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  • Energy Research

  • Authors: Md. Fayzur Rahman; Md. Sanwar Hossain; Abu Jahid;

    Owing to the technological revolution of widespread internet access telecom industries are expanding rapidly to cope up with up trending user demand. As a consequence, the vast amount of energy consumed by the cellular networks has become a great concern from an economic and environmental perspective. The ever-increasing energy demand has received a considerable attention about the future energy availability and associated costs due to the limited fuel energy sources. This study examined the feasibility of hybrid PV/DG system to powering the off-grid BSs in a remote area of Bangladesh aiming to diminish the sole dependency on fuel energy source as well as minimize the pollution rate. The proposed system has been extensively analyzed focusing on the major key aspects: energy status, economic status and environmental status for both dynamic and peak traffic varying transmission bandwidth (BW). Simulation results exhibit that the proposed system under dynamic traffic distribution inherently reduces the diesel consumption thoroughly maximizing renewable energy utilization. After that, this paper compares the performance parameters of the proposed system with the standalone DG considering the dynamic and peak load for different bandwidth. The proposed system has the potential to reduces the electricity generation cost and greenhouse gas emission (GHG) emissions about 5.3 % and 98% respectively over the standalone DG system.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Md. Sanwar Hossain; Abu Jahid; Khondoker Ziaul Islam; Mohammed H. Alsharif; +1 Authors

    A hybrid solar photovoltaic (PV)/biomass generator (BG) energy-trading framework between grid supply and base stations (BSs) is proposed in this article to address the power crisis of the utility grid, to enhance energy self-reliance, and to downsize the cost. The optimal size, technical criteria, energy generation, and different types of costs have been evaluated considering the dynamic behavior of solar radiation, traffic arrival intensity, and average biomass energy potential. Additionally, the wireless network performance in terms of total achievable throughput, spectral efficiency (SE), and energy efficiency (EE) are extensively examined using the MATLAB-based Monte-Carlo simulations taking multipath fading, system bandwidth, transmission power, and inter-cell interference (ICI) into consideration. The numerical results demonstrate that the energy-trading facility can achieve net present cost (NPC) and greenhouse gas saving up to 3.20% and 65.8%, respectively. In the end, the performance of the hybrid solar PV/BG system has been thoroughly compared with the standalone solar PV, hybrid PV/wind turbine (WT), and hybrid PV/diesel generator (DG) systems under on-grid and off-grid configurations for benchmarking.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Sustainabilityarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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    Sustainability
    Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Sustainability
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    Sustainability
    Article . 2020
    Data sources: DOAJ
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Sustainabilityarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Sustainability
      Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Sustainability
      Article . 2020
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Md. Sanwar Hossain; Abu Jahid; Khondoker Ziaul Islam; Md. Fayzur Rahman;

    Due to the technological revolution and higher user data demand, the telecommunication industry is expanding at an exponential rate. Fulfilling the increasing demand of energy for the rising cellular networks has become a great challenge to the network operators because of the limited reservation of fuel energy sources and the growing concern about global warming. Energy harvesting (EH) from renewable energy sources (RES) has become an overwhelming initiative to minimize energy deficiency and carbon footprints. This paper investigates the feasibility of solar photovoltaic (PV) and biomass resources based hybrid supply systems for powering the off-grid Long Term Evolution (LTE) cellular macrocell base stations (BSs) in Bangladesh focusing the technical, economic and environmental issues. In addition, the green energy sharing technique has been incorporated via a low resistive path for optimal use of RES. The proposed system has enough potential to achieve long term sustainability and reduction of pollution rates by fulfilling the future energy demand of BS. In this work, Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewables (HOMER) simulation-based feasibility analysis is used to assess the optimal system, energy production, total net present cost (NPC), cost of electricity (COE) and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission depending on different system parameters. Furthermore, the performance of the network has been evaluated in terms of throughput and energy efficiency using Matlab-based Monte Carlo simulations. Results demonstrate that the proposed hybrid renewable energy powered BSs would be a reliable and longer-lasting green solution for the telecom sector while maintaining the quality of service (QoS). Finally, an extensive comparison with other systems has also been done to justify network validity.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ IEEE Accessarrow_drop_down
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    IEEE Access
    Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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    IEEE Access
    Article . 2020
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ IEEE Accessarrow_drop_down
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      IEEE Access
      Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      IEEE Access
      Article
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      IEEE Access
      Article . 2020
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Mohammed H. Alsharif; Raju Kannadasan; Abu Jahid; Mahmoud A. Albreem; +2 Authors

    Green wireless networking has attracted considerable research attention, especially in academics and industry from economic and ecological perspectives. Promoting wireless infrastructures by exploiting green power sources has the potential to enhance sustainability and address the adverse impact of conventional power sources. A sustainable optimal standalone solar-powered model for green cellular base stations in urban locations of South Korea is proposed in this work to extend 24-hour uninterrupted power supply support to LTE cellular base stations (BSs) and take advantage of integrated storage devices. The optimal system architecture, energy management, and economic analysis are examined using the hybrid optimization model for electric renewable optimization software based on actual prevailing conditions of regions and their technical feasibility. Results showed that the proposed solar photovoltaic system can achieve significant operational expenditure savings of up to 43% and 43.58% in on- and off-grid sites, respectively, and reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the telecommunications sector. Moreover, the results of this study can provide a stronger platform for a sustainable green wireless network paradigm that can ensure energy sustainability compared with conventional technology.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ IEEE Accessarrow_drop_down
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    IEEE Access
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    IEEE Access
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    IEEE Access
    Article . 2021
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ IEEE Accessarrow_drop_down
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      Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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      IEEE Access
      Article . 2021
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Md. Sanwar Hossain; Mostafizur Rahman; Md. Tuhin Sarker; Md. Ershadul Haque; +1 Authors

    Abstract Remote monitoring and controlling of the sub-station equipment is an important issue for the power/energy management department which is normally done manually, or using an expensive PLC and SCADA system. With the emergence of the internet and computational era, a smart monitoring and reliable controlling system over the entire sub-station equipment is highly desirable that can be achieved by introducing the Internet of Things (IoT) technology. IoT is the network of physical devices embedded with electronics, software, sensors, actuators and network connectivity which have the ability to identify, collect and exchange the data. Each thing is uniquely identifiable through its embedded computing system and able to interoperate within the existing internet infrastructure. This paper proposed an IoT based network strategy for monitoring and controlling the sub-station equipment so that managing time and resources can take place as efficiently as possible. The IoT based system allows objects to be sensed or controlled remotely across existing network infrastructure, creating opportunities for more direct integration of the physical world into computer-based systems and resulting in improved efficiency, accuracy and economic benefit with the added merits of minimum human intervention. Moreover, a prototype system has been implemented and tested for measuring the effectiveness of the proposed model.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Internet of Thingsarrow_drop_down
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    Internet of Things
    Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Internet of Thingsarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Internet of Things
      Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Abu Jahid; Mohammed H. Alsharif; Peerapong Uthansakul; Jamel Nebhen; +1 Authors

    Avec l'augmentation des gadgets sans fil multimédias abordables, la disponibilité omniprésente de l'accès Internet et le rythme rapide du trafic mobile motivent la recherche vers les communications de cinquième génération (5G) pour réaliser des réseaux d'accès radio en nuage (C-RAN) économes en énergie avec une qualité d'expérience garantie. Exploiter la récolte d'énergie verte pour alimenter le C-RAN réduit considérablement l'approvisionnement en énergie du réseau électrique, l'empreinte carbone et les dépenses opérationnelles. Dans cet article, nous proposons un nouveau paradigme d'équilibrage de charge basé sur la sélection dynamique de points multipoints coordonnés (DPS CoMP), mettant l'accent sur le débit réalisable et l'efficacité énergétique (EE) en réduisant la consommation du réseau de distribution d'électricité du point de vue du réseau. Cet article étudie l'efficacité radio, l'efficacité énergétique et les économies d'énergie moyennes sur le réseau pour relever les principaux défis de la dynamique tempo-spatiale de l'intensité du trafic et de la production d'énergie renouvelable (ER) dans un large éventail de configurations de réseau. La technique d'équilibrage de charge s'efforce d'équilibrer les services publics du réseau tels que l'utilisation de l'énergie verte et l'association d'utilisateurs basée sur la technique de coordination BS dans un cluster. La fourniture d'une approche de veille cellulaire est envisagée pour économiser davantage d'énergie en éteignant les stations de base légèrement chargées (BS) lors des arrivées à faible trafic. L'algorithme d'équilibrage de charge basé sur CoMP proposé gère efficacement l'allocation de blocs de ressources aux nouveaux utilisateurs et augmente l'efficacité énergétique par rapport aux mécanismes conventionnels centrés sur l'emplacement et le trafic. Des simulations approfondies au niveau du système montrent que le cadre suggéré permet un compromis réglable entre l'efficacité radio et l'EE, et permet d'économiser 22 % de la consommation d'énergie sur le réseau et d'augmenter l'indice EE de 32 %. Par la suite, une comparaison exhaustive de la méthode proposée avec les systèmes existants est promise pour une validation ultérieure mettant en évidence les systèmes sans fil 5G durables. Con el aumento de los dispositivos inalámbricos multimedia asequibles, la disponibilidad ubicua del acceso a Internet y el rápido ritmo del tráfico móvil, la investigación hacia las comunicaciones de quinta generación (5G) para realizar redes de acceso de radio en la nube (C-RAN) energéticamente eficientes con una calidad de experiencia garantizada. La explotación de la recolección de energía verde para alimentar la C-RAN alivia sustancialmente la adquisición de energía de la red eléctrica, la huella de carbono y los gastos operativos. En este documento, proponemos un nuevo paradigma de equilibrio de carga basado en la selección dinámica de puntos coordinados multipunto (DPS CoMP) que enfatiza el rendimiento alcanzable y la eficiencia energética (EE) al reducir el consumo de la red de servicios públicos desde una perspectiva a nivel de red. Este documento investiga la eficiencia de radio, EE y el ahorro de energía promedio en la red que aborda los desafíos clave de la dinámica tempo-espacial de la intensidad del tráfico y la generación de energía renovable (RE) en una amplia gama de configuraciones de red. La técnica de equilibrio de carga favorece un equilibrio en las utilidades de la red, como la utilización de energía verde y la asociación de usuarios basada en la técnica de coordinación BS en un clúster. Se contempla la provisión de un enfoque de sueño celular para un mayor ahorro de energía al apagar las estaciones base (BS) ligeramente cargadas durante las llegadas de poco tráfico. El algoritmo de equilibrio de carga basado en CoMP propuesto gestiona de manera competente la asignación de bloques de recursos a los nuevos usuarios y eleva la eficiencia energética con respecto a los mecanismos convencionales centrados en la ubicación y el tráfico. Las extensas simulaciones a nivel de sistema manifiestan que el marco sugerido permite una compensación ajustable entre la eficiencia de la radio y la EE, y ahorra un 22% de consumo de energía en la red y aumenta el índice de EE en un 32%. Posteriormente, se promete una comparación exhaustiva del método propuesto con los esquemas existentes para una validación adicional que destaque los sistemas inalámbricos 5G sostenibles. With the augmentation of affordable multimedia wireless gadgets, the ubiquitous availability of the internet access, and the rapid pace of mobile traffic motivate research towards fifth generation (5G) communications to realize energy-efficient cloud radio access networks (C-RAN) with guaranteed quality of experience. Exploiting green energy harvesting for powering the C-RAN substantially alleviates the energy procurement from the utility grid, carbon footprint, and operational expenses. In this paper, we propose a new dynamic point selection coordinated multipoint (DPS CoMP) based load balancing paradigm emphasizing achievable throughput and energy efficiency (EE) by reducing utility grid consumption from a network level perspective. This paper investigates the radio efficiency, EE, and average on-grid energy saving addressing the key challenges of tempo-spatial dynamics of traffic intensity and renewable energy (RE) generation under a wide range of network setup. Endeavoring load balancing technique strives a balance in network utilities such as green energy utilization and user association based on BS coordination technique in a cluster. Provision of cell sleep approach is contemplated for further energy saving by turning off lightly loaded base stations (BSs) during low traffic arrivals. The proposed CoMP based load balancing algorithm proficiently manages resource block allocation to the new users and elevated the energy efficiency over the conventional location and traffic centric mechanisms. Extensive system-level simulations manifest that the suggested framework enables an adjustable trade-off between radio efficiency and EE, and saves 22% on-grid power consumption and increases EE index by 32%. Afterward, an exhaustive comparison of the proposed method with the existing schemes is pledged for further validation highlighting sustainable 5G wireless systems. مع زيادة الأدوات اللاسلكية متعددة الوسائط بأسعار معقولة، فإن التوافر الواسع النطاق للوصول إلى الإنترنت، والوتيرة السريعة لحركة المرور المتنقلة تحفز البحث نحو اتصالات الجيل الخامس (5G) لتحقيق شبكات الوصول اللاسلكي السحابية الموفرة للطاقة (C - RAN) مع ضمان جودة التجربة. إن استغلال حصاد الطاقة الخضراء لتشغيل C - RAN يخفف بشكل كبير من شراء الطاقة من شبكة المرافق والبصمة الكربونية والنفقات التشغيلية. في هذه الورقة، نقترح نموذجًا جديدًا لموازنة الحمل متعدد النقاط (DPS CoMP) قائمًا على الاختيار الديناميكي للنقاط (DPS CoMP) مع التأكيد على الإنتاجية القابلة للتحقيق وكفاءة الطاقة (EE) من خلال تقليل استهلاك شبكة المرافق من منظور مستوى الشبكة. تبحث هذه الورقة في كفاءة الراديو، و EE، ومتوسط توفير الطاقة على الشبكة التي تعالج التحديات الرئيسية للديناميكيات المكانية الإيقاعية لكثافة حركة المرور وتوليد الطاقة المتجددة (RE) في إطار مجموعة واسعة من إعداد الشبكة. تسعى تقنية موازنة الحمل إلى تحقيق التوازن في مرافق الشبكة مثل استخدام الطاقة الخضراء وارتباط المستخدم بناءً على تقنية تنسيق BS في المجموعة. يتم التفكير في توفير نهج النوم الخلوي لتوفير المزيد من الطاقة عن طريق إيقاف تشغيل المحطات الأساسية ذات التحميل الخفيف (BSs) أثناء وصول حركة المرور المنخفضة. تدير خوارزمية موازنة الحمل القائمة على CoMP المقترحة ببراعة تخصيص كتلة الموارد للمستخدمين الجدد وترفع كفاءة الطاقة على الموقع التقليدي والآليات التي تركز على حركة المرور. تظهر عمليات المحاكاة المكثفة على مستوى النظام أن الإطار المقترح يتيح مفاضلة قابلة للتعديل بين كفاءة الراديو و EE، ويوفر 22 ٪ من استهلاك الطاقة على الشبكة ويزيد مؤشر EE بنسبة 32 ٪. بعد ذلك، يتم التعهد بإجراء مقارنة شاملة للطريقة المقترحة مع المخططات الحالية لمزيد من التحقق من الصحة لتسليط الضوء على الأنظمة اللاسلكية المستدامة للجيل الخامس.

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    Authors: Abu Jahid; Md. Kamrul Hasan Monju; Md. Emran Hossain; Md. Farhad Hossain;

    With the growing awareness of environmental implications and fossil fuel crisis, renewable energy harvesting (EH) technology has shown remarkable aptitude in green cellular networking and is expected to be pervasively utilized by telecom operators aiming to reduce carbon footprints. To take the full advantage of renewable EH technology, we proposed an energy sustainable paradigm to address energy self-reliance, eco-sustainability, and minimize the networks energy cost while meeting the quality of service requirements. This paper investigates the techno-economic feasibility of integrated renewable energy powered off-grid cellular base stations (BSs) taking into the account of stochastic behavior of RE generation and traffic intensity for remote areas in Bangladesh. Thereafter, a hybrid energy cooperation framework is formulated to optimally determine the quantities of RE exchanged among BSs via physically installed power cables. Under the proposed framework, each BS is equipped with on-site solar module/wind turbine coupled with an independent storage device, whereas collocated BSs are inter-connected through resistive lines. Extensive simulation is carried out for evaluating optimal system architecture, energy yield analysis, and cost assessment in the context of downlink long-term evolution cellular networks varying different system parameters. Results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed system performance pertaining to net present cost and energy savings. Finally, a comprehensive comparison with other schemes is provided for further validation.

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    Authors: Abu Jahid; Md. Sanwar Hossain; Md. Kamrul Hasan Monju; Md. Fayzur Rahman; +1 Authors

    La prolifération généralisée de l'accès à Internet, des gadgets sans fil abordables, de la demande de données des utilisateurs et des réseaux cellulaires étendus correspondants entraîne une consommation d'énergie et une empreinte carbone importantes. Avec les avantages supplémentaires de la technologie de récupération des énergies renouvelables (REH), les stations de base de télécommunications (BS) sont principalement alimentées par des sources d'énergie vertes pour réduire les dépenses opérationnelles (OPEX) et la pollution atmosphérique avec une qualité de service (QoS) garantie. En conséquence, cet article examine la plausibilité de solutions d'alimentation électrique optimales telles que le photovoltaïque solaire autonome (PV), l'éolienne hybride PV/éolienne (PV/WT), le générateur hybride PV/diesel (DG) et le réseau hybride PV/électrique (PV/EG) pour alimenter les BS de l'évolution à long terme (LTE) concernant les aspects techniques, économiques et environnementaux au Bangladesh. Une vaste simulation basée sur Monte-Carlo est réalisée pour évaluer les performances du réseau sans fil en termes de débit, d'efficacité énergétique (EE), de gain d'efficacité énergétique (gain EE), d'économies d'énergie moyennes, de bande passante du système de variation de l'efficacité radio (B) et de puissance de transmission BS (P TX) compte tenu du comportement dynamique de l'intensité du trafic et du profil de production d'énergie renouvelable (RE). En tirant parti de la technique de zoom cellulaire et d'un cadre d'orientation de la circulation écologique, nous nous efforçons de minimiser le coût net actuel et de maximiser également les économies d'énergie moyennes. Les résultats de la simulation révèlent que la technique de zoom cellulaire a permis de réaliser des économies d'énergie allant jusqu'à 36 % et que l'amélioration du gain EE a atteint environ 23 % avec une modélisation efficace du REH. Par la suite, une comparaison complète des régimes susmentionnés est promise pour une validation ultérieure. La proliferación generalizada del acceso a Internet, los dispositivos inalámbricos asequibles, la demanda de datos de los usuarios y las correspondientes redes celulares extendidas conllevan un importante consumo de energía y huellas de carbono. Con los beneficios adicionales de la tecnología de recolección de energía renovable (REH), las estaciones base de telecomunicaciones (BS) son suministradas predominantemente por fuentes de energía verde para reducir el gasto operativo (OPEX) y la contaminación atmosférica con calidad de servicio (QoS) garantizada. En consecuencia, este documento examina la plausibilidad de soluciones óptimas de suministro de energía, como la energía solar fotovoltaica (PV) independiente, la energía fotovoltaica híbrida/turbina eólica (PV/WT), el generador fotovoltaico híbrido/diesel (DG) y la red fotovoltaica híbrida/eléctrica (PV/EG) para alimentar las BS de evolución a largo plazo (LTE) relacionadas con aspectos técnicos, económicos y ambientales en Bangladesh. Se realizan extensas simulaciones basadas en Monte-Carlo para evaluar el rendimiento de la red inalámbrica en términos de rendimiento, eficiencia energética (EE), ganancia de eficiencia energética (ganancia EE), ahorro de energía promedio, ancho de banda del sistema variable de eficiencia de radio (B) y potencia de transmisión BS (P TX) considerando el comportamiento dinámico de la intensidad del tráfico y el perfil de generación de energía renovable (RE). Al aprovechar la técnica de zoom celular y un marco de dirección de tráfico verde, se esfuerza por minimizar el costo neto actual y maximizar también el ahorro medio de energía. Los resultados de la simulación revelan que la técnica de zoom celular logró ahorros de energía de hasta el 36% y la mejora de la ganancia de EE logró alrededor del 23% con un modelado efectivo de REH. Posteriormente, se promete una comparación exhaustiva de los esquemas antes mencionados para su posterior validación. The widespread proliferation of internet access, affordable wireless gadgets, the user data demand and the corresponding extended cellular networks entailing significant energy consumption and carbon footprints. With the added benefits of renewable energy harvesting (REH) technology, telecom base stations (BSs) are predominantly supplied by green power sources to reduce operational expenditure (OPEX) and atmospheric pollution with guaranteed quality of service (QoS). Accordingly, this paper examines the plausibility of optimal power supply solutions such as standalone solar photovoltaic (PV), hybrid PV/wind turbine (PV/WT), hybrid PV/diesel generator (DG) and hybrid PV/electric grid (PV/EG) to feed the Long Term Evolution (LTE) BSs pertaining to technical, economic and environmental aspects in Bangladesh. An extensive Monte-Carlo based simulations are performed to evaluate wireless network performance in terms of throughput, energy efficiency (EE), energy efficiency gain (EE gain ), average energy savings, radio efficiency varying system bandwidth (B) and BS transmission power (P TX ) considering the dynamic behavior of traffic intensity and renewable energy (RE) generation profile. By leveraging the cell zooming technique and a green traffic steering framework endeavors to minimize the net present cost and maximize the average energy savings as well. The simulation results reveal that the cell zooming technique attained energy savings yielding up to 36% and improvement of EE gain achieved about 23% with effective modeling of REH. Subsequently, a comprehensive comparison of the aforementioned schemes is pledged for further validation. الانتشار الواسع النطاق للوصول إلى الإنترنت، والأدوات اللاسلكية بأسعار معقولة، وطلب بيانات المستخدم والشبكات الخلوية الموسعة المقابلة التي تنطوي على استهلاك كبير للطاقة وآثار الكربون. مع الفوائد الإضافية لتقنية حصاد الطاقة المتجددة (REH)، يتم توفير محطات قاعدة الاتصالات (BSs) في الغالب من مصادر الطاقة الخضراء لتقليل النفقات التشغيلية (OPEX) وتلوث الغلاف الجوي مع ضمان جودة الخدمة (QoS). وفقًا لذلك، تبحث هذه الورقة في معقولية حلول إمدادات الطاقة المثلى مثل الطاقة الشمسية الكهروضوئية المستقلة (PV)، والتوربينات الكهروضوئية/الرياح الهجينة (PV/WT)، والمولدات الكهروضوئية/الديزل الهجينة (DG) والشبكة الكهروضوئية/الكهربائية الهجينة (PV/EG) لتغذية BSs التطور طويل الأجل (LTE) المتعلقة بالجوانب التقنية والاقتصادية والبيئية في بنغلاديش. يتم إجراء عمليات محاكاة واسعة النطاق تستند إلى مونت كارلو لتقييم أداء الشبكة اللاسلكية من حيث الإنتاجية، وكفاءة الطاقة (EE)، وكسب كفاءة الطاقة (EE GAIN)، ومتوسط توفير الطاقة، وعرض النطاق الترددي المتغير لكفاءة الراديو (B) وقوة إرسال BS (P TX) مع الأخذ في الاعتبار السلوك الديناميكي لكثافة حركة المرور وملف توليد الطاقة المتجددة (RE). من خلال الاستفادة من تقنية تكبير الخلايا وإطار توجيه حركة المرور الأخضر، تسعى إلى تقليل صافي التكلفة الحالية وتعظيم متوسط توفير الطاقة أيضًا. تكشف نتائج المحاكاة أن تقنية تكبير الخلية حققت وفورات في الطاقة مما أدى إلى تحقيق ما يصل إلى 36 ٪ وتحسين مكاسب EE التي حققت حوالي 23 ٪ مع النمذجة الفعالة لـ REH. بعد ذلك، يتم التعهد بإجراء مقارنة شاملة للمخططات المذكورة أعلاه لمزيد من التحقق.

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    Authors: Manish Kumar Singla; Jyoti Gupta; Parag Nijhawan; Amandeep Singh Oberoi; +2 Authors

    This manuscript presents a thorough review of unitized regenerative fuel cells (URFCs) and their importance in Remote Area Power Supply (RAPS). In RAPS systems that utilize solar and hydrogen power, which typically include photovoltaic modules, a proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyzer, hydrogen gas storage, and PEM fuel cells, the cost of these systems is currently higher compared to conventional RAPS systems that employ diesel generators or batteries. URFCs offer a potential solution to reduce the expenses of solar hydrogen renewable energy systems in RAPS by combining the functionalities of the electrolyzer and fuel cell into a single unit, thereby eliminating the need to purchase separate and costly electrolyzer and fuel cell units. URFCs are particularly well-suited for RAPS applications because the electrolyzer and fuel cell do not need to operate simultaneously. In electrolyzer mode, URFCs function similarly to stand-alone electrolyzers. However, in fuel cell mode, the performance of URFCs is inferior to that of stand-alone fuel cells. The presented review summarizes the past, present, and future of URFCs with details on the operating modes of URFCs, limitations and technical challenges, and applications. Solar hydrogen renewable energy applications in RAPS and challenges facing solar hydrogen renewable energy in the RAPS is discussed in detail.

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    Authors: Manish Kumar Singla; Jyoti Gupta; Mohammed H. Alsharif; Abu Jahid;

    This article presents a cost-effective and reliable solution for meeting the energy demands of remote areas through the integration of multiple renewable energy sources. The proposed system aims to reduce dependence on fossil fuels and promote sustainable development by utilizing accessible energy resources in a self-contained microgrid. Using the Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewable (HOMER) software, the study examined the optimal combination of energy sources and storage technologies for an integrated hybrid renewable energy system (IHRES) in the Patiala location of Punjab. The total life cycle cost (TLCC) is the main objective of this manuscript. The HOMER result is taken as a reference, and the results are compared with the optimization hybrid algorithm (PSORSA). From this, it is clear that the proposed algorithm has less TLCC as compared to others. Two combinations of energy sources and storage technologies were considered, namely solar photovoltaic (PV)/battery and solar PV/fuel cell (FC). The results showed that the solar PV/FC combination is more cost-effective, reliable, and efficient than the solar PV/battery combination. Additionally, the IHRES strategy was found to be more economically viable than the single energy source system, with lower total life cycle costs and greater reliability and efficiency. Overall, the proposed IHRES model offers a promising solution for meeting energy demands in remote areas while reducing dependence on fossil fuels and promoting sustainable development.

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  • Authors: Md. Fayzur Rahman; Md. Sanwar Hossain; Abu Jahid;

    Owing to the technological revolution of widespread internet access telecom industries are expanding rapidly to cope up with up trending user demand. As a consequence, the vast amount of energy consumed by the cellular networks has become a great concern from an economic and environmental perspective. The ever-increasing energy demand has received a considerable attention about the future energy availability and associated costs due to the limited fuel energy sources. This study examined the feasibility of hybrid PV/DG system to powering the off-grid BSs in a remote area of Bangladesh aiming to diminish the sole dependency on fuel energy source as well as minimize the pollution rate. The proposed system has been extensively analyzed focusing on the major key aspects: energy status, economic status and environmental status for both dynamic and peak traffic varying transmission bandwidth (BW). Simulation results exhibit that the proposed system under dynamic traffic distribution inherently reduces the diesel consumption thoroughly maximizing renewable energy utilization. After that, this paper compares the performance parameters of the proposed system with the standalone DG considering the dynamic and peak load for different bandwidth. The proposed system has the potential to reduces the electricity generation cost and greenhouse gas emission (GHG) emissions about 5.3 % and 98% respectively over the standalone DG system.

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    Authors: Md. Sanwar Hossain; Abu Jahid; Khondoker Ziaul Islam; Mohammed H. Alsharif; +1 Authors

    A hybrid solar photovoltaic (PV)/biomass generator (BG) energy-trading framework between grid supply and base stations (BSs) is proposed in this article to address the power crisis of the utility grid, to enhance energy self-reliance, and to downsize the cost. The optimal size, technical criteria, energy generation, and different types of costs have been evaluated considering the dynamic behavior of solar radiation, traffic arrival intensity, and average biomass energy potential. Additionally, the wireless network performance in terms of total achievable throughput, spectral efficiency (SE), and energy efficiency (EE) are extensively examined using the MATLAB-based Monte-Carlo simulations taking multipath fading, system bandwidth, transmission power, and inter-cell interference (ICI) into consideration. The numerical results demonstrate that the energy-trading facility can achieve net present cost (NPC) and greenhouse gas saving up to 3.20% and 65.8%, respectively. In the end, the performance of the hybrid solar PV/BG system has been thoroughly compared with the standalone solar PV, hybrid PV/wind turbine (WT), and hybrid PV/diesel generator (DG) systems under on-grid and off-grid configurations for benchmarking.

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    Authors: Md. Sanwar Hossain; Abu Jahid; Khondoker Ziaul Islam; Md. Fayzur Rahman;

    Due to the technological revolution and higher user data demand, the telecommunication industry is expanding at an exponential rate. Fulfilling the increasing demand of energy for the rising cellular networks has become a great challenge to the network operators because of the limited reservation of fuel energy sources and the growing concern about global warming. Energy harvesting (EH) from renewable energy sources (RES) has become an overwhelming initiative to minimize energy deficiency and carbon footprints. This paper investigates the feasibility of solar photovoltaic (PV) and biomass resources based hybrid supply systems for powering the off-grid Long Term Evolution (LTE) cellular macrocell base stations (BSs) in Bangladesh focusing the technical, economic and environmental issues. In addition, the green energy sharing technique has been incorporated via a low resistive path for optimal use of RES. The proposed system has enough potential to achieve long term sustainability and reduction of pollution rates by fulfilling the future energy demand of BS. In this work, Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewables (HOMER) simulation-based feasibility analysis is used to assess the optimal system, energy production, total net present cost (NPC), cost of electricity (COE) and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission depending on different system parameters. Furthermore, the performance of the network has been evaluated in terms of throughput and energy efficiency using Matlab-based Monte Carlo simulations. Results demonstrate that the proposed hybrid renewable energy powered BSs would be a reliable and longer-lasting green solution for the telecom sector while maintaining the quality of service (QoS). Finally, an extensive comparison with other systems has also been done to justify network validity.

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    Authors: Mohammed H. Alsharif; Raju Kannadasan; Abu Jahid; Mahmoud A. Albreem; +2 Authors

    Green wireless networking has attracted considerable research attention, especially in academics and industry from economic and ecological perspectives. Promoting wireless infrastructures by exploiting green power sources has the potential to enhance sustainability and address the adverse impact of conventional power sources. A sustainable optimal standalone solar-powered model for green cellular base stations in urban locations of South Korea is proposed in this work to extend 24-hour uninterrupted power supply support to LTE cellular base stations (BSs) and take advantage of integrated storage devices. The optimal system architecture, energy management, and economic analysis are examined using the hybrid optimization model for electric renewable optimization software based on actual prevailing conditions of regions and their technical feasibility. Results showed that the proposed solar photovoltaic system can achieve significant operational expenditure savings of up to 43% and 43.58% in on- and off-grid sites, respectively, and reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the telecommunications sector. Moreover, the results of this study can provide a stronger platform for a sustainable green wireless network paradigm that can ensure energy sustainability compared with conventional technology.

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    Authors: Md. Sanwar Hossain; Mostafizur Rahman; Md. Tuhin Sarker; Md. Ershadul Haque; +1 Authors

    Abstract Remote monitoring and controlling of the sub-station equipment is an important issue for the power/energy management department which is normally done manually, or using an expensive PLC and SCADA system. With the emergence of the internet and computational era, a smart monitoring and reliable controlling system over the entire sub-station equipment is highly desirable that can be achieved by introducing the Internet of Things (IoT) technology. IoT is the network of physical devices embedded with electronics, software, sensors, actuators and network connectivity which have the ability to identify, collect and exchange the data. Each thing is uniquely identifiable through its embedded computing system and able to interoperate within the existing internet infrastructure. This paper proposed an IoT based network strategy for monitoring and controlling the sub-station equipment so that managing time and resources can take place as efficiently as possible. The IoT based system allows objects to be sensed or controlled remotely across existing network infrastructure, creating opportunities for more direct integration of the physical world into computer-based systems and resulting in improved efficiency, accuracy and economic benefit with the added merits of minimum human intervention. Moreover, a prototype system has been implemented and tested for measuring the effectiveness of the proposed model.

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    Internet of Things
    Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Abu Jahid; Mohammed H. Alsharif; Peerapong Uthansakul; Jamel Nebhen; +1 Authors

    Avec l'augmentation des gadgets sans fil multimédias abordables, la disponibilité omniprésente de l'accès Internet et le rythme rapide du trafic mobile motivent la recherche vers les communications de cinquième génération (5G) pour réaliser des réseaux d'accès radio en nuage (C-RAN) économes en énergie avec une qualité d'expérience garantie. Exploiter la récolte d'énergie verte pour alimenter le C-RAN réduit considérablement l'approvisionnement en énergie du réseau électrique, l'empreinte carbone et les dépenses opérationnelles. Dans cet article, nous proposons un nouveau paradigme d'équilibrage de charge basé sur la sélection dynamique de points multipoints coordonnés (DPS CoMP), mettant l'accent sur le débit réalisable et l'efficacité énergétique (EE) en réduisant la consommation du réseau de distribution d'électricité du point de vue du réseau. Cet article étudie l'efficacité radio, l'efficacité énergétique et les économies d'énergie moyennes sur le réseau pour relever les principaux défis de la dynamique tempo-spatiale de l'intensité du trafic et de la production d'énergie renouvelable (ER) dans un large éventail de configurations de réseau. La technique d'équilibrage de charge s'efforce d'équilibrer les services publics du réseau tels que l'utilisation de l'énergie verte et l'association d'utilisateurs basée sur la technique de coordination BS dans un cluster. La fourniture d'une approche de veille cellulaire est envisagée pour économiser davantage d'énergie en éteignant les stations de base légèrement chargées (BS) lors des arrivées à faible trafic. L'algorithme d'équilibrage de charge basé sur CoMP proposé gère efficacement l'allocation de blocs de ressources aux nouveaux utilisateurs et augmente l'efficacité énergétique par rapport aux mécanismes conventionnels centrés sur l'emplacement et le trafic. Des simulations approfondies au niveau du système montrent que le cadre suggéré permet un compromis réglable entre l'efficacité radio et l'EE, et permet d'économiser 22 % de la consommation d'énergie sur le réseau et d'augmenter l'indice EE de 32 %. Par la suite, une comparaison exhaustive de la méthode proposée avec les systèmes existants est promise pour une validation ultérieure mettant en évidence les systèmes sans fil 5G durables. Con el aumento de los dispositivos inalámbricos multimedia asequibles, la disponibilidad ubicua del acceso a Internet y el rápido ritmo del tráfico móvil, la investigación hacia las comunicaciones de quinta generación (5G) para realizar redes de acceso de radio en la nube (C-RAN) energéticamente eficientes con una calidad de experiencia garantizada. La explotación de la recolección de energía verde para alimentar la C-RAN alivia sustancialmente la adquisición de energía de la red eléctrica, la huella de carbono y los gastos operativos. En este documento, proponemos un nuevo paradigma de equilibrio de carga basado en la selección dinámica de puntos coordinados multipunto (DPS CoMP) que enfatiza el rendimiento alcanzable y la eficiencia energética (EE) al reducir el consumo de la red de servicios públicos desde una perspectiva a nivel de red. Este documento investiga la eficiencia de radio, EE y el ahorro de energía promedio en la red que aborda los desafíos clave de la dinámica tempo-espacial de la intensidad del tráfico y la generación de energía renovable (RE) en una amplia gama de configuraciones de red. La técnica de equilibrio de carga favorece un equilibrio en las utilidades de la red, como la utilización de energía verde y la asociación de usuarios basada en la técnica de coordinación BS en un clúster. Se contempla la provisión de un enfoque de sueño celular para un mayor ahorro de energía al apagar las estaciones base (BS) ligeramente cargadas durante las llegadas de poco tráfico. El algoritmo de equilibrio de carga basado en CoMP propuesto gestiona de manera competente la asignación de bloques de recursos a los nuevos usuarios y eleva la eficiencia energética con respecto a los mecanismos convencionales centrados en la ubicación y el tráfico. Las extensas simulaciones a nivel de sistema manifiestan que el marco sugerido permite una compensación ajustable entre la eficiencia de la radio y la EE, y ahorra un 22% de consumo de energía en la red y aumenta el índice de EE en un 32%. Posteriormente, se promete una comparación exhaustiva del método propuesto con los esquemas existentes para una validación adicional que destaque los sistemas inalámbricos 5G sostenibles. With the augmentation of affordable multimedia wireless gadgets, the ubiquitous availability of the internet access, and the rapid pace of mobile traffic motivate research towards fifth generation (5G) communications to realize energy-efficient cloud radio access networks (C-RAN) with guaranteed quality of experience. Exploiting green energy harvesting for powering the C-RAN substantially alleviates the energy procurement from the utility grid, carbon footprint, and operational expenses. In this paper, we propose a new dynamic point selection coordinated multipoint (DPS CoMP) based load balancing paradigm emphasizing achievable throughput and energy efficiency (EE) by reducing utility grid consumption from a network level perspective. This paper investigates the radio efficiency, EE, and average on-grid energy saving addressing the key challenges of tempo-spatial dynamics of traffic intensity and renewable energy (RE) generation under a wide range of network setup. Endeavoring load balancing technique strives a balance in network utilities such as green energy utilization and user association based on BS coordination technique in a cluster. Provision of cell sleep approach is contemplated for further energy saving by turning off lightly loaded base stations (BSs) during low traffic arrivals. The proposed CoMP based load balancing algorithm proficiently manages resource block allocation to the new users and elevated the energy efficiency over the conventional location and traffic centric mechanisms. Extensive system-level simulations manifest that the suggested framework enables an adjustable trade-off between radio efficiency and EE, and saves 22% on-grid power consumption and increases EE index by 32%. Afterward, an exhaustive comparison of the proposed method with the existing schemes is pledged for further validation highlighting sustainable 5G wireless systems. مع زيادة الأدوات اللاسلكية متعددة الوسائط بأسعار معقولة، فإن التوافر الواسع النطاق للوصول إلى الإنترنت، والوتيرة السريعة لحركة المرور المتنقلة تحفز البحث نحو اتصالات الجيل الخامس (5G) لتحقيق شبكات الوصول اللاسلكي السحابية الموفرة للطاقة (C - RAN) مع ضمان جودة التجربة. إن استغلال حصاد الطاقة الخضراء لتشغيل C - RAN يخفف بشكل كبير من شراء الطاقة من شبكة المرافق والبصمة الكربونية والنفقات التشغيلية. في هذه الورقة، نقترح نموذجًا جديدًا لموازنة الحمل متعدد النقاط (DPS CoMP) قائمًا على الاختيار الديناميكي للنقاط (DPS CoMP) مع التأكيد على الإنتاجية القابلة للتحقيق وكفاءة الطاقة (EE) من خلال تقليل استهلاك شبكة المرافق من منظور مستوى الشبكة. تبحث هذه الورقة في كفاءة الراديو، و EE، ومتوسط توفير الطاقة على الشبكة التي تعالج التحديات الرئيسية للديناميكيات المكانية الإيقاعية لكثافة حركة المرور وتوليد الطاقة المتجددة (RE) في إطار مجموعة واسعة من إعداد الشبكة. تسعى تقنية موازنة الحمل إلى تحقيق التوازن في مرافق الشبكة مثل استخدام الطاقة الخضراء وارتباط المستخدم بناءً على تقنية تنسيق BS في المجموعة. يتم التفكير في توفير نهج النوم الخلوي لتوفير المزيد من الطاقة عن طريق إيقاف تشغيل المحطات الأساسية ذات التحميل الخفيف (BSs) أثناء وصول حركة المرور المنخفضة. تدير خوارزمية موازنة الحمل القائمة على CoMP المقترحة ببراعة تخصيص كتلة الموارد للمستخدمين الجدد وترفع كفاءة الطاقة على الموقع التقليدي والآليات التي تركز على حركة المرور. تظهر عمليات المحاكاة المكثفة على مستوى النظام أن الإطار المقترح يتيح مفاضلة قابلة للتعديل بين كفاءة الراديو و EE، ويوفر 22 ٪ من استهلاك الطاقة على الشبكة ويزيد مؤشر EE بنسبة 32 ٪. بعد ذلك، يتم التعهد بإجراء مقارنة شاملة للطريقة المقترحة مع المخططات الحالية لمزيد من التحقق من الصحة لتسليط الضوء على الأنظمة اللاسلكية المستدامة للجيل الخامس.

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    Authors: Abu Jahid; Md. Kamrul Hasan Monju; Md. Emran Hossain; Md. Farhad Hossain;

    With the growing awareness of environmental implications and fossil fuel crisis, renewable energy harvesting (EH) technology has shown remarkable aptitude in green cellular networking and is expected to be pervasively utilized by telecom operators aiming to reduce carbon footprints. To take the full advantage of renewable EH technology, we proposed an energy sustainable paradigm to address energy self-reliance, eco-sustainability, and minimize the networks energy cost while meeting the quality of service requirements. This paper investigates the techno-economic feasibility of integrated renewable energy powered off-grid cellular base stations (BSs) taking into the account of stochastic behavior of RE generation and traffic intensity for remote areas in Bangladesh. Thereafter, a hybrid energy cooperation framework is formulated to optimally determine the quantities of RE exchanged among BSs via physically installed power cables. Under the proposed framework, each BS is equipped with on-site solar module/wind turbine coupled with an independent storage device, whereas collocated BSs are inter-connected through resistive lines. Extensive simulation is carried out for evaluating optimal system architecture, energy yield analysis, and cost assessment in the context of downlink long-term evolution cellular networks varying different system parameters. Results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed system performance pertaining to net present cost and energy savings. Finally, a comprehensive comparison with other schemes is provided for further validation.

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    Authors: Abu Jahid; Md. Sanwar Hossain; Md. Kamrul Hasan Monju; Md. Fayzur Rahman; +1 Authors

    La prolifération généralisée de l'accès à Internet, des gadgets sans fil abordables, de la demande de données des utilisateurs et des réseaux cellulaires étendus correspondants entraîne une consommation d'énergie et une empreinte carbone importantes. Avec les avantages supplémentaires de la technologie de récupération des énergies renouvelables (REH), les stations de base de télécommunications (BS) sont principalement alimentées par des sources d'énergie vertes pour réduire les dépenses opérationnelles (OPEX) et la pollution atmosphérique avec une qualité de service (QoS) garantie. En conséquence, cet article examine la plausibilité de solutions d'alimentation électrique optimales telles que le photovoltaïque solaire autonome (PV), l'éolienne hybride PV/éolienne (PV/WT), le générateur hybride PV/diesel (DG) et le réseau hybride PV/électrique (PV/EG) pour alimenter les BS de l'évolution à long terme (LTE) concernant les aspects techniques, économiques et environnementaux au Bangladesh. Une vaste simulation basée sur Monte-Carlo est réalisée pour évaluer les performances du réseau sans fil en termes de débit, d'efficacité énergétique (EE), de gain d'efficacité énergétique (gain EE), d'économies d'énergie moyennes, de bande passante du système de variation de l'efficacité radio (B) et de puissance de transmission BS (P TX) compte tenu du comportement dynamique de l'intensité du trafic et du profil de production d'énergie renouvelable (RE). En tirant parti de la technique de zoom cellulaire et d'un cadre d'orientation de la circulation écologique, nous nous efforçons de minimiser le coût net actuel et de maximiser également les économies d'énergie moyennes. Les résultats de la simulation révèlent que la technique de zoom cellulaire a permis de réaliser des économies d'énergie allant jusqu'à 36 % et que l'amélioration du gain EE a atteint environ 23 % avec une modélisation efficace du REH. Par la suite, une comparaison complète des régimes susmentionnés est promise pour une validation ultérieure. La proliferación generalizada del acceso a Internet, los dispositivos inalámbricos asequibles, la demanda de datos de los usuarios y las correspondientes redes celulares extendidas conllevan un importante consumo de energía y huellas de carbono. Con los beneficios adicionales de la tecnología de recolección de energía renovable (REH), las estaciones base de telecomunicaciones (BS) son suministradas predominantemente por fuentes de energía verde para reducir el gasto operativo (OPEX) y la contaminación atmosférica con calidad de servicio (QoS) garantizada. En consecuencia, este documento examina la plausibilidad de soluciones óptimas de suministro de energía, como la energía solar fotovoltaica (PV) independiente, la energía fotovoltaica híbrida/turbina eólica (PV/WT), el generador fotovoltaico híbrido/diesel (DG) y la red fotovoltaica híbrida/eléctrica (PV/EG) para alimentar las BS de evolución a largo plazo (LTE) relacionadas con aspectos técnicos, económicos y ambientales en Bangladesh. Se realizan extensas simulaciones basadas en Monte-Carlo para evaluar el rendimiento de la red inalámbrica en términos de rendimiento, eficiencia energética (EE), ganancia de eficiencia energética (ganancia EE), ahorro de energía promedio, ancho de banda del sistema variable de eficiencia de radio (B) y potencia de transmisión BS (P TX) considerando el comportamiento dinámico de la intensidad del tráfico y el perfil de generación de energía renovable (RE). Al aprovechar la técnica de zoom celular y un marco de dirección de tráfico verde, se esfuerza por minimizar el costo neto actual y maximizar también el ahorro medio de energía. Los resultados de la simulación revelan que la técnica de zoom celular logró ahorros de energía de hasta el 36% y la mejora de la ganancia de EE logró alrededor del 23% con un modelado efectivo de REH. Posteriormente, se promete una comparación exhaustiva de los esquemas antes mencionados para su posterior validación. The widespread proliferation of internet access, affordable wireless gadgets, the user data demand and the corresponding extended cellular networks entailing significant energy consumption and carbon footprints. With the added benefits of renewable energy harvesting (REH) technology, telecom base stations (BSs) are predominantly supplied by green power sources to reduce operational expenditure (OPEX) and atmospheric pollution with guaranteed quality of service (QoS). Accordingly, this paper examines the plausibility of optimal power supply solutions such as standalone solar photovoltaic (PV), hybrid PV/wind turbine (PV/WT), hybrid PV/diesel generator (DG) and hybrid PV/electric grid (PV/EG) to feed the Long Term Evolution (LTE) BSs pertaining to technical, economic and environmental aspects in Bangladesh. An extensive Monte-Carlo based simulations are performed to evaluate wireless network performance in terms of throughput, energy efficiency (EE), energy efficiency gain (EE gain ), average energy savings, radio efficiency varying system bandwidth (B) and BS transmission power (P TX ) considering the dynamic behavior of traffic intensity and renewable energy (RE) generation profile. By leveraging the cell zooming technique and a green traffic steering framework endeavors to minimize the net present cost and maximize the average energy savings as well. The simulation results reveal that the cell zooming technique attained energy savings yielding up to 36% and improvement of EE gain achieved about 23% with effective modeling of REH. Subsequently, a comprehensive comparison of the aforementioned schemes is pledged for further validation. الانتشار الواسع النطاق للوصول إلى الإنترنت، والأدوات اللاسلكية بأسعار معقولة، وطلب بيانات المستخدم والشبكات الخلوية الموسعة المقابلة التي تنطوي على استهلاك كبير للطاقة وآثار الكربون. مع الفوائد الإضافية لتقنية حصاد الطاقة المتجددة (REH)، يتم توفير محطات قاعدة الاتصالات (BSs) في الغالب من مصادر الطاقة الخضراء لتقليل النفقات التشغيلية (OPEX) وتلوث الغلاف الجوي مع ضمان جودة الخدمة (QoS). وفقًا لذلك، تبحث هذه الورقة في معقولية حلول إمدادات الطاقة المثلى مثل الطاقة الشمسية الكهروضوئية المستقلة (PV)، والتوربينات الكهروضوئية/الرياح الهجينة (PV/WT)، والمولدات الكهروضوئية/الديزل الهجينة (DG) والشبكة الكهروضوئية/الكهربائية الهجينة (PV/EG) لتغذية BSs التطور طويل الأجل (LTE) المتعلقة بالجوانب التقنية والاقتصادية والبيئية في بنغلاديش. يتم إجراء عمليات محاكاة واسعة النطاق تستند إلى مونت كارلو لتقييم أداء الشبكة اللاسلكية من حيث الإنتاجية، وكفاءة الطاقة (EE)، وكسب كفاءة الطاقة (EE GAIN)، ومتوسط توفير الطاقة، وعرض النطاق الترددي المتغير لكفاءة الراديو (B) وقوة إرسال BS (P TX) مع الأخذ في الاعتبار السلوك الديناميكي لكثافة حركة المرور وملف توليد الطاقة المتجددة (RE). من خلال الاستفادة من تقنية تكبير الخلايا وإطار توجيه حركة المرور الأخضر، تسعى إلى تقليل صافي التكلفة الحالية وتعظيم متوسط توفير الطاقة أيضًا. تكشف نتائج المحاكاة أن تقنية تكبير الخلية حققت وفورات في الطاقة مما أدى إلى تحقيق ما يصل إلى 36 ٪ وتحسين مكاسب EE التي حققت حوالي 23 ٪ مع النمذجة الفعالة لـ REH. بعد ذلك، يتم التعهد بإجراء مقارنة شاملة للمخططات المذكورة أعلاه لمزيد من التحقق.

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    Authors: Manish Kumar Singla; Jyoti Gupta; Parag Nijhawan; Amandeep Singh Oberoi; +2 Authors

    This manuscript presents a thorough review of unitized regenerative fuel cells (URFCs) and their importance in Remote Area Power Supply (RAPS). In RAPS systems that utilize solar and hydrogen power, which typically include photovoltaic modules, a proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyzer, hydrogen gas storage, and PEM fuel cells, the cost of these systems is currently higher compared to conventional RAPS systems that employ diesel generators or batteries. URFCs offer a potential solution to reduce the expenses of solar hydrogen renewable energy systems in RAPS by combining the functionalities of the electrolyzer and fuel cell into a single unit, thereby eliminating the need to purchase separate and costly electrolyzer and fuel cell units. URFCs are particularly well-suited for RAPS applications because the electrolyzer and fuel cell do not need to operate simultaneously. In electrolyzer mode, URFCs function similarly to stand-alone electrolyzers. However, in fuel cell mode, the performance of URFCs is inferior to that of stand-alone fuel cells. The presented review summarizes the past, present, and future of URFCs with details on the operating modes of URFCs, limitations and technical challenges, and applications. Solar hydrogen renewable energy applications in RAPS and challenges facing solar hydrogen renewable energy in the RAPS is discussed in detail.

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      Energies
      Article . 2023
      Data sources: DOAJ
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    Authors: Manish Kumar Singla; Jyoti Gupta; Mohammed H. Alsharif; Abu Jahid;

    This article presents a cost-effective and reliable solution for meeting the energy demands of remote areas through the integration of multiple renewable energy sources. The proposed system aims to reduce dependence on fossil fuels and promote sustainable development by utilizing accessible energy resources in a self-contained microgrid. Using the Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewable (HOMER) software, the study examined the optimal combination of energy sources and storage technologies for an integrated hybrid renewable energy system (IHRES) in the Patiala location of Punjab. The total life cycle cost (TLCC) is the main objective of this manuscript. The HOMER result is taken as a reference, and the results are compared with the optimization hybrid algorithm (PSORSA). From this, it is clear that the proposed algorithm has less TLCC as compared to others. Two combinations of energy sources and storage technologies were considered, namely solar photovoltaic (PV)/battery and solar PV/fuel cell (FC). The results showed that the solar PV/FC combination is more cost-effective, reliable, and efficient than the solar PV/battery combination. Additionally, the IHRES strategy was found to be more economically viable than the single energy source system, with lower total life cycle costs and greater reliability and efficiency. Overall, the proposed IHRES model offers a promising solution for meeting energy demands in remote areas while reducing dependence on fossil fuels and promoting sustainable development.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Energiesarrow_drop_down
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    Energies
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Crossref
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    Energies
    Article . 2023
    Data sources: DOAJ
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Energiesarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Energies
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: Crossref
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Energies
      Article . 2023
      Data sources: DOAJ
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