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The data provided here is for the electromagnetic heating of magnetite under radio-frequencies. The data includes that from material characterisation, in-situ magnetometry, calorimetry, in-situ power absorption measurement and arc-tangent modelling results. The data is aligned to the figures in the research publication and is intended that future researchers can make their own analysis based upon our work. Further relevant documentation may be found in the following resources. Noble, J. P. P., Bending, S. J., Sartbaeva, A., Muxworthy, A. R., and Hill, A. K., 2021. A Novel In Situ High‐Temperature Magnetometry Method for Radiofrequency Heating Applications. Advanced Energy Materials, 12(1), 2102515. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202102515. The data is collected using techniques described fully in the accompanying research article. The data follows the figure numbers from the paper which should make it easy to navigate.

When approaching the design of a multipole magnet, such as a dipole, quadrupole, sextupole, and so on, it is highly advantageous to initiate the process by establishing the fundamental parameters. These parameters include conductor size, current density, inner and outer radius of the iron yoke, and more. This preliminary dimensioning enables the acquisition of the necessary specifications for the design. Within this report, analytical expressions for the magnetic field, Lorentz forces, and stored energy of multipole magnets with the cos(nθ) and sector coil configurations, both with and without the presence of an iron yoke, are derived. These derivations are based on the vector potential of a current line.

There is a need to generate magnetic fields both above and below 1 megagauss (100 T) with compact generators for laser-plasma experiments in the Beamlet and Petawatt test chambers for focused research on fundamental properties of high energy density magnetic plasmas. Some of the important topics that could be addressed with such a capability are magnetic field diffusion, particle confinement, plasma instabilities, spectroscopic diagnostic development, material properties, flux compression, and alternate confinement schemes, all of which could directly support experiments on Z. This report summarizes a two-month study to develop preliminary designs of magnetic field generators for three design regimes. These are, (1) a design for a relatively low-field (10 to 50 T), compact generator for modest volumes (1 to 10 cm3), (2) a high-field (50 to 200 T) design for smaller volumes (10 to 100 mm3), and (3) an extreme field (greater than 600 T) design that uses flux compression. These designs rely on existing Sandia pulsed-power expertise and equipment, and address issues of magnetic field scaling with capacitor bank design and field inductance, vacuum interface, and trade-offs between inductance and coil designs.

The original goal of this Phase II Superconductivity Partnership Initiative project was to build and operate a prototype Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) system using high temperature superconductor (HTS) coils wound from continuously processed dip-coated BSCCO 2212 tape conductor. Using dip-coated tape, the plan was for MRI magnet coils to be wound to fit an established commercial open geometry, 0.2 Tesla permanent magnet system. New electronics and imaging software for a prototype higher field superconducting system would have added significantly to the cost. However, the use of the 0.2 T platform would allow the technical feasibility and the cost issues for HTS systems to be fully established. Also it would establish the energy efficiency and savings of HTS open MRI compared with resistive and permanent magnet systems. The commercial goal was an open geometry HTS MRI running at 0.5 T and 20 K. This low field open magnet was using resistive normal metal conductor and its heat loss was rather high around 15 kolwatts. It was expected that an HTS magnet would dissipate around 1 watt, significantly reduce power consumption. The SPI team assembled to achieve this goal was led by Oxford Instruments, Superconducting Technology (OST), who developed the method of producing commercial dip coated tape. Superconductive Components Inc. (SCI), a leading US supplier of HTS powders, supported the conductor optimization through powder optimization, scaling, and cost reduction. Oxford Magnet Technology (OMT), a joint venture between Oxford Instruments and Siemens and the world’s leading supplier of MRI magnet systems, was involved to design and build the HTS MRI magnet and cryogenics. Siemens Magnetic Resonance Division, a leading developer and supplier of complete MRI imaging systems, was expected to integrate the final system and perform imaging trials. The original MRI demonstration project was ended in July 2004 by mutual consent of Oxford Instruments and Siemens. Between the project start and that date a substantial shift in the MRI marketplace occurred, with rapid growth for systems at higher fields (1.5 T and above) and a consequent decline in the low field market (<1.0 T). While the project aim appeared technically attainable at that time, the conclusion was reached that the system and market economics do not warrant additional investment. The program was redirected to develop BSCCO 2212 multifilament wire development for high field superconducting magnets for NMR and other scientific research upon an agreement between DOE and Oxford Instruments, Superconducting Technology. The work t took place between September, 2004 and the project end in early 2006 was focused on 2212 multifilamentary wire. This report summarizes the technical achievements both in 2212 dip coated for an HTS MRI system and in BSCCO 2212 multifilamentary wire for high field magnets.

The ever-increasing demand for wireless communication has led to an incentive to increase the data rate and reduce the size of communication devices, be it antennas or other components of RF front-ends. The emphasis is primarily on increasing data rate, which leads to the use of higher frequency bands and wider bandwidths in modern communication technology research and innovations. However, increasing frequency in many technology areas cannot necessarily be beneficial because of physical constraints. For example, communication under seawater or other RF harsh environment requires very-low-frequency (VLF) or ultra-low-frequency (ULF) signals to penetrate lossy media that block high-frequency signals. Furthermore, recent advances in neuroscience have demonstrated the potential of VLF and ULF electromagnetic (EM) waves for studying brain function and treating neurological conditions. The main challenge is that most VLF and ULF generators are large and power-hungry, making them impractical to use in many applications. As a result, recent approaches using permanent magnets have started to provide groundbreaking solutions that can revolutionize VLF/ULF communication. This work presents a new method for generating low-frequency EM waves for navigation and communication in challenging environments, such as underwater and underground, as well as magnetic stimulation of brain neurons. The key concept is to disturb the magnetic energy stored around a permanent magnet in a time-variant fashion. The magnetic reluctance of the medium around the permanent magnet is modulated to alter the magnetic flux intensity and direction (disturb the stored energy) in order to achieve this goal. The nonlinear properties of the surrounding magnetic material are a critical phenomenon for efficient and effective modulation. Since the proposed method of generating the EM field is not based on a second-order system (resonant structure), the bandwidth of any modulation schema is not limited to the overall system quality factor. A transmitter is prototyped as a proof of concept, and the generated field is measured. Compared to the rotating magnet, the prototyped transmitter can modulate up to 50% of the permanent magnet's stored energy with much lower power consumption. The magnetic equivalent circuit (MEC) approach is also used to analyze the transmitter. Finally, the transmitter is optimized, and the measurement results show a 7 dB improvement in efficiency compared to the primary structure. As a result of promising performance, we propose that this method be used to improve the performance of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) devices. Furthermore, the comparison simulated results back up the validity of the proposed technique, revealing that focality and penetration depth are improved while utilizing much less power than traditional TMS devices. Doctor of Philosophy The growing demand for wireless communication has created an incentive to increase the data rate while decreasing the size of communication devices, whether they are antennas or other radio frequency (RF) components between the antenna and at least one mixing stage of a receiver and/or the power amplifier of the transmitter. The emphasis is primarily on increasing data rate, which leads to the use of higher frequency bands and wider bandwidths in modern communication technology research and innovations. However, increasing frequency in many technology areas may not be beneficial because of physical constraints. For example, communication under seawater or underground requires very-low-frequency (VLF) or ultra-low-frequency (ULF) signals to penetrate lossy media that block high-frequency signals. Furthermore, recent advances in neuroscience have demonstrated the potential of VLF and ULF electromagnetic (EM) waves for studying brain function and treating neurological conditions. The main challenge is that most VLF and ULF generators are large and power-hungry, making them unsuitable for many applications. As a result, recent approaches using permanent magnets have started to provide groundbreaking solutions that can revolutionize VLF/ULF communication. This work presents a new method for generating low-frequency EM waves for navigation and communication in challenging environments, such as underwater and underground, as well as magnetic stimulation of brain neurons. The key idea is to disturb the magnetic energy stored around a permanent magnet in a time-variant fashion. The magnetic reluctance of the medium around the permanent magnet is modulated to change the magnetic flux intensity and direction (disturb the stored energy) in order to achieve this goal. The nonlinear properties of the surrounding magnetic material are a critical factor in achieving efficient and effective modulation. Since the proposed method of generating the EM field does not rely on a second-order system (resonant structure), the bandwidth of any modulation schema is not constrained by the overall system quality factor. As a proof of concept, a transmitter is prototyped, and the generated field is measured. Compared to the rotating magnet, the prototyped transmitter can modulate up to 50% of the permanent magnet's stored energy with much lower power consumption. The magnetic equivalent circuit (MEC) approach is also used to analyze the transmitter. Finally, the transmitter is optimized, and the measurement results show a 7 dB improvement in efficiency compared to the primary structure. As a result of promising performance, we propose that this method be used to improve the performance of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) devices. Furthermore, the comparison simulated results support the validity of the proposed technique, revealing that focality and penetration depth are improved while using much less power than traditional TMS devices.

Work is reported on the development of superconducting tokamak poloidal field system (TPFS) program. Progress is discussed on the design of the 20 MJ, 50 kA, 7.5 T superconducting pulsed energy storage coil to be operated in a bipolar mode from +7.5 T to -7.5 T in an energy transfer period of 1.5 to 5 s in 1982 followed by extensive cyclic testing. The facility to conduct the tests uses a traction motor energy transfer system and a nonconducting dewar. Status of the hardware development for the TPFS program is presented. Current interrupter development and testing for protection and energy transfer circuits are also presented. The 400 kJ METS coil test results are given.

The rising industrial demand for a high-quality power supply has resulted in a growing interest in superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES). These devices have a storage capacity ranging from fractions of MWs up to about 1 MWh. The commercialized units are based on NbTi technology at liquid helium temperature. The development of mechanical cooling systems has been very active during the recent years. The cooling capacities of cryocoolers are well around 10 W at 10 K. Based on this fact, a conduction-cooled Nb3Sn SMES concept has been built and tested (uninterrupted power supply) application. The cryogenic interface of the coil also provides the protection scheme of the magnet which helps speed up the current decay during normality and thus diminishes the hot spot temperature in the winding. The test results are presented and discussed together with problems related to the cryointegration of the magnet. The magnet system has been demonstrated to compensate a short term loss of power.

Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) is proposed for electric utility load leveling. Attractive costs, high diurnal energy efficiency (> 92%), and rapid response are advantages relative to other energy storage technologies. Recent industry-led efforts have produced a conceptual design for a 5000 MWh/1000 MW energy storage plant which is technically feasible at commercially attractive estimated costs. The SMES plant design includes a protection system which prevents damage to the magnetic coil if events require a rapid discharge of stored energy. This paper describes the design and operation of the coil protection system, which is primarily passive and uses the thermal capacity of the coil itself to absorb the stored electromagnetic energy.

As the automotive paradigm shifts towards electric, limited range remains a key challenge. Increasing the battery size adds weight, which yields diminishing returns in range per kilowatt-hour. Therefore, energy recovery systems, such as regenerative braking and photovoltaic cells, are desirable to recharge the onboard batteries in between hub charge cycles. While some reports of regenerative suspension do exist, they all harvest energy in a parasitic manner, and the predicted power output is extremely low, since the majority of the energy is still dissipated to the environment by the suspension. This paper proposes a fundamental suspension redesign using a magnetically-levitated spring mechanism and aims to increase the recoverable energy significantly by directly coupling an electromagnetic transducer as the main damper. Furthermore, the highly nonlinear magnetic restoring force can also potentially enhance rider comfort. Analytical and numerical models have been constructed. Road roughness data from an Australian road were used to numerically simulate a representative environment response. Simulation suggests that 10’s of kW to >100 kW can theoretically be generated by a medium-sized car travelling on a typical paved road (about 2–3 orders of magnitude higher than literature reports on parasitic regenerative suspension schemes), while still maintaining well below the discomfort threshold for passengers (<0.315 m/s 2 on average).