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Solar energy, since it is available every day, is seen as one of the most valuable renewable energy resources. Thus, the energy of sun should be efficiently used in various applications. The most known applications that use solar energy are heating water and spaces. High efficiency solar collectors need appropriate selective surfaces to absorb the heat. Selective surfaces (Selektif-Sera) used in this study are applied to flat collectors, which are produced by a roll to roll cost effective coating of nano nickel layers, developed in Selektif Teknoloji Co. Inc. Efficiency of flat collectors using Selektif-Sera absorbers are calculated in collaboration with Institute for Solar Technik Rapperswil, Switzerland. The main cause of high energy consumption in industry is mostly caused from low temperature level processes. There is considerable effort in research to minimize the energy use by renewable energy sources such as solar energy. A feasibility study will be presented to obtain the potential of solar thermal energy utilization in the textile industry using these solar collectors. For the feasibility calculations presented in this study, textile dyeing and finishing factory located at Kahramanmaras is selected since the geographic location was an important factor. Kahramanmaras is located in the south east part of Turkey thus has a great potential to have solar illumination much longer. It was observed that, the collector area is limited by the available area in the factory, thus a hybrid heating generating system (lignite/solar thermal) was preferred in the calculations of this study to be more realistic. During the feasibility work, the calculations took into account the preheating process, where well waters heated from 15 °C to 30-40 °C by using the hot waters in heat exchangers. Then the preheated water was heated again by high efficiency solar collectors. Economic comparison between the lignite use and solar thermal collector use was provided to determine the optimal system that can be used efficiently. The optimum design of solar thermal systems was studied depending on the optimum collector area. It was found that the solar thermal system is more economic and efficient than the merely lignite use. Return on investment time is calculated as 5.15 years. {"references": ["http://www.aee-intec.at/0uploads/dateien561.pdf, Accessed on 18/05/2016.", "http://www.solarthermalworld.org/sites/gstec/files/SoPro_Leaflet_en.pdfAccessed on 18/05/2016.", "Kalogirou S. \"The potential of solar industrial process heat applications\", Applied Energy, 2003, vol. 76, no. 4, pp. 337-361.", "S Mekhilef, R Saidur, A Safari, \"A review on solar energy use in industries\", Renewable and Sustainable Energy, 2011, vol. 15, no. 4 pp. 1777-1790.", "Taibi, E, Gielen D, Bazilian M. \"Measuring energy poverty: Focusing on what matters\", Renewable and Sustainable Energy, 2012, vol.16, no.1, pp. 735-744", "Faninger, G., \"The potential of Solar Heat in the future energy system\", IFF-University of Klagenfurt, Austria; www.uni-klu.ac.at/iff/ikn/downloads/Potential_of_Solar_Heat.pdf, Accessed on 18/05/2016", "Vannoni, C., Battisti, R., Drigo, S., Potential for Solar Heat in Industrial Processes, Task 33, 2008. Solar Cooling and Heating Committee of the International Energy Agency (IEA).", "TMMOB Mechanical Engineering Chamber Report, \"T\u00fcrkiye'nin Enerji G\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fc\", 2012, pp. 1588", "Kad\u0131rgan F., Roll to roll manufacturing of solar selective sheets, PCT patent, PCT/IB2010/055006, WO/2012/059789 \n[10]\thttp://www.estif.org/fileadmin/estif/content/policies/downloads/D23-solar-industrial-process-heat.pdf, Accessed on 20/05/2016"]}

The scope of this paper is to present the work carried out by the European project SUNRISE which aims at strengthening the interaction between architects, construction companies and PV module manufactures. The fruitful cooperation between the PV community and the key stakeholders just mentioned will lead to a larger deployment of PV systems in building and therefore to a substantially cost reduction. The paper covers the following issues: • identification of barriers to overcome for enhancing the diffusion of PV products in the building and construction sector • overview of the multiple applications of PV in buildings • collaboration between building and construction sector and PV module manufactures in developing new ways of cooperation and creating better channels for a proper communication and dissemination • standardisation and regulations for PV products in building environments This project is co-financed by the European Commission, FP6-2005-TREN-4, SUNRISE project. 23rd European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition, 1-5 September 2008, Valencia, Spain; 3300-3304

{"references": ["W.C. Turner, S. Doty, Energy Management Handbook, Library of\nCongress Cataloging in Publication Data, 2007.", "D. Niu, J. Wang, D.D. Wu, Power load forecasting using support vector\nmachine and ant colony optimization, Expert Systems with Applications,\n2010, vol. 37, pp. 2531\u20132539.", "K. Nolde, M. Morari, Electrical load tracking scheduling of a steel plant,\nCompt. Chem. Eng., 2010, vol. 34, pp. 1899\u20131903.", "M. Amina, V.S. Kodogiannis, I. Petrounias, D. Tomtsis, A hybrid\nintelligent approach for the prediction of electricity consumption, Electr.\nPower Energy Syst., 2012, vol. 43, pp. 1\u2013108.", "F.M Andersen, H.V. Larsen, T.K. Boomsma, Longterm forecasting of\nhourly electricity load: Identification of consumption profiles and\nsegmentation of customers, Energy Conver. Manag., 2013, vol. 68, pp.\n244\u2013252.", "L.S. Kazarinov, D.A. Shnayder, T.A. Barbasova, and oth., Automated\ncontrol systems in energy saving (Development experience).\nChelyabinsk: Publisher SUSU, 2010.", "L.S. Kazarinov, T.A. Barbasova, O.V. Kolesnikova, A.A. Zakharova.\n\"Method of multilevel rationing and optimal forecasting of volumes of\nelectric-energy consumption by an industrial enterprise,\" Autom.\nControl Comput. Sci., vol. 48 (6), 2015; pp. 324-333.", "D. Niu, J. Li, J. Li, D. Liu, \"Middle-long power load forecasting based\non particle swarm optimization,\" Comput. Math. Appl. vol. 57, 2009,\npp. 1883-1889.", "L.S.Kazarinov, A.B. Bordetsky \"Optimization algorithm for design\nproblems with inconsistent specifications,\" Information and control\nelements and systems. Proceedings of the ChPI, vol. 231. Chelyabinsk,\n1979.\n[10] I.A. Yapryntseva, \"The preparation to control the consumption of fuel in\nthe JSC \"Magnitogorsky Iron and Steel Works\" on the Basis of\nMathematical Statistical Dependencies,\" Proceedings of the Chelyabinsk\nScientific Center, 2004, pp.96 \u2013 100."]} A method of effective planning and control of industrial facility energy consumption is offered. The method allows optimally arranging the management and full control of complex production facilities in accordance with the criteria of minimal technical and economic losses at the forecasting control. The method is based on the optimal construction of the power efficiency characteristics with the prescribed accuracy. The problem of optimal designing of the forecasting model is solved on the basis of three criteria: maximizing the weighted sum of the points of forecasting with the prescribed accuracy; the solving of the problem by the standard principles at the incomplete statistic data on the basis of minimization of the regularized function; minimizing the technical and economic losses due to the forecasting errors.

A high pressure/high temperature reactor was used in semi­continuous mode for hydroprocessing of Cracked Vegetable Oil (CVO). Therefore, hydrogen with a partial pressure of 50 bar was conveyed continuously through the pilot plant. The reaction temperature was 350 °C. This temperature was hold for 3 h in each experiment. CVO was provided in the reactor for treatment with a molybdenum catalyst with traces of heavy metals in a ratio of 1 wt.­% corresponding to the mass of CVO in the reactor at the beginning of the test. Deoxygenation (DO) reactions were found in all experiments and Hydrogenated Cracked Vegetable Oil (HCVO) was obtained. Acid number and calorific value measurement as well as selectively gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GCMS) was performed for proving DO. CVO used in this study was made from rapeseed oil. The aim of the project is the transfer of those findings to CVO which is based on used frying oil. Conventional raw materials suffer on a lack of sustainability and high cost. CVO removes these drawbacks and provides a high quality product with high energy density at the same time. Proceedings of the 22nd European Biomass Conference and Exhibition, 23-26 June 2014, Hamburg, Germany, pp. 1034-1037

An innovative process to produce synthesis gas from a solid feedstock is dual fluidbed (DFB) steam gasification of biomass. The principle of this technology is the separation of the fluidized bed into a gasification and a combustion zone. Bed material, nowadays olivine, is circulating, between them, which has two functions. Firstly, it acts as heat carrier from the combustion to the gasification zone. Secondly, it has the role of a catalyst regarding the reduction of hydrocarbons. In this work, the catalytic activity of different fresh and also used bed materials, such as olivine and silica sand was tested regarding their ability to enhance the water-gas-shift reaction and also reduce hydrocarbons. Calcite is known as active material in this respect and, therefore, used as reference substance. Experiments showed a correlation between the enhancement of the water-gas-shift reaction and the reduction of lighter and heavier hydrocarbons by steam reforming. Results show that as long as a bed material particle has built up a calcium-rich layer, satisfying conversion of carbon monoxide and the hydrocarbons can be achieved. As model substances for hydrocarbons ethane and toluene were used. These results are the basis for further research of catalytic characteristics of potential bed materials for the dual fluidized bed steam gasification of biomass. Proceedings of the 23rd European Biomass Conference and Exhibition, 1-4 June 2015, Vienna, Austria, pp. 562-567

In this work, we conducted a study that is to bleach wastewater model solutions loaded with dyes of indigo and sulfur black, while using and optimizing the process of hybridized treatment of textile effluents by torque of coagulation-ultrafiltration (CO-UF). According to the separate optimization of coagulation processes (optimum dose of the coagulant (lime) and ultrafiltration membrane (hydrodynamic characterization of the membrane based on polysulfone (PSU)), we combined the two methods in order to increase performance fading exploited colored waters. The results of the rate of discoloration separated by the methods of coagulation and ultrafiltration are respectively of the order of 33.55% and 80.36% for the water loaded with indigo and of the order of 25.33% and 60.78% for those charged with the black sulfur. While the results of the bleaching obtained by the hybrid method CO-UF have shown that the bleaching rate was calculated as around 98% for the indigo and of the order of 92% for the black sulfur, obviously very interesting with respect to the coagulation and ultrafiltration used separately. Moroccan Journal of Chemistry, Vol. 4, No 1 (2016)

The present research is dedicated to the study of anaerobic co-digestion process of different biomass materials. Anaerobic co-digestion of digested sludge, grass silage, haylage and cattle manure was evaluated in mesophilic tank reactors in the lab-scale experiment. Twelve laboratory scale tank reactors (1.5 L) were used during the incubation period of 45 days. First triplet of reactors was fed with pure digested sludge and the other three with different mixtures having the volumetric ratios of 30/35/25/10, 40/30/20/10 and 50/25/15/10 for digested sludge/corn silage/grass haylage/cattle manure. Methane production was analyzed for all labscale reactors individually. The resulting specific methane production of above-mentioned batches was 336.34, 238.1 and 233.23 LSTP[CH4] kg-1 [TVS], respectively. Other results such as cumulative biogas and methane yield, volumetric biogas and methane yield, volumetric biogas and methane yield per day were also assessed. These results had the highest meaning when complex substrate had no more than 30% of inoculum

{"references": ["", "M. Meinshausen, N. Meinshausen, W. Hare, S. C. B. Raper, K. Frieler, R.\nKnutti, D. J. Frame, M. R. Allen, \"Greenhouse-gas Emission Targets for\nLimiting Global Warming to 2\u00b0C\" Nature J., vol. 458, pp. 1158-1162,\n2009.", "P. Luis, T. Van Gerven, and B. Van der Bruggen, \"Recent Developments\nin Membrane-based Technologies for CO2 Capture\" Prog. Energy\nCombust. Sci. J., vol. 38, pp. 419-448, 2012.", "W. Ye, J. Lin, J. Shen, P. Luis, B. Van der Bruggen, \"Membrane\nCrystallization of Sodium Carbonate for Carbon Dioxide Recovery:\nEffect of Impurities on the Crystal Morphology\" Cryst. Growth Des.J.,\nvol. 13, pp. 2362\u20132372, 2013.", "P. Luis, D Van Aubel, B Van der Bruggen, \"Technical viability and\nexergy analysis of membrane crystallization: Closing the loop of CO2\nsequestration\" Int. J. Greenh. Gas Con. J., vol. 12, pp. 450-459, 2013.", "T. Ring, \"Kinetic effects on particle morphology and size distribution\nduring batch precipitation\" Powder Technol. J., vol. 65, pp. 195-206,\n1991.", "M. A. Bialik, H. Theliander, P. Sedin, C. L. Verrill, N. DeMartini,\n\" Solubility and solid-phase composition in Na2CO3-Na2SO4 solutions at\nboiling temperature: A modeling approach\" Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. J., vol.\n47, pp. 3233-3238, 2008.", "D. Weckesser, A. K\u00f6nig, \"Particle shape and purity in membrane based\ncrystallization\" Chem. Eng. Technol. J. vol. 31, pp. 157-162, 2008.", "B. Shi, W. J. Frederick Jr., R. W. Rousseau, \"Nucleation, growth, and\ncomposition of crystals obtained from solutions of Na2CO3 and Na2SO4\"\nInd. Eng. Chem. Res. J., vol. 42, pp. 6343-6347, 2003.", "A. P. Soemardji, C. L. Verrill, W. J. Jr. Frederick, H. Theliander,\n\"Prediction of Crystal Species Transition in Aqueous Solutions of\nNa2CO3 and Na2SO4 and Kraft Black Liquor\" Tappi J. vol. 3, pp. 27-32 ,\n2004."]} This study addresses the effect of impurities on the crystallization of Na2CO3 produced within a strategy for capturing CO2 from flue gases by alkaline absorption. A novel technology - membrane assisted crystallization - is proposed for Na2CO3 crystallization from mother liquors containing impurities. High purity of Na2CO3•10H2O crystals was obtained without impacting the performance of the mass transfer of water vapor through membranes during crystallization.

Phosphoric sludge is the most harmful and dangerous of waste of phosphorus-containing substances, and its aggregated volumes, by rough estimates, total millions of tons. Therefore utilization of the that waste is now an acute problem and will bring rather notable contribution not only to national economies, but will also considerably improve ecological conditions (Bessarabov et al., 2010a). Development of industrial productions for processing of phosphoric sludge was carried out within the most modern and prospective system of computer support - CALS-technologies (Continuous Acquisition and Life Cycle Support). The task of the CALS is transformation of product life cycle to highly automated process by re-structuring of business processes included into it (Saaksvuori, Immonen, 2010). In development of advanced chemical productions it is shown that CALS-technologies and the main CALS-standard, ISO 10303 STEP, offer of a solution of a problem of electronic representation of the design information by means of use of the standardized integrated description of a product. The designer’s electronic description according to standard ISO 10303 STEP contains structure of categories, documents, statuses, groups of products with their versions, properties, classifications, etc (Molina et al., 1999). Marketing researches of the phosphoric industry waste utilization (Bessarabov et al., 2010b), system researches of innovative resources of leading enterprises making and utilizing phosphorus-containing production wastes (Bessarabov et al., 2010c) were carried out within the grant of European Community ECOPHOS ? INCO-CT-2005-013359, and also the flexible two-product scheme of phosphoric sludge utilization with obtaining of sodium phosphite and hypophosphite (Bessarabov et al., 2009, Klemeš et al., 2006) was developed. In the given work carried out under the contract of Ministry of Education and Science of Russia no. 11.519.11.5005, we considered the complex of three individual productions flowsheets of phosphoric sludge utilization, including sodium phosphite and hypophosphite, and also phosphoric sludge processing through sodium phosphite to dibasic lead phosphite.