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  • Energy Research
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Quadros, Ruy; Tavares, André Neiva; Santos, Glicia Vieira dos; Bajay, Sérgio Valdir;

    This book is the result of extensive research carried out within the scope of the R&D project entitled “Development of Technical and Institutional Arrangements for the Use of Biogas, through the Generation of Electric Energy, from Urban Solid Waste”, selected, among others, by Aneel in Call No. 014/2012. It makes an important contribution to the dissemination of this knowledge in the country, serving technicians and managers, notably the public. Thus, the book becomes an important instrument for those who want to learn about the entire process of origin, collection, disposal and exploitation of MSW, as well as the national industrial capacity and the related policies associated with these processes. This work is one of the results of the Strategic R&D Project No. 014/2012: “Technical and Commercial Arrangements for the Inclusion of Electricity Generation from Biogas from Waste and Liquid Effluents in the Brazilian Energy Matrix”. Participating Companies: ENELCEMIGCorumbá Concessões S.A.Foz do Chapecó Energia S.A.EMAE Funding: National Electric Energy Agency (ANEEL, Brazil)

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    Book . 2019
    License: CC BY
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    Book . 2019
    License: CC BY
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      Book . 2019
      License: CC BY
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      Book . 2019
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Fernandez, Marcelo Richter;

    Resumo: Este trabalho propõe o desenvolvimento de metodologia para a operação de um portfólio de contratos de compra e venda de energia elétrica no ambiente de contratação livre utilizando conceitos de otimização, em especial de programação linear, matemática financeira e estatística, além de considerar também as regras de comercialização de energia do setor elétrico brasileiro. Isso permite que comercializadores maximizem seus resultados financeiros pela alocação ótima de seus contratos de compra e venda de energia. Além disso, permite a simulação de cenários alternativos de consumo, variações de preços de curto prazo e opções de contrato. A partir dessas informações, os agentes de comercialização de energia elétrica podem realizar comparações entre as várias alternativas de operações no mercado de energia; podem também comparar essas ações com outras propostas de investimentos. Estudos de casos ilustram a aplicação da metodologia a cenários reais do sistema elétrico brasileiro. A análise desses resultados permite avaliar benefícios alcançados e sugere possibilidades de desdobramentos Abstract: This work proposes the development of a new approach for the operation of electric energy contracts in the Brazilian free market. It uses concepts of linear optimization, financial mathematics, statistics and considers the Brazilian free market regulation. The methodology allows traders to maximize their profits by using the optimal allocation for each energy contract. It also allows traders to simulate trading with different scenarios of energy consumption by the customers, spot market prices, future market prices and long term contracts. Results allow investors to compare energy trading options with other alternatives for investments. Case studies illustrate the application of the proposed methodology to real world scenarios; benefits are also evaluated Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação Orientadores: Christiano Lyra Filho, Leontina Maria Viana Graziadio Pinto Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica Mestrado

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  • Authors: Pieniz, Marlon;

    This work investigates the relationship among the magnetic volume, switching frequency and input current ripple of a single-phase, 1kW boost based PFC converter with universal input voltage range, complying with the international standards IEC 61000-3-2 and CISPR 22. Such topology is frequently applicable in Telecom power supplies modules, as a part of a Distributed Power System (DPS). The investigation is carried out employing an appropriate magnetic arrangement for the specific case, which has been chosen through an extended bibliographic review, where features such as costs, losses, flux density capability and conducted noise propagation has been considered. The review leads to magnetic arrangement composed by a toroidal core shape, based in the Sendust type powder material which is wounded by a single layer coil. All the limiting factors for the elevation of the switching frequency and input current ripple were identified, modeled and considered to the elaboration of an algorithm that is able to estimate an operation point that minimize the magnetic volume of the PFC converter. Furthermore, all the models used in the analysis are well established in the literature, either in the theoretical development as in the experimental results. ; Esse trabalho investiga a relação de dependência que existe entre o volume de magnéticos, a freqüência de comutação e a máxima ondulação de corrente em um conversor PFC de 1kW baseado na estrutura boost, monofásico, com entrada universal e que esteja de acordo com as normas internacionais IEC 61000-3-2 e CISPR 22. Tal conversor tem aplicação típica em módulos de fontes para Telecom de sistemas distribuídos de potência (DPS Distributed Power Systems). Para a realização da investigação considerou-se a utilização de um arranjo magnético adequado para a aplicação em questão, o qual foi escolhido através de uma revisão bibliográfica, onde se consideraram aspectos como custo, perdas, densidade de fluxo e propagação do ruído eletromagnético conduzido. Segundo essa análise, o arranjo ...

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    Authors: Saganha, Nuno Miguel Gonçalves;

    Nesta dissertação foi feita uma análise energética à área de distribuição e arrefecimento de águas, de uma fábrica de papel, com o objectivo de seguir as orientações propostas pelo SGCIE (Sistema de Gestão dos Consumos Intensivos de Energia). Este sistema de gestão é regulado segundo o decreto-lei 71/2008 de 15 de Abril e pressupõe um balanço energético da instalação, que neste caso trata-se de uma área sectorial que só representa cerca de 5 % do consumo total de energia da fábrica. Após o balanço é feita uma auditoria à instalação com o objectivo de propor alterações que aumentem a eficiência energética, reduzindo consumos e rácios de emissão de CO2 sem prejudicar o processo produtivo. Foram feitos estudos da rentabilidade da alteração de motores eléctricos por outros com maior rendimento, do aproveitamento térmico das águas de retorno da unidade fabril, das medidas para redução do consumo do ar comprimido e aumento da eficiência na sua produção e da aplicação prática de variadores de frequência em diversas bombas centrífugas para transporte de água. Em conclusão, o aproveitamento térmico das águas de retorno, mediante a aplicação de um permutador de calor e algumas alterações na distribuição da água, provou ser capaz de poupanças em energia térmica na ordem dos 14%, relativamente à área de distribuição e arrefecimento de águas. Concluiu-se também, que a aplicação de variadores de frequência em bombas centrífugas é igualmente bastante rentável, permitindo poupanças de energia eléctrica superiores a 7% da área total auditada. The main objective of this thesis is the energy analysis of the distribution and water cooling system in a paper mill in order to comply with the guidelines proposed by SGCIE (Management System for Intensive Energy Consumers). This management system is regulated according to the Decree-Law 71/2008 of 15 April and requires an energy balance of the installation, which in this case, includes a sectorial area that only represents about 5% of the total energy consumption in all the plant. The energy balance was followed by a detailed audit of the installation with the aim to recommend changes that will increase energy efficiency, reducing fuel consumption and CO2 emissions, without negatively affecting the production process. Studies were made showing the relevance of changing electric motors by others with higher efficiency, of the thermal recovery of returned water, of the actions to reduce compressed air consumption and increase efficiency and the practical application of variable frequency motors to several centrifugal pumps. In conclusion, the thermal recovery of returned water, through the application of a heat exchanger and some modifications in the water distribution, proved to be able to reach savings of around 14% in thermal energy, relative to the area of the distribution and water cooling. It is also concluded, that the application of variable frequency drives on centrifugal pumps is also fairly cost effective, with electrical power savings of more than 7% of the analyzed installation. Dissertação de mestrado integrado em Engenharia Mecânica

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    The building of energy infrastructure has the main objective of promoting economic development based on the production and consumption of goods and services. In Brazil, the main generator of electricity is the Itaipu hydroenergy plant, which is binational and uses the transboundary waters of the Parana River in the boundary between Brazil and Paraguay. In a context of high energy demand, the discourses about transboundary waters are marked by debates on sovereignty and securitization in the face of vulnerability, these discourses focus on relations of tension and conflict over strategic water resources between states. This paper examines the use of transboundary water for energy production in Brazil and the limits of the discourse of regional development among the riparian states in the negotiations on the Itaipu Treaty during the government of former President Inacio Lula da Silva (2003-2010).

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    Article . 2021
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    Article . 2021
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      Article . 2021
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    Authors: Simões, Fábio Luis Félix;

    Dissertação para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Eletrotécnica – Ramo de Energia Esta tese incide sobre um estudo de viabilidade económica e energética de implementação de fontes de energia renovável na freguesia de Barcarena, de forma a sustentar o consumo de energia elétrica, tendo em conta os avanços tecnológicos e o aumento populacional previsto [1]. São analisados os consumos de energia elétrica da freguesia em estudo, bem como a distribuição dos vários tipos de produção de energia elétrica que respondem aos consumos registados. Desta forma, é possível analisar não só a implementação como a substituição de uma produção com origem nos combustíveis fósseis por uma produção com origem nas fontes de energia renovável. É desenvolvido um estudo de viabilidade económica e energética, tendo por base os dados referentes não só ao consumo e produção energética da freguesia, como também ao potencial energético da área em estudo no que diz respeito à produção de energia solar. É analisada a influência económica e energética da implementação das fontes de energia solar fotovoltaica na freguesia de Barcarena por intermédio de alguns casos estudo, com vista ao cumprimento das metas definidas pelo conselho de Oeiras no que diz respeito ao Plano de Ação Energia Sustentável para Oeiras (PAESO) [2]. This thesis focuses on an economic and energy viability study for the implementation of renewable energy sources in Barcarena, in order to sustain the electricity consumption, considering the technological advances and also the expected population growth. The electricity consumption of Barcarena are analyzed, as well as the distribution of the different types of electricity production that respond to a given consumption. Thus, it is possible to analyze not only the application, but also the substitution of a production from fossil fuels with a production from renewable energy sources. An economic and energy viability study are developed, according to data referring not only to electricity consumption, but also to the energy potential of the area under study regarding the solar energy consumption. The economic and energy influence of the implementation of a solar photovoltaic system in Barcarena are analyzed through some case studies, with a view to achieving the targets set by the Oeiras council, regarding the Sustainability Energy Action Plan for Oeiras (PAESO) [2]. N/A

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  • Authors: Santos, Gracielle Dorte dos UNIFESP;

    A principal fonte do setor elétrico brasileiro é a hidroeletricidade, cuja produção, distribuição e consumo é altamente desigual entre as regiões do país. Em face da disparidade geográfica das tarifas de energia ao consumidor, faz-se necessário a busca por soluções que barateiam esse valor sem causar impactos ambientais. O objetivo deste trabalho será analisar os elementos que contribuem no valor das tarifas residenciais cobradas nas diferentes regiões brasileiras pelas distribuidoras de energia e realizar um comparativo das tarifas entre regiões. Também será analisado os impactos econômicos-ambientais da inserção de fontes de alternativas de energia no sistema elétrico brasileiro, considerando características socioeconômicas, consumo de energia, contexto geográfico, custos da tecnologia e implicações ambientais, com o propósito de correlacionar com os impactos da hidroeletricidade. O instrumento metodológico se apoia em uma pesquisa bibliográfica e levantamento de dados das tarifas residenciais praticadas pelas distribuidoras de energia elétrica, dos fatores que influenciam o valor tarifário e a viabilidade técnica, econômica e ambiental da implantação de outras fontes energéticas. Posteriormente, será avaliado os custos de produção e distribuição da energia hidrelétrica e de fontes alternativas. Espera-se que por meio desse estudo seja possível avaliar qual a solução energética para as regiões que apresente o melhor custo-benefício. ; The main source of the Brazilian electricity sector is hydroelectricity, whose production, distribution and consumption is highly unequal between the regions of the country. In view of the geographic disparity of energy tariffs to the consumer, it is necessary to search for solutions that reduce this value without causing environmental impacts. The objective of this work will be to analyze the elements that contribute to the value of residential tariffs charged in different Brazilian regions by energy distributors and to perform a comparison of tariffs between regions. The ...

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  • Authors: Ciamponi, Celso Eduardo Souza;

    This paper presents the results of the economic feasibility analysis of implementing a distributed generation system based on electricity produced from wind and / or solar systems in the cities of Sorocaba, São Paulo; Brasilia, Federal District; Rio Branco, Acre; Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul; Manaus, Amazonas and Fortaleza, Ceará. Thus, three scenarios were raised as well as the consumption of energy generated, in full or having to be complemented with the use of the normal distribution network. For each of the scenarios considered the following indicators were raised: NPV, IRR, and Payback final balance in the life of the equipment, based on a TMA equal to the government Selic rate. As a result we had a payback between 8 and 12 years in the best case scenario and between 12 and 16 years in the worst scenario analyzed, but all were positive NPV and final balance at the end of life of equipamrnto In this way it was possible to determine for these cities that the best structure to be implemented and serve as a basis for analyzing the implementation of this same infrastructure in other locations in Brazil, particularly in more remote places where access to electrification in the centralized system becomes more difficult to arrival. ; Não recebi financiamento ; Este trabalho apresenta os resultados da análise de viabilidade econômica da implantação de um sistema de geração distribuída baseado em energia elétrica produzida a partir de sistemas eólicos e/ou solares, nas cidades de Sorocaba, São Paulo; Brasília, Distrito Federal; Rio Branco, Acre; Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul; Manaus, Amazonas e Fortaleza, Ceará. Assim, foram levantados três cenários possíveis, bem como o consumo desta energia gerada, de forma integral ou tendo de ser complementada com o uso da rede de distribuição normal. Para cada um dos cenários estudados foram levantados os seguintes indicadores: VPL, TIR, Payback e saldo final na vida útil do equipamento, como base em uma TMA igual à taxa Selic do governo. Como resultado tivemos um payback ...

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Coelho, Patrícia Alexandra Nunes;

    A dissertação desenvolvida foi realizada em ambiente empresarial e teve como objetivo a realização de uma auditoria energética às instalações da RNM- Produtos Químicos, SA com vista à otimização da sua eficiência energética, tendo em conta a viabilidade económica das medidas propostas. Numa primeira abordagem fez-se o levantamento energético das instalações. Verificou-se que existiam duas fontes de energia, a eletricidade e o gasóleo. Após a análise dos consumos energéticos da empresa verificou-se que, em 2017, a eletricidade representava 87% do consumo total de energia, e os restantes 13% correspondiam ao consumo de gasóleo. Isto traduz-se num consumo de 94,39 tep de eletricidade e de 14,64 tep de gasóleo, o que perfaz um total de 109,03 tep de energia consumida. Conclui-se então que a empresa não é uma Consumidora Intensiva de Energia (CIE). Na análise prévia do consumo elétrico percebeu-se que o equipamento que tinha um consumo mais significativo era o compressor de ar e, por isso mesmo, este equipamento foi estudado à parte. Atualmente, na RNM- Produtos Químicos, SA a produção de ar comprimido é assegurada por dois compressores com capacidades diferentes. Foram determinados os consumos de energia de um dos compressores (compressor 1) durante 4 semanas, de modo a verificar o comportamento deste equipamento. Conclui-se que este equipamento trabalha segundo as necessidades e não em linha contínua, uma vez que o número de horas que esteve em funcionamento foi variável ao longo do ensaio, assim como o período horário de funcionamento e o número de vezes que entrou em carga. A determinação do consumo específico deste compressor foi possível com o ensaio referido acima, sendo de 0,181 kWh/𝑚𝐹𝐴𝐷 3 . Posteriormente, fez-se um ensaio às fugas para a determinação das mesmas. O caudal de fugas representa 14,7% do caudal de ar comprimido produzido, estando este valor acima dos 5% admissíveis. Quanto à fatura elétrica foram apresentadas algumas propostas de melhoria para a respetiva diminuição. As medidas mais significativas seriam a mudança do nível de tensão atual, Baixa Tensão Especial (BTE), para um nível de tensão mais elevado, Média Tensão (MT); a transição de processos produtivos atuais para períodos horários mais económicos, uma vez que a empresa labora 24h/ dia e há períodos em que a eletricidade é menos dispendiosa; a aquisição de um novo compressor e a instalação de uma nova rede de ar comprimido para a diminuição das perdas de carga e ainda a possibilidade da reparação das fugas de ar comprimido. Aquilo que se concluiu foi que com estas pequenas medidas poder-se-ia reduzir os custos de eletricidade de 11,57 % a 14,28%. No nível de tensão a redução poderia ir de 6,90% a 8,55%, uma vez que se poderia celebrar um contrato com o fornecedor de energia para se passar a usar em Média Tensão- Médias Utilizações (MT-MU) ou Média Tensão- Longas Utilizações (MT-LU), concluindo-se que o que compensaria mais seria o de MT-LU. A transição do processo produtivo foi analisada para dois produtos em 87 produtos produzidos pela empresa. Para estes dois produtos se se mudasse os períodos nos quais se processam as suas produções/transferências poder-se-ia poupar 0,034% caso se eliminasse produções/transferências no período mais dispendioso, ou seja, em Horas de Ponta (HP), e caso se transitasse todas as operações para os períodos menos dispendiosos, ou seja, para Horas de Vazio (HV) e Horas de Super Vazio (HSV) poder-se-ia reduzir os custos elétricos em 0,31%. Caso se adquirisse um compressor novo, as reduções poderiam ir de 4,30 % a 5,08%, sendo que esta variação se deve ao estudo da aquisição de compressores de diferentes marcas. As reduções das fugas de ar comprimido representariam 0,34% da fatura elétrica anual. Há medidas que necessitam de investimentos, como é o caso da mudança do nível de tensão, a aquisição do novo compressor e a redução das fugas de ar comprimido. Para a mudança de nível de tensão para MT é necessário a instalação de um Posto de Transformação (PT). Já no caso da aquisição de um novo compressor é necessário um compressor que satisfaça as condições da empresa. No caso da redução de fugas é necessário determinar qual o local das mesmas para uma possível reparação. Foi possível determinar os custos associados à aquisição de um PT e para diferentes compressores. Para verificar a viabilidade económica foi considerado que o retorno do investimento não deveria ultrapassar 5 anos. Conclui-se então que o investimento num PT só seria viável caso se mudasse para MT-LU e que a aquisição de um novo compressor só seria viável para a marca Biomicro. Na Aquisição de um Novo Compressor estudou-se quais os custos de energia elétrica caso o compressor tivesse um tempo útil de 30 anos, em funcionamento durante 24 h. Conclui-se que com o compressor da Comingersoll ao final de 30 anos os custos de eletricidade seriam 443 488€ menores que com o compressor da Biomicro, sendo que o investimento inicial é de apenas mais 10 504€. Por isso, o compressor a adquirir devia ser o da Comingersoll. The dissertation was carried out in a business environment and had the objective of carrying out an energy audit at the facilities of RNM-Produtos Químicos, SA with a view to optimize it’s energy efficiency, taking into account the economic viability of the proposed measures. In an initial approach, the facilities were surveyed. It was found that there were two sources of energy, electricity and diesel. After analyzing the energy consumption of the company, it was verified that in 2017, electricity accounted for 87% of total energy consumption, and the remaining 13% corresponded to the consumption of diesel. This translates into a consumption of 94.39 toe of electricity and 14.64 toe of diesel, which makes a total of 109.03 toe of energy consumed. It is concluded that the company is not an Intensive Energy Consumption (CIE). In the previous analysis of the electric consumption it was noticed that the equipment that had a more significant consumption was the air compressor and, for that reason, this equipment was studied separately. Currently, RNM-Produtos Químicos, SA produces compressed air by two compressors with different capacities. The energy consumptions of one of the compressors (compressor 1) were determined for 4 weeks. It is concluded that this equipment works according to the needs and not in continuous line, since the number of hours that was in operation was variable throughout the test, as well as the hourly period of operation and the number of times that it entered in load. The determination of the specific consumption of this compressor was possible with the test referred above, being 0.181 kWh / 𝑚𝐹𝐴𝐷 3 . Subsequently, a leak test was carried out to determine the leakage. The leakage rate represents 14.7% of the compressed air flow produced, with this value being above 5% admissible. Regarding the electric bill, some improvement proposals were presented for the respective decrease. The most significant measures would be to change the current voltage level, Low Voltage Special (BTE), to a higher voltage level, Medium Voltage (MT); the transition from current productive processes to cheaper time periods, since the company works 24 hours a day and there are periods when electricity is less expensive; the acquisition of a new compressor and the installation of a new compressed air network for the reduction of the load losses and also the possibility of repairing compressed air leaks. In conclusion these small measures electricity costs could be reduced from 11.57% to 14.28%. In the voltage level the reduction could go from 6.90% to 8.55%, since a contract could be closed with the energy supplier to be used in Medium Voltage - Medium Uses (MT-MU) or Medium Voltage- Long Uses (MT-LU). The less expensive alternative would be the MT-LU. The transition of the production process was analyzed for two products in 87 products produced by the company. For these two products, if you change the periods in which your productions / transfers are processed, you could save 0.034% if you eliminate productions / transfers in the most expensive period, that is, at peak hours (HP). if all operations were transposed for the least expensive periods, ie for HV and Super Low Voltage Hours (HSV), electric costs could be reduced by 0.31%. The study of the acquisition of new compressors from different brands led to the conclusion of reductions in the electric costs from 4.30% to 5.08%. Reductions in compressed air leaks would represent 0.34% of the annual electric bill. There are measures that require investments, such as changing the voltage level, acquiring the new compressor and reducing compressed air leaks. To change the voltage level to MV it is necessary to install a Transformation Station (PT). In the case of the acquisition of a new compressor it is necessary a compressor that satisfies the conditions of the company. In case of reduction of leaks it is necessary to determine the location of the leaks for possible repair. It was possible to determine the costs associated with the acquisition of a PT and for different compressors and to verify the economic viability it was considered that the return of the investment shouldn´t exceed 5 years. It is concluded that the investment in a PT would only be viable if it were moved to MT-LU and that the acquisition of a new compressor would only be viable for the Biomicro brand. After acquiring a new compressor, a study was conducted to verify the electricity consumption if the compressor lasted for 30 years, operation 24 hours per day. It was concluded that with a Comingersoll compressor the electricity cost would be 443 448€ cheaper than the Biomicro compressor even though the initial investment is 10 504€ more expensive.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Ribeiro, Diogo Alexandre Pereira;

    Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Engenharia Electrotécnica e de Computadores apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade de Coimbra Este relatório foi desenvolvido no âmbito da dissertação de Mestrado do curso de Engenharia Eletrotécnica e de Computadores da Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade de Coimbra no ano letivo de 2013/2014. Teve como objeto de estudo uma auditoria energética, que foi realizada na Escola Superior Agrária de Coimbra, e consistiu na recolha de dados de consumos e qualidade de energia elétrica em diversos quadros das instalações através de várias monitorizações. Com estas monitorizações pôde ser feita a desagregação de consumos e identificar algumas oportunidades de racionalização de consumos e identificar problemas de qualidade de energia. No seguimento desta análise e desagregação de consumos e existirem problemas de qualidade de energia devem ser feitas visitas ao local de modo a verificar quais as cargas que sofrem consequências desses problemas de modo a procurar a solução mais viável. This report was developed as part of the Master's thesis of the course of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra in the academic year of 2013/2014. Had as its object of study an energy audit, which was held at the School of Agriculture of Coimbra, and consisted in energy data collection and quality of electric power in different frames of facilities through various monitoring. With these monitoring we could make the breakdown of energy consumption, and look for opportunities of rationalization of consumption or identification of power quality problems that might occur. Following this analysis and breakdown of energy consumption, if there are problems of power quality, visits should be made to the site to see which of the loads may suffer the consequences of these problems in order to find the most viable solution.

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    Estudo Geral
    Master thesis . 2014
    Data sources: Estudo Geral
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Quadros, Ruy; Tavares, André Neiva; Santos, Glicia Vieira dos; Bajay, Sérgio Valdir;

    This book is the result of extensive research carried out within the scope of the R&D project entitled “Development of Technical and Institutional Arrangements for the Use of Biogas, through the Generation of Electric Energy, from Urban Solid Waste”, selected, among others, by Aneel in Call No. 014/2012. It makes an important contribution to the dissemination of this knowledge in the country, serving technicians and managers, notably the public. Thus, the book becomes an important instrument for those who want to learn about the entire process of origin, collection, disposal and exploitation of MSW, as well as the national industrial capacity and the related policies associated with these processes. This work is one of the results of the Strategic R&D Project No. 014/2012: “Technical and Commercial Arrangements for the Inclusion of Electricity Generation from Biogas from Waste and Liquid Effluents in the Brazilian Energy Matrix”. Participating Companies: ENELCEMIGCorumbá Concessões S.A.Foz do Chapecó Energia S.A.EMAE Funding: National Electric Energy Agency (ANEEL, Brazil)

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    ZENODO
    Book . 2019
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Datacite
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    ZENODO
    Book . 2019
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Datacite
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      ZENODO
      Book . 2019
      License: CC BY
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      ZENODO
      Book . 2019
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Fernandez, Marcelo Richter;

    Resumo: Este trabalho propõe o desenvolvimento de metodologia para a operação de um portfólio de contratos de compra e venda de energia elétrica no ambiente de contratação livre utilizando conceitos de otimização, em especial de programação linear, matemática financeira e estatística, além de considerar também as regras de comercialização de energia do setor elétrico brasileiro. Isso permite que comercializadores maximizem seus resultados financeiros pela alocação ótima de seus contratos de compra e venda de energia. Além disso, permite a simulação de cenários alternativos de consumo, variações de preços de curto prazo e opções de contrato. A partir dessas informações, os agentes de comercialização de energia elétrica podem realizar comparações entre as várias alternativas de operações no mercado de energia; podem também comparar essas ações com outras propostas de investimentos. Estudos de casos ilustram a aplicação da metodologia a cenários reais do sistema elétrico brasileiro. A análise desses resultados permite avaliar benefícios alcançados e sugere possibilidades de desdobramentos Abstract: This work proposes the development of a new approach for the operation of electric energy contracts in the Brazilian free market. It uses concepts of linear optimization, financial mathematics, statistics and considers the Brazilian free market regulation. The methodology allows traders to maximize their profits by using the optimal allocation for each energy contract. It also allows traders to simulate trading with different scenarios of energy consumption by the customers, spot market prices, future market prices and long term contracts. Results allow investors to compare energy trading options with other alternatives for investments. Case studies illustrate the application of the proposed methodology to real world scenarios; benefits are also evaluated Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação Orientadores: Christiano Lyra Filho, Leontina Maria Viana Graziadio Pinto Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica Mestrado

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  • Authors: Pieniz, Marlon;

    This work investigates the relationship among the magnetic volume, switching frequency and input current ripple of a single-phase, 1kW boost based PFC converter with universal input voltage range, complying with the international standards IEC 61000-3-2 and CISPR 22. Such topology is frequently applicable in Telecom power supplies modules, as a part of a Distributed Power System (DPS). The investigation is carried out employing an appropriate magnetic arrangement for the specific case, which has been chosen through an extended bibliographic review, where features such as costs, losses, flux density capability and conducted noise propagation has been considered. The review leads to magnetic arrangement composed by a toroidal core shape, based in the Sendust type powder material which is wounded by a single layer coil. All the limiting factors for the elevation of the switching frequency and input current ripple were identified, modeled and considered to the elaboration of an algorithm that is able to estimate an operation point that minimize the magnetic volume of the PFC converter. Furthermore, all the models used in the analysis are well established in the literature, either in the theoretical development as in the experimental results. ; Esse trabalho investiga a relação de dependência que existe entre o volume de magnéticos, a freqüência de comutação e a máxima ondulação de corrente em um conversor PFC de 1kW baseado na estrutura boost, monofásico, com entrada universal e que esteja de acordo com as normas internacionais IEC 61000-3-2 e CISPR 22. Tal conversor tem aplicação típica em módulos de fontes para Telecom de sistemas distribuídos de potência (DPS Distributed Power Systems). Para a realização da investigação considerou-se a utilização de um arranjo magnético adequado para a aplicação em questão, o qual foi escolhido através de uma revisão bibliográfica, onde se consideraram aspectos como custo, perdas, densidade de fluxo e propagação do ruído eletromagnético conduzido. Segundo essa análise, o arranjo ...

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    Authors: Saganha, Nuno Miguel Gonçalves;

    Nesta dissertação foi feita uma análise energética à área de distribuição e arrefecimento de águas, de uma fábrica de papel, com o objectivo de seguir as orientações propostas pelo SGCIE (Sistema de Gestão dos Consumos Intensivos de Energia). Este sistema de gestão é regulado segundo o decreto-lei 71/2008 de 15 de Abril e pressupõe um balanço energético da instalação, que neste caso trata-se de uma área sectorial que só representa cerca de 5 % do consumo total de energia da fábrica. Após o balanço é feita uma auditoria à instalação com o objectivo de propor alterações que aumentem a eficiência energética, reduzindo consumos e rácios de emissão de CO2 sem prejudicar o processo produtivo. Foram feitos estudos da rentabilidade da alteração de motores eléctricos por outros com maior rendimento, do aproveitamento térmico das águas de retorno da unidade fabril, das medidas para redução do consumo do ar comprimido e aumento da eficiência na sua produção e da aplicação prática de variadores de frequência em diversas bombas centrífugas para transporte de água. Em conclusão, o aproveitamento térmico das águas de retorno, mediante a aplicação de um permutador de calor e algumas alterações na distribuição da água, provou ser capaz de poupanças em energia térmica na ordem dos 14%, relativamente à área de distribuição e arrefecimento de águas. Concluiu-se também, que a aplicação de variadores de frequência em bombas centrífugas é igualmente bastante rentável, permitindo poupanças de energia eléctrica superiores a 7% da área total auditada. The main objective of this thesis is the energy analysis of the distribution and water cooling system in a paper mill in order to comply with the guidelines proposed by SGCIE (Management System for Intensive Energy Consumers). This management system is regulated according to the Decree-Law 71/2008 of 15 April and requires an energy balance of the installation, which in this case, includes a sectorial area that only represents about 5% of the total energy consumption in all the plant. The energy balance was followed by a detailed audit of the installation with the aim to recommend changes that will increase energy efficiency, reducing fuel consumption and CO2 emissions, without negatively affecting the production process. Studies were made showing the relevance of changing electric motors by others with higher efficiency, of the thermal recovery of returned water, of the actions to reduce compressed air consumption and increase efficiency and the practical application of variable frequency motors to several centrifugal pumps. In conclusion, the thermal recovery of returned water, through the application of a heat exchanger and some modifications in the water distribution, proved to be able to reach savings of around 14% in thermal energy, relative to the area of the distribution and water cooling. It is also concluded, that the application of variable frequency drives on centrifugal pumps is also fairly cost effective, with electrical power savings of more than 7% of the analyzed installation. Dissertação de mestrado integrado em Engenharia Mecânica

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    The building of energy infrastructure has the main objective of promoting economic development based on the production and consumption of goods and services. In Brazil, the main generator of electricity is the Itaipu hydroenergy plant, which is binational and uses the transboundary waters of the Parana River in the boundary between Brazil and Paraguay. In a context of high energy demand, the discourses about transboundary waters are marked by debates on sovereignty and securitization in the face of vulnerability, these discourses focus on relations of tension and conflict over strategic water resources between states. This paper examines the use of transboundary water for energy production in Brazil and the limits of the discourse of regional development among the riparian states in the negotiations on the Itaipu Treaty during the government of former President Inacio Lula da Silva (2003-2010).

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    Authors: Simões, Fábio Luis Félix;

    Dissertação para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Eletrotécnica – Ramo de Energia Esta tese incide sobre um estudo de viabilidade económica e energética de implementação de fontes de energia renovável na freguesia de Barcarena, de forma a sustentar o consumo de energia elétrica, tendo em conta os avanços tecnológicos e o aumento populacional previsto [1]. São analisados os consumos de energia elétrica da freguesia em estudo, bem como a distribuição dos vários tipos de produção de energia elétrica que respondem aos consumos registados. Desta forma, é possível analisar não só a implementação como a substituição de uma produção com origem nos combustíveis fósseis por uma produção com origem nas fontes de energia renovável. É desenvolvido um estudo de viabilidade económica e energética, tendo por base os dados referentes não só ao consumo e produção energética da freguesia, como também ao potencial energético da área em estudo no que diz respeito à produção de energia solar. É analisada a influência económica e energética da implementação das fontes de energia solar fotovoltaica na freguesia de Barcarena por intermédio de alguns casos estudo, com vista ao cumprimento das metas definidas pelo conselho de Oeiras no que diz respeito ao Plano de Ação Energia Sustentável para Oeiras (PAESO) [2]. This thesis focuses on an economic and energy viability study for the implementation of renewable energy sources in Barcarena, in order to sustain the electricity consumption, considering the technological advances and also the expected population growth. The electricity consumption of Barcarena are analyzed, as well as the distribution of the different types of electricity production that respond to a given consumption. Thus, it is possible to analyze not only the application, but also the substitution of a production from fossil fuels with a production from renewable energy sources. An economic and energy viability study are developed, according to data referring not only to electricity consumption, but also to the energy potential of the area under study regarding the solar energy consumption. The economic and energy influence of the implementation of a solar photovoltaic system in Barcarena are analyzed through some case studies, with a view to achieving the targets set by the Oeiras council, regarding the Sustainability Energy Action Plan for Oeiras (PAESO) [2]. N/A

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  • Authors: Santos, Gracielle Dorte dos UNIFESP;

    A principal fonte do setor elétrico brasileiro é a hidroeletricidade, cuja produção, distribuição e consumo é altamente desigual entre as regiões do país. Em face da disparidade geográfica das tarifas de energia ao consumidor, faz-se necessário a busca por soluções que barateiam esse valor sem causar impactos ambientais. O objetivo deste trabalho será analisar os elementos que contribuem no valor das tarifas residenciais cobradas nas diferentes regiões brasileiras pelas distribuidoras de energia e realizar um comparativo das tarifas entre regiões. Também será analisado os impactos econômicos-ambientais da inserção de fontes de alternativas de energia no sistema elétrico brasileiro, considerando características socioeconômicas, consumo de energia, contexto geográfico, custos da tecnologia e implicações ambientais, com o propósito de correlacionar com os impactos da hidroeletricidade. O instrumento metodológico se apoia em uma pesquisa bibliográfica e levantamento de dados das tarifas residenciais praticadas pelas distribuidoras de energia elétrica, dos fatores que influenciam o valor tarifário e a viabilidade técnica, econômica e ambiental da implantação de outras fontes energéticas. Posteriormente, será avaliado os custos de produção e distribuição da energia hidrelétrica e de fontes alternativas. Espera-se que por meio desse estudo seja possível avaliar qual a solução energética para as regiões que apresente o melhor custo-benefício. ; The main source of the Brazilian electricity sector is hydroelectricity, whose production, distribution and consumption is highly unequal between the regions of the country. In view of the geographic disparity of energy tariffs to the consumer, it is necessary to search for solutions that reduce this value without causing environmental impacts. The objective of this work will be to analyze the elements that contribute to the value of residential tariffs charged in different Brazilian regions by energy distributors and to perform a comparison of tariffs between regions. The ...

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  • Authors: Ciamponi, Celso Eduardo Souza;

    This paper presents the results of the economic feasibility analysis of implementing a distributed generation system based on electricity produced from wind and / or solar systems in the cities of Sorocaba, São Paulo; Brasilia, Federal District; Rio Branco, Acre; Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul; Manaus, Amazonas and Fortaleza, Ceará. Thus, three scenarios were raised as well as the consumption of energy generated, in full or having to be complemented with the use of the normal distribution network. For each of the scenarios considered the following indicators were raised: NPV, IRR, and Payback final balance in the life of the equipment, based on a TMA equal to the government Selic rate. As a result we had a payback between 8 and 12 years in the best case scenario and between 12 and 16 years in the worst scenario analyzed, but all were positive NPV and final balance at the end of life of equipamrnto In this way it was possible to determine for these cities that the best structure to be implemented and serve as a basis for analyzing the implementation of this same infrastructure in other locations in Brazil, particularly in more remote places where access to electrification in the centralized system becomes more difficult to arrival. ; Não recebi financiamento ; Este trabalho apresenta os resultados da análise de viabilidade econômica da implantação de um sistema de geração distribuída baseado em energia elétrica produzida a partir de sistemas eólicos e/ou solares, nas cidades de Sorocaba, São Paulo; Brasília, Distrito Federal; Rio Branco, Acre; Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul; Manaus, Amazonas e Fortaleza, Ceará. Assim, foram levantados três cenários possíveis, bem como o consumo desta energia gerada, de forma integral ou tendo de ser complementada com o uso da rede de distribuição normal. Para cada um dos cenários estudados foram levantados os seguintes indicadores: VPL, TIR, Payback e saldo final na vida útil do equipamento, como base em uma TMA igual à taxa Selic do governo. Como resultado tivemos um payback ...

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    Authors: Coelho, Patrícia Alexandra Nunes;

    A dissertação desenvolvida foi realizada em ambiente empresarial e teve como objetivo a realização de uma auditoria energética às instalações da RNM- Produtos Químicos, SA com vista à otimização da sua eficiência energética, tendo em conta a viabilidade económica das medidas propostas. Numa primeira abordagem fez-se o levantamento energético das instalações. Verificou-se que existiam duas fontes de energia, a eletricidade e o gasóleo. Após a análise dos consumos energéticos da empresa verificou-se que, em 2017, a eletricidade representava 87% do consumo total de energia, e os restantes 13% correspondiam ao consumo de gasóleo. Isto traduz-se num consumo de 94,39 tep de eletricidade e de 14,64 tep de gasóleo, o que perfaz um total de 109,03 tep de energia consumida. Conclui-se então que a empresa não é uma Consumidora Intensiva de Energia (CIE). Na análise prévia do consumo elétrico percebeu-se que o equipamento que tinha um consumo mais significativo era o compressor de ar e, por isso mesmo, este equipamento foi estudado à parte. Atualmente, na RNM- Produtos Químicos, SA a produção de ar comprimido é assegurada por dois compressores com capacidades diferentes. Foram determinados os consumos de energia de um dos compressores (compressor 1) durante 4 semanas, de modo a verificar o comportamento deste equipamento. Conclui-se que este equipamento trabalha segundo as necessidades e não em linha contínua, uma vez que o número de horas que esteve em funcionamento foi variável ao longo do ensaio, assim como o período horário de funcionamento e o número de vezes que entrou em carga. A determinação do consumo específico deste compressor foi possível com o ensaio referido acima, sendo de 0,181 kWh/𝑚𝐹𝐴𝐷 3 . Posteriormente, fez-se um ensaio às fugas para a determinação das mesmas. O caudal de fugas representa 14,7% do caudal de ar comprimido produzido, estando este valor acima dos 5% admissíveis. Quanto à fatura elétrica foram apresentadas algumas propostas de melhoria para a respetiva diminuição. As medidas mais significativas seriam a mudança do nível de tensão atual, Baixa Tensão Especial (BTE), para um nível de tensão mais elevado, Média Tensão (MT); a transição de processos produtivos atuais para períodos horários mais económicos, uma vez que a empresa labora 24h/ dia e há períodos em que a eletricidade é menos dispendiosa; a aquisição de um novo compressor e a instalação de uma nova rede de ar comprimido para a diminuição das perdas de carga e ainda a possibilidade da reparação das fugas de ar comprimido. Aquilo que se concluiu foi que com estas pequenas medidas poder-se-ia reduzir os custos de eletricidade de 11,57 % a 14,28%. No nível de tensão a redução poderia ir de 6,90% a 8,55%, uma vez que se poderia celebrar um contrato com o fornecedor de energia para se passar a usar em Média Tensão- Médias Utilizações (MT-MU) ou Média Tensão- Longas Utilizações (MT-LU), concluindo-se que o que compensaria mais seria o de MT-LU. A transição do processo produtivo foi analisada para dois produtos em 87 produtos produzidos pela empresa. Para estes dois produtos se se mudasse os períodos nos quais se processam as suas produções/transferências poder-se-ia poupar 0,034% caso se eliminasse produções/transferências no período mais dispendioso, ou seja, em Horas de Ponta (HP), e caso se transitasse todas as operações para os períodos menos dispendiosos, ou seja, para Horas de Vazio (HV) e Horas de Super Vazio (HSV) poder-se-ia reduzir os custos elétricos em 0,31%. Caso se adquirisse um compressor novo, as reduções poderiam ir de 4,30 % a 5,08%, sendo que esta variação se deve ao estudo da aquisição de compressores de diferentes marcas. As reduções das fugas de ar comprimido representariam 0,34% da fatura elétrica anual. Há medidas que necessitam de investimentos, como é o caso da mudança do nível de tensão, a aquisição do novo compressor e a redução das fugas de ar comprimido. Para a mudança de nível de tensão para MT é necessário a instalação de um Posto de Transformação (PT). Já no caso da aquisição de um novo compressor é necessário um compressor que satisfaça as condições da empresa. No caso da redução de fugas é necessário determinar qual o local das mesmas para uma possível reparação. Foi possível determinar os custos associados à aquisição de um PT e para diferentes compressores. Para verificar a viabilidade económica foi considerado que o retorno do investimento não deveria ultrapassar 5 anos. Conclui-se então que o investimento num PT só seria viável caso se mudasse para MT-LU e que a aquisição de um novo compressor só seria viável para a marca Biomicro. Na Aquisição de um Novo Compressor estudou-se quais os custos de energia elétrica caso o compressor tivesse um tempo útil de 30 anos, em funcionamento durante 24 h. Conclui-se que com o compressor da Comingersoll ao final de 30 anos os custos de eletricidade seriam 443 488€ menores que com o compressor da Biomicro, sendo que o investimento inicial é de apenas mais 10 504€. Por isso, o compressor a adquirir devia ser o da Comingersoll. The dissertation was carried out in a business environment and had the objective of carrying out an energy audit at the facilities of RNM-Produtos Químicos, SA with a view to optimize it’s energy efficiency, taking into account the economic viability of the proposed measures. In an initial approach, the facilities were surveyed. It was found that there were two sources of energy, electricity and diesel. After analyzing the energy consumption of the company, it was verified that in 2017, electricity accounted for 87% of total energy consumption, and the remaining 13% corresponded to the consumption of diesel. This translates into a consumption of 94.39 toe of electricity and 14.64 toe of diesel, which makes a total of 109.03 toe of energy consumed. It is concluded that the company is not an Intensive Energy Consumption (CIE). In the previous analysis of the electric consumption it was noticed that the equipment that had a more significant consumption was the air compressor and, for that reason, this equipment was studied separately. Currently, RNM-Produtos Químicos, SA produces compressed air by two compressors with different capacities. The energy consumptions of one of the compressors (compressor 1) were determined for 4 weeks. It is concluded that this equipment works according to the needs and not in continuous line, since the number of hours that was in operation was variable throughout the test, as well as the hourly period of operation and the number of times that it entered in load. The determination of the specific consumption of this compressor was possible with the test referred above, being 0.181 kWh / 𝑚𝐹𝐴𝐷 3 . Subsequently, a leak test was carried out to determine the leakage. The leakage rate represents 14.7% of the compressed air flow produced, with this value being above 5% admissible. Regarding the electric bill, some improvement proposals were presented for the respective decrease. The most significant measures would be to change the current voltage level, Low Voltage Special (BTE), to a higher voltage level, Medium Voltage (MT); the transition from current productive processes to cheaper time periods, since the company works 24 hours a day and there are periods when electricity is less expensive; the acquisition of a new compressor and the installation of a new compressed air network for the reduction of the load losses and also the possibility of repairing compressed air leaks. In conclusion these small measures electricity costs could be reduced from 11.57% to 14.28%. In the voltage level the reduction could go from 6.90% to 8.55%, since a contract could be closed with the energy supplier to be used in Medium Voltage - Medium Uses (MT-MU) or Medium Voltage- Long Uses (MT-LU). The less expensive alternative would be the MT-LU. The transition of the production process was analyzed for two products in 87 products produced by the company. For these two products, if you change the periods in which your productions / transfers are processed, you could save 0.034% if you eliminate productions / transfers in the most expensive period, that is, at peak hours (HP). if all operations were transposed for the least expensive periods, ie for HV and Super Low Voltage Hours (HSV), electric costs could be reduced by 0.31%. The study of the acquisition of new compressors from different brands led to the conclusion of reductions in the electric costs from 4.30% to 5.08%. Reductions in compressed air leaks would represent 0.34% of the annual electric bill. There are measures that require investments, such as changing the voltage level, acquiring the new compressor and reducing compressed air leaks. To change the voltage level to MV it is necessary to install a Transformation Station (PT). In the case of the acquisition of a new compressor it is necessary a compressor that satisfies the conditions of the company. In case of reduction of leaks it is necessary to determine the location of the leaks for possible repair. It was possible to determine the costs associated with the acquisition of a PT and for different compressors and to verify the economic viability it was considered that the return of the investment shouldn´t exceed 5 years. It is concluded that the investment in a PT would only be viable if it were moved to MT-LU and that the acquisition of a new compressor would only be viable for the Biomicro brand. After acquiring a new compressor, a study was conducted to verify the electricity consumption if the compressor lasted for 30 years, operation 24 hours per day. It was concluded that with a Comingersoll compressor the electricity cost would be 443 448€ cheaper than the Biomicro compressor even though the initial investment is 10 504€ more expensive.

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    Authors: Ribeiro, Diogo Alexandre Pereira;

    Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Engenharia Electrotécnica e de Computadores apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade de Coimbra Este relatório foi desenvolvido no âmbito da dissertação de Mestrado do curso de Engenharia Eletrotécnica e de Computadores da Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade de Coimbra no ano letivo de 2013/2014. Teve como objeto de estudo uma auditoria energética, que foi realizada na Escola Superior Agrária de Coimbra, e consistiu na recolha de dados de consumos e qualidade de energia elétrica em diversos quadros das instalações através de várias monitorizações. Com estas monitorizações pôde ser feita a desagregação de consumos e identificar algumas oportunidades de racionalização de consumos e identificar problemas de qualidade de energia. No seguimento desta análise e desagregação de consumos e existirem problemas de qualidade de energia devem ser feitas visitas ao local de modo a verificar quais as cargas que sofrem consequências desses problemas de modo a procurar a solução mais viável. This report was developed as part of the Master's thesis of the course of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra in the academic year of 2013/2014. Had as its object of study an energy audit, which was held at the School of Agriculture of Coimbra, and consisted in energy data collection and quality of electric power in different frames of facilities through various monitoring. With these monitoring we could make the breakdown of energy consumption, and look for opportunities of rationalization of consumption or identification of power quality problems that might occur. Following this analysis and breakdown of energy consumption, if there are problems of power quality, visits should be made to the site to see which of the loads may suffer the consequences of these problems in order to find the most viable solution.

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    Estudo Geral
    Master thesis . 2014
    Data sources: Estudo Geral
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      Estudo Geral
      Master thesis . 2014
      Data sources: Estudo Geral
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