisis of the utility grid, to enhance energy self-reliance, and to downsize the cost. The optimal size, technical criteria, energy generation, and different types of costs have been evaluated considering the dynamic behavior of solar radiation, traffic arrival intensity, and average biomass energy potential. Additionally, the wireless network performance in terms of total achievable throughput, spectral efficiency (SE), and energy efficiency (EE) are extensively examined using the MATLAB-based Monte-Carlo simulations taking multipath fading, system bandwidth, transmission power, and inter-cell interference (ICI) into consideration. The numerical results demonstrate that the energy-trading facility can achieve net present cost (NPC) and greenhouse gas saving up to 3.20% and 65.8%, respectively. In the end, the performance of the hybrid solar PV/BG system has been thoroughly compared with the standalone solar PV, hybrid PV/wind turbine (WT), and hybrid PV/diesel generator (DG) systems under on-grid and off-grid configurations for benchmarking.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Sustainabilityarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Sustainability
    Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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    Article . 2020
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Sustainabilityarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      Article . 2020
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Md. Sanwar Hossain; Abu Jahid; Khondoker Ziaul Islam; Md. Fayzur Rahman;

    Due to the technological revolution and higher user data demand, the telecommunication industry is expanding at an exponential rate. Fulfilling the increasing demand of energy for the rising cellular networks has become a great challenge to the network operators because of the limited reservation of fuel energy sources and the growing concern about global warming. Energy harvesting (EH) from renewable energy sources (RES) has become an overwhelming initiative to minimize energy deficiency and carbon footprints. This paper investigates the feasibility of solar photovoltaic (PV) and biomass resources based hybrid supply systems for powering the off-grid Long Term Evolution (LTE) cellular macrocell base stations (BSs) in Bangladesh focusing the technical, economic and environmental issues. In addition, the green energy sharing technique has been incorporated via a low resistive path for optimal use of RES. The proposed system has enough potential to achieve long term sustainability and reduction of pollution rates by fulfilling the future energy demand of BS. In this work, Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewables (HOMER) simulation-based feasibility analysis is used to assess the optimal system, energy production, total net present cost (NPC), cost of electricity (COE) and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission depending on different system parameters. Furthermore, the performance of the network has been evaluated in terms of throughput and energy efficiency using Matlab-based Monte Carlo simulations. Results demonstrate that the proposed hybrid renewable energy powered BSs would be a reliable and longer-lasting green solution for the telecom sector while maintaining the quality of service (QoS). Finally, an extensive comparison with other systems has also been done to justify network validity.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ IEEE Accessarrow_drop_down
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    IEEE Access
    Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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    Article . 2020
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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    Authors: Abu Jahid; Md. Sanwar Hossain; Md. Kamrul Hasan Monju; Md. Fayzur Rahman; +1 Authors

    La prolifération généralisée de l'accès à Internet, des gadgets sans fil abordables, de la demande de données des utilisateurs et des réseaux cellulaires étendus correspondants entraîne une consommation d'énergie et une empreinte carbone importantes. Avec les avantages supplémentaires de la technologie de récupération des énergies renouvelables (REH), les stations de base de télécommunications (BS) sont principalement alimentées par des sources d'énergie vertes pour réduire les dépenses opérationnelles (OPEX) et la pollution atmosphérique avec une qualité de service (QoS) garantie. En conséquence, cet article examine la plausibilité de solutions d'alimentation électrique optimales telles que le photovoltaïque solaire autonome (PV), l'éolienne hybride PV/éolienne (PV/WT), le générateur hybride PV/diesel (DG) et le réseau hybride PV/électrique (PV/EG) pour alimenter les BS de l'évolution à long terme (LTE) concernant les aspects techniques, économiques et environnementaux au Bangladesh. Une vaste simulation basée sur Monte-Carlo est réalisée pour évaluer les performances du réseau sans fil en termes de débit, d'efficacité énergétique (EE), de gain d'efficacité énergétique (gain EE), d'économies d'énergie moyennes, de bande passante du système de variation de l'efficacité radio (B) et de puissance de transmission BS (P TX) compte tenu du comportement dynamique de l'intensité du trafic et du profil de production d'énergie renouvelable (RE). En tirant parti de la technique de zoom cellulaire et d'un cadre d'orientation de la circulation écologique, nous nous efforçons de minimiser le coût net actuel et de maximiser également les économies d'énergie moyennes. Les résultats de la simulation révèlent que la technique de zoom cellulaire a permis de réaliser des économies d'énergie allant jusqu'à 36 % et que l'amélioration du gain EE a atteint environ 23 % avec une modélisation efficace du REH. Par la suite, une comparaison complète des régimes susmentionnés est promise pour une validation ultérieure. La proliferación generalizada del acceso a Internet, los dispositivos inalámbricos asequibles, la demanda de datos de los usuarios y las correspondientes redes celulares extendidas conllevan un importante consumo de energía y huellas de carbono. Con los beneficios adicionales de la tecnología de recolección de energía renovable (REH), las estaciones base de telecomunicaciones (BS) son suministradas predominantemente por fuentes de energía verde para reducir el gasto operativo (OPEX) y la contaminación atmosférica con calidad de servicio (QoS) garantizada. En consecuencia, este documento examina la plausibilidad de soluciones óptimas de suministro de energía, como la energía solar fotovoltaica (PV) independiente, la energía fotovoltaica híbrida/turbina eólica (PV/WT), el generador fotovoltaico híbrido/diesel (DG) y la red fotovoltaica híbrida/eléctrica (PV/EG) para alimentar las BS de evolución a largo plazo (LTE) relacionadas con aspectos técnicos, económicos y ambientales en Bangladesh. Se realizan extensas simulaciones basadas en Monte-Carlo para evaluar el rendimiento de la red inalámbrica en términos de rendimiento, eficiencia energética (EE), ganancia de eficiencia energética (ganancia EE), ahorro de energía promedio, ancho de banda del sistema variable de eficiencia de radio (B) y potencia de transmisión BS (P TX) considerando el comportamiento dinámico de la intensidad del tráfico y el perfil de generación de energía renovable (RE). Al aprovechar la técnica de zoom celular y un marco de dirección de tráfico verde, se esfuerza por minimizar el costo neto actual y maximizar también el ahorro medio de energía. Los resultados de la simulación revelan que la técnica de zoom celular logró ahorros de energía de hasta el 36% y la mejora de la ganancia de EE logró alrededor del 23% con un modelado efectivo de REH. Posteriormente, se promete una comparación exhaustiva de los esquemas antes mencionados para su posterior validación. The widespread proliferation of internet access, affordable wireless gadgets, the user data demand and the corresponding extended cellular networks entailing significant energy consumption and carbon footprints. With the added benefits of renewable energy harvesting (REH) technology, telecom base stations (BSs) are predominantly supplied by green power sources to reduce operational expenditure (OPEX) and atmospheric pollution with guaranteed quality of service (QoS). Accordingly, this paper examines the plausibility of optimal power supply solutions such as standalone solar photovoltaic (PV), hybrid PV/wind turbine (PV/WT), hybrid PV/diesel generator (DG) and hybrid PV/electric grid (PV/EG) to feed the Long Term Evolution (LTE) BSs pertaining to technical, economic and environmental aspects in Bangladesh. An extensive Monte-Carlo based simulations are performed to evaluate wireless network performance in terms of throughput, energy efficiency (EE), energy efficiency gain (EE gain ), average energy savings, radio efficiency varying system bandwidth (B) and BS transmission power (P TX ) considering the dynamic behavior of traffic intensity and renewable energy (RE) generation profile. By leveraging the cell zooming technique and a green traffic steering framework endeavors to minimize the net present cost and maximize the average energy savings as well. The simulation results reveal that the cell zooming technique attained energy savings yielding up to 36% and improvement of EE gain achieved about 23% with effective modeling of REH. Subsequently, a comprehensive comparison of the aforementioned schemes is pledged for further validation. الانتشار الواسع النطاق للوصول إلى الإنترنت، والأدوات اللاسلكية بأسعار معقولة، وطلب بيانات المستخدم والشبكات الخلوية الموسعة المقابلة التي تنطوي على استهلاك كبير للطاقة وآثار الكربون. مع الفوائد الإضافية لتقنية حصاد الطاقة المتجددة (REH)، يتم توفير محطات قاعدة الاتصالات (BSs) في الغالب من مصادر الطاقة الخضراء لتقليل النفقات التشغيلية (OPEX) وتلوث الغلاف الجوي مع ضمان جودة الخدمة (QoS). وفقًا لذلك، تبحث هذه الورقة في معقولية حلول إمدادات الطاقة المثلى مثل الطاقة الشمسية الكهروضوئية المستقلة (PV)، والتوربينات الكهروضوئية/الرياح الهجينة (PV/WT)، والمولدات الكهروضوئية/الديزل الهجينة (DG) والشبكة الكهروضوئية/الكهربائية الهجينة (PV/EG) لتغذية BSs التطور طويل الأجل (LTE) المتعلقة بالجوانب التقنية والاقتصادية والبيئية في بنغلاديش. يتم إجراء عمليات محاكاة واسعة النطاق تستند إلى مونت كارلو لتقييم أداء الشبكة اللاسلكية من حيث الإنتاجية، وكفاءة الطاقة (EE)، وكسب كفاءة الطاقة (EE GAIN)، ومتوسط توفير الطاقة، وعرض النطاق الترددي المتغير لكفاءة الراديو (B) وقوة إرسال BS (P TX) مع الأخذ في الاعتبار السلوك الديناميكي لكثافة حركة المرور وملف توليد الطاقة المتجددة (RE). من خلال الاستفادة من تقنية تكبير الخلايا وإطار توجيه حركة المرور الأخضر، تسعى إلى تقليل صافي التكلفة الحالية وتعظيم متوسط توفير الطاقة أيضًا. تكشف نتائج المحاكاة أن تقنية تكبير الخلية حققت وفورات في الطاقة مما أدى إلى تحقيق ما يصل إلى 36 ٪ وتحسين مكاسب EE التي حققت حوالي 23 ٪ مع النمذجة الفعالة لـ REH. بعد ذلك، يتم التعهد بإجراء مقارنة شاملة للمخططات المذكورة أعلاه لمزيد من التحقق.

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    Authors: Md. Sanwar Hossain; Khondoker Ziaul Islam; Abdullah G. Alharbi; Md Shafiullah; +2 Authors

    The increased penetration of renewable energy sources (RESs) along with the rise in demand for wireless communication had led to the need to deploy cellular base stations powered by locally accessible RESs. Moreover, networks powered by renewable energy sources have the ability to reduce the costs of generating electricity, as well as greenhouse gas emissions, thus maintaining the quality of service (QoS). This paper examines the techno-economic feasibility of developing grid-tied solar photovoltaic (PV)/biomass generator (BG)-powered heterogeneous networks in Bangladesh, taking into account the dynamic characteristics of RESs and traffic. To guarantee QoS, each macro and micro-base station is supplied through a hybrid solar PV/BG coupled with enough energy storage devices. In contrast, pico and femto BSs are powered through standalone solar PV units due to their smaller power rating. A hybrid optimization model for electric renewables (HOMER)-based optimization algorithm is considered to determine the optimum system architecture, economic and environmental analysis. MATLAB-based Monte-Carlo simulations are used to assess the system’s throughput and energy efficiency. A new weighted proportional-fair resource method is presented by trading power consumption and communication latency in non-real-time applications. Performance analysis of the proposed architecture confirmed its energy efficiency, economic soundness, reliability, and environmental friendliness. Additionally, the suggested method was shown to increase the battery life of the end devices.

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    Authors: Khondoker Islam; Md. Hossain; B. Ruhul Amin; G. Shafiullah; +1 Authors

    The heterogeneous network (HetNet) is a specified cellular platform to tackle the rapidly growing anticipated data traffic. From a communications perspective, data loads can be mapped to energy loads that are generally placed on the operator networks. Meanwhile, renewable energy-aided networks offer to curtailed fossil fuel consumption, so to reduce the environmental pollution. This paper proposes a renewable energy based power supply architecture for the off-grid HetNet using a novel energy sharing model. Solar photovoltaics (PV) along with sufficient energy storage devices are used for each macro, micro, pico, or femto base station (BS). Additionally, a biomass generator (BG) is used for macro and micro BSs. The collocated macro and micro BSs are connected through end-to-end resistive lines. A novel-weighted proportional-fair resource-scheduling algorithm with sleep mechanisms is proposed for non-real time (NRT) applications by trading-off the power consumption and communication delays. Furthermore, the proposed algorithm with an extended discontinuous reception (eDRX) and power saving mode (PSM) for narrowband internet of things (IoT) applications extends the battery lifetime for IoT devices. HOMER optimization software is used to perform optimal system architecture, economic, and carbon footprint analyses while the Monte-Carlo simulation tool is used for evaluating the throughput and energy efficiency performances. The proposed algorithms are validated through the practical data of the rural areas of Bangladesh from which it is evident that the proposed power supply architecture is energy-efficient, cost-effective, reliable, and eco-friendly.

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    Authors: Md. Sanwar Hossain; Abu Jahid; Khondoker Ziaul Islam; Mohammed H. Alsharif; +3 Authors

    El enorme crecimiento de las redes celulares y los servicios inalámbricos ubicuos ha provocado un consumo de energía trascendental, emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI) y, por lo tanto, un gran desafío para el desarrollo de redes celulares sostenibles y energéticamente eficientes. Con el aumento de la recolección de energía renovable, las estaciones base celulares (BS) se están alimentando progresivamente con fuentes de energía renovables (RES) para reducir la crisis energética, los contenidos de carbono y su dependencia del suministro de la red convencional. Por lo tanto, la utilización combinada de fuentes de energía renovables con el sistema de red eléctrica está demostrando ser una opción más realista para desarrollar un sistema energéticamente eficiente y ecosostenible en el contexto de las comunicaciones móviles ecológicas. El objetivo final de este trabajo es desarrollar un sistema de suministro de energía solar fotovoltaica (PV) conectado a la red que tenga en cuenta el tráfico y que utilice las redes heterogéneas habilitadas para la cabeza de radio remota (RRH) (HetNets) con el objetivo de minimizar el consumo de energía de la red y la huella de carbono, al tiempo que garantiza la sostenibilidad energética a largo plazo y la eficiencia energética (EE). Además, la técnica de equilibrio de carga se implementa entre las BS colocadas para una mejor utilización de los bloques de recursos (RB) y, a partir de entonces, el rendimiento del sistema se compara con una arquitectura celular habilitada para zoom celular existente para la evaluación comparativa. Además, la viabilidad tecnoeconómica del sistema previsto se ha analizado exhaustivamente utilizando el software de optimización HOMER, teniendo en cuenta la naturaleza dinámica del perfil de generación solar y la tasa de llegada de tráfico. Además, se realiza una investigación exhaustiva con la ayuda de simulaciones de Monte-Carlo para evaluar el rendimiento de la red inalámbrica en términos de rendimiento, eficiencia espectral (SE) y eficiencia energética, así como en una amplia gama de escenarios de diseño. Los resultados numéricos demuestran que el sistema solar fotovoltaico/batería conectado a la red propuesto puede lograr una reducción significativa del consumo de energía de la red con un rendimiento de hasta el 54,8% y garantizar una sostenibilidad energética destacada con el modelado eficaz de la recolección de energía renovable. L'énorme croissance des réseaux cellulaires et des services sans fil omniprésents a entraîné une consommation d'énergie et des émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES) considérables et, par conséquent, a posé un grand défi au développement de réseaux cellulaires durables et économes en énergie. Avec l'augmentation de la récolte d'énergie renouvelable, les stations de base cellulaires (BS) sont progressivement alimentées par des sources d'énergie renouvelables (SER) pour réduire la crise énergétique, la teneur en carbone et sa dépendance à l'approvisionnement en réseau conventionnel. Ainsi, l'utilisation combinée des sources d'énergie renouvelables avec le système de réseau électrique s'avère être une option plus réaliste pour développer un système économe en énergie ainsi qu'un système éco-durable dans le contexte des communications mobiles vertes. L'objectif ultime de ce travail est de développer un système d'alimentation optimale en énergie solaire photovoltaïque (PV) connecté au réseau et sensible au trafic, en s'efforçant de mettre en place des réseaux hétérogènes à tête radio à distance (RRH) (HetNets) visant à minimiser la consommation d'énergie et l'empreinte carbone du réseau tout en garantissant la durabilité énergétique et l'efficacité énergétique (EE) à long terme. En outre, la technique d'équilibrage de charge est mise en œuvre parmi les BS colocalisées pour une meilleure utilisation des blocs de ressources (RB) et, par la suite, les performances du système sont comparées à une architecture cellulaire activée par zoom de cellule existante pour l'étalonnage. En outre, la faisabilité technico-économique du système envisagé a été largement analysée à l'aide du logiciel d'optimisation HOMER compte tenu de la nature dynamique du profil de production solaire et du taux d'arrivée du trafic. En outre, une enquête approfondie est menée à l'aide de simulations Monte-Carlo pour évaluer les performances du réseau sans fil en termes de débit, d'efficacité spectrale (SE) et d'efficacité énergétique ainsi que dans un large éventail de scénarios de conception. Les résultats numériques démontrent que le système solaire photovoltaïque/batterie relié au réseau proposé peut réduire considérablement la consommation d'énergie du réseau, jusqu'à 54,8 %, et assurer une durabilité énergétique de premier plan grâce à la modélisation efficace de la collecte d'énergie renouvelable. The enormous growth in the cellular networks and ubiquitous wireless services has incurred momentous energy consumption, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and thereby, imposed a great challenge to the development of energy-efficient sustainable cellular networks. With the augmentation of harvesting renewable energy, cellular base stations (BSs) are progressively being powered by renewable energy sources (RES) to reduce the energy crisis, carbon contents, and its dependency on conventional grid supply. Thus, the combined utilization of renewable energy sources with the electrical grid system is proving to be a more realistic option for developing an energy-efficient as well as an eco-sustainable system in the context of green mobile communications. The ultimate objective of this work is to develop a traffic-aware grid-connected solar photovoltaic (PV) optimal power supply system endeavoring the remote radio head (RRH) enabled heterogeneous networks (HetNets) aiming to minimize grid energy consumption and carbon footprint while ensuring long-term energy sustainability and energy efficiency (EE). Moreover, the load balancing technique is implemented among collocated BSs for better resource blocks (RBs) utilization and thereafter, the performance of the system is compared with an existing cell zooming enabled cellular architecture for benchmarking. Besides, the techno-economic feasibility of the envisaged system has been extensively analyzed using HOMER optimization software considering the dynamic nature of solar generation profile and traffic arrival rate. Furthermore, a thorough investigation is conducted with the help of Monte-Carlo simulations to assess the wireless network performance in terms of throughput, spectral efficiency (SE), and energy efficiency as well under a wide range of design scenarios. The numerical outcomes demonstrate that the proposed grid-tied solar PV/battery system can achieve a significant reduction of grid power consumption yielding up to 54.8% and ensure prominent energy sustainability with the effective modeling of renewable energy harvesting. أدى النمو الهائل في الشبكات الخلوية والخدمات اللاسلكية في كل مكان إلى استهلاك هائل للطاقة وانبعاثات غازات الدفيئة (GHG)، وبالتالي فرض تحديًا كبيرًا لتطوير شبكات خلوية مستدامة موفرة للطاقة. مع زيادة حصاد الطاقة المتجددة، يتم تشغيل المحطات الأساسية الخلوية (BSs) تدريجياً بواسطة مصادر الطاقة المتجددة (RES) للحد من أزمة الطاقة ومحتويات الكربون واعتمادها على إمدادات الشبكة التقليدية. وبالتالي، فإن الاستخدام المشترك لمصادر الطاقة المتجددة مع نظام الشبكة الكهربائية يثبت أنه خيار أكثر واقعية لتطوير نظام موفر للطاقة ومستدام بيئيًا في سياق الاتصالات المتنقلة الخضراء. الهدف النهائي من هذا العمل هو تطوير نظام مثالي لإمداد الطاقة الشمسية الكهروضوئية المتصلة بالشبكة (PV) التي تسعى إلى إنشاء شبكات غير متجانسة ممكّنة برأس راديو بعيد (RRH) (HetNets) تهدف إلى تقليل استهلاك طاقة الشبكة والبصمة الكربونية مع ضمان استدامة الطاقة وكفاءة الطاقة على المدى الطويل (EE). علاوة على ذلك، يتم تنفيذ تقنية موازنة الحمل بين BSs المجمعة لاستخدام كتل الموارد (RBs) بشكل أفضل وبعد ذلك، تتم مقارنة أداء النظام مع البنية الخلوية القائمة التي تتيح تكبير الخلية لإجراء المقارنات المعيارية. إلى جانب ذلك، تم تحليل الجدوى التقنية والاقتصادية للنظام المتوخى على نطاق واسع باستخدام برنامج تحسين هوميروس مع الأخذ في الاعتبار الطبيعة الديناميكية لملف تعريف توليد الطاقة الشمسية ومعدل وصول حركة المرور. علاوة على ذلك، يتم إجراء تحقيق شامل بمساعدة عمليات محاكاة مونت كارلو لتقييم أداء الشبكة اللاسلكية من حيث الإنتاجية والكفاءة الطيفية (SE) وكفاءة الطاقة بالإضافة إلى مجموعة واسعة من سيناريوهات التصميم. تُظهر النتائج العددية أن نظام الطاقة الشمسية الكهروضوئية/البطارية المقترح المرتبط بالشبكة يمكن أن يحقق انخفاضًا كبيرًا في استهلاك الطاقة الشبكية الذي يصل إلى 54.8 ٪ ويضمن استدامة بارزة للطاقة من خلال النمذجة الفعالة لحصاد الطاقة المتجددة.

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    Authors: Md. Sanwar Hossain; Abdullah G. Alharbi; Khondoker Ziaul Islam; Md. Rabiul Islam;

    Hydrogen has received tremendous global attention as an energy carrier and an energy storage system. Hydrogen carrier introduces a power to hydrogen (P2H), and power to hydrogen to power (P2H2P) facility to store the excess energy in renewable energy storage systems, with the facts of large-scale storage capacity, transportability, and multiple utilities. This work examines the techno-economic feasibility of hybrid solar photovoltaic (PV)/hydrogen/fuel cell-powered cellular base stations for developing green mobile communication to decrease environmental degradation and mitigate fossil-fuel crises. Extensive simulation is carried out using a hybrid optimization model for electric rnewables (HOMER) optimization tool to evaluate the optimal size, energy production, total production cost, per unit energy production cost, and emission of carbon footprints subject to different relevant system parameters. In addition, the throughput, and energy efficiency performance of the wireless network is critically evaluated with the help of MATLAB-based Monte-Carlo simulations taking multipath fading, system bandwidth, transmission power, and inter-cell interference (ICI) into consideration. Results show that a more stable and reliable green solution for the telecommunications sector will be the macro cellular basis stations driven by the recommended hybrid supply system. The hybrid supply system has around 17% surplus electricity and 48.1 h backup capacity that increases the system reliability by maintaining a better quality of service (QoS). To end, the outcomes of the suggested system are compared with the other supply scheme and the previously published research work for justifying the validity of the proposed system.

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    Authors: Md. Sanwar Hossain; Khondoker Ziaul Islam; Abu Jahid; Khondokar Mizanur Rahman; +2 Authors

    With the proliferation of cellular networks, the ubiquitous availability of new-generation multimedia devices, and their wide-ranging data applications, telecom network operators are increasingly deploying the number of cellular base stations (BSs) to deal with unprecedented service demand. The rapid and radical deployment of the cellular network significantly exerts energy consumption and carbon footprints to the atmosphere. The ultimate objective of this work is to develop a sustainable and environmentally-friendly cellular infrastructure through compelling utilization of the locally available renewable energy sources (RES) namely solar photovoltaic (PV), wind turbine (WT), and biomass generator (BG). This article addresses the key challenges of envisioning the hybrid solar PV/WT/BG powered macro BSs in Bangladesh considering the dynamic profile of the RES and traffic intensity in the tempo-spatial domain. The optimal system architecture and technical criteria of the proposed system are critically evaluated with the help of HOMER optimization software for both on-grid and off-grid conditions to downsize the electricity generation cost and waste outflows while ensuring the desired quality of experience (QoE) over 20 years duration. Besides, the green energy-sharing mechanism under the off-grid condition and the grid-tied condition has been critically analyzed for optimal use of green energy. Moreover, the heuristic algorithm of the load balancing technique among collocated BSs has been incorporated for elevating the throughput and energy efficiency (EE) as well. The spectral efficiency (SE), energy efficiency, and outage probability performance of the contemplated wireless network are substantially examined using Matlab based Monte–Carlo simulation under a wide range of network configurations. Simulation results reveal that the proper load balancing technique pledges zero outage probability with expected system performance whereas energy cooperation policy offers an attractive solution for developing green mobile communications employing better utilization of renewable energy under the proposed hybrid solar PV/WT/BG scheme.

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