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  • Energy Research
  • engineering and technology
  • 12. Responsible consumption
  • 15. Life on land
  • 2. Zero hunger
  • Russian

  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: I. S. Glushankova; E. V. Kalinina; E. N. Demina;

    The purification of industrial and surface wastewater from heavy metal ions (HMI) to requirements for the discharge of treated wastewater into natural waters is one of the most complicated environmental and technological problems. For the deep purification of waste water from the HMI, the use of cheap sorbents obtained from production waste is the most promising. One of the many-tonnage wastes of technology of inorganic substances is the sludge formed in the production of soda by the ammonia Solvay, s method. Currently, sludge is stored in sludge accumulators and is a long-term source of pollution of environmental objects. Scientific developments in the utilization of slimes with the production of building materials, etc., have not found wide practical use, which is due to the heterogeneity of the granulometric and chemical composition of the waste. Carried out X-ray phase analysis and studies of the physicochemical and chemical properties of waste samples showed that its main components are calcium carbonate (calcite) and calcium hydroxide (portlandite). It is known that the natural mineral limestone efficiently extracts HMI from aqueous solutions with the formation of less soluble basic salts, carbonates, and hydroxy carbonates of HM. It has been established that sludge samples have high sorption activity when copper(II) and zinc ions are extracted from low concentrated solutions (sorption capacity for copper ions is 35.0 mg/g, sorption capacity for zinc ions is 40 mg/g). To increase the operational properties, a method has been developed for the production of a modified granular sorbent based on the sludge of soda production, consisting in treating with sodium silicate. The effect of a dose of sodium silicate in the sorbent composition on the mechanical strength and sorption properties of the obtained samples was studied. It has been established that the introduction of 8,6% SiO2 into the sludge leads to an increase in the mechanical strength by 50–80%, and does not have a significant effect on the sorption activity of the material. The kinetic and sorption regularities of extraction of copper(II) ions and zinc on modified sorbents are revealed. Based on the analysis of the adsorption isotherms obtained, the adsorption equilibrium constants and maximum adsorption values (Amax (Cu2+) = 50.8 mg/g; Amax (Zn2+) = 97.1 mg/g) were determined. Obtained sorption materials can be recommended for wastewater treatment from HMI.

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    Theoretical and Applied Ecology
    Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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      Theoretical and Applied Ecology
      Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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    The modern urban policy sets rather complex challenges connected with simultaneous depreciation of finished goods, works acceleration, improvement of design decisions, and also with improvement of quality, reliability and availability of housing for construction branch. Standard constructive solutions of elements now in use of the building are rather well studied and have an application vast experience in housing construction. In the Republic of Bashkortostan the greatest distribution was gained by constructive solutions of elements of the building, classical for mass housing construction, in particular, standard options of overlappings and coverings from monolithic and precast concrete concern to them. Well-known shortcomings of these versions of decisions can be compensated, realizing overlappings from assembly and monolithic the keramzitobetonnykh of blocks, to conforming all requirements for reliability and the heat-shielding allowing to receive the qualitative bearing building element with an optimum level of expenses and time in climatic conditions of the Republic of Bashkortostan. The proposed solutions will allow to reduce costs of 1 sq.m of overlapping to 1,5 2 times, to lose volume weight to 1,5-2 times of rather classical options from monolithic and precast concrete. The given results of the technical and economic analysis of the recommended options of overlappings (coverings) show their high efficiency and availability to projects of housing construction, including to the socially oriented housing financed from budgets of all levels. Современная градостроительная политика ставит перед строительной отраслью достаточно сложные задачи, связанные с одновременным снижением стоимости готовой продукции, ускорением производства работ, совершенствованием проектных решений, а также с повышением качества, надежности и доступности жилья. Используемые в настоящее время типовые конструктивные решения элементов здания достаточно хорошо изучены и имеют богатый опыт применения в жилищном строительстве. В Республике Башкортостан наибольшее распространение получили классические для массового жилищного строительства конструктивные решения элементов здания, в частности, к ним относятся типовые варианты перекрытий и покрытий из монолитного и сборного железобетона. Хорошо известные недостатки этих вариантов решений можно компенсировать, реализуя перекрытия из сборно-монолитных керамзитобетонных блоков, позволяющие получать качественный несущий элемент здания с оптимальным уровнем затрат и времени, соответствующие всем требованиям по надежности и теплозащиты в природно-климатических условиях Республики Башкортостан. Предлагаемые решения позволят сократить затраты на 1 м 2 перекрытия до 1,5 - 2 раз, снизить объемный вес до 1,5-2 раз относительно классических вариантов из монолитного и сборного железобетона. Приведенные результаты технико-экономического анализа рекомендованных вариантов перекрытий (покрытий) показывают их высокую эффективность и доступность для проектов жилищного строительства, в том числе для социально-ориентированного жилья, финансируемого из бюджетов всех уровней.

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    Кукуруза – важнейшая зерновая культура, основные площади возделывания которой в России сосредоточены на Северном Кавказе, Ставрополье и Кубани. Снижение продуктивности посевов на фоне высокой засоренности составляет 50-60%. Комплексная система защиты посевов от сорняков позволяет контролировать их численность. Гербициды являются одним из основных элементов этой системы. Целью исследований было изучение эффективности комплексного применения гербицидов и агрохимикатов в посевах кукурузы. Исследования проводились в лесостепной зоне Республики Северная Осетия-Алания в период 2012-2013 гг. Почвы – выщелоченные черноземы. Содержание гумуса 5,3-5,6 %. В ходе исследований установлено, что в целях снижения стрессового воздействия гербицидов на растения кукурузы и повышения урожайности использовать препараты - производные гуминовых веществ Гумат калия-80 0,01%, и микробиологические препараты Байкал ЭМ-1 2,0% и Экстрасол 0,01%. Corn important crops, the main area of cultivation is concentrated in the Russian North Caucasus, Stavropol and Krasnodar region. Reduced productivity of crops against a background of high infestation is 50-60%. A comprehensive system of protection of crops from weeds allows you to control their numbers. Herbicides are one of the main elements of this system. The aim was to study the effectiveness of the integrated application of herbicides and agrochemicals in maize. The studies were conducted in the forest-steppe zone of the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania in the period 2012-2013. Soil leached chernozem. Humus content 5,3-5,6%. The studies found that in order to reduce stress effects of herbicides on corn plants and increase yields to use drugs derivatives of humic substances Humate Potassium-80 is 0.01%, and microbiological preparations Baikal EM-1 of 2.0% and 0.01% Ekstrasol.

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    Authors: Shchinnikov P. A.; Borush O.V.; Zykov S.V.; Mikhaylenko A.I.;

    The article presents the optimization method of load division between combined heat and power plant units. The method used the power unit division into functioning parts and the differentialexergy method. This method allowed presenting the unit as a structural diagram where exergetic subsystems are fuel supply, steam generator, turbine, generator and electrical equipment, water supply and regeneration, heat supply to the consumer. The differential-exergy method was based on a combination of exergy analysis and optimization method of economic efficiency criteria using uncertain Lagrange multipliers. The use of the exergy function of goal allowed avoiding the problem of division of fuel costs for each type of product that was important at optimization. The optimization criterion, its parameters and limitations were developed as well. These parameters can extend traditional technical and economic analysis of the combined heat and power plants operating mode, as they take into account thermodynamically rigorous division of fuel costs between heat and electric power at their complex production on the combined heat and power plants. The use of the differentialexergy method in optimizing the load distribution of the power units of the combined heat and power plants makes possible obtaining of fuel savings of 1.5 to 3%. It has been shown that if the parameters of power units deteriorate, the application of the method makes it possible to have the best performance of the power plant when it is compared with functioning of combined heat and power units at proportional loading.

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    ZENODO
    Article . 2017
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    The article deals with the issues of sustainable development of rural areas in Russia and directions for the modernization of the rural economy. The changes in the functions of rural areas in terms of the demographic crisis and economic restructuring are shown in the paper. The article contains an analysis of the potential development of the rural areas. The possible directions of the state policy in the field of rural entrepreneurship are presented in the article. В статье исследуются вопросы устойчивого развития сельских территорий России и направления модернизации сельской экономики. Рассмотрено изменение функций сельских территорий в условиях демографического кризиса и структурной перестройки экономики. Проведен анализ потенциала развития сельских территорий. Представлены возможные направления государственной политики в области поддержки сельского предпринимательства.

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    Основными вредителями хлопчатника в Узбекистане являются: хлопковая совка, тли, трипс и паутинный клещ. Несмотря на широкое внедрение, эффективность биологической борьбы против вредителей остается на уровне 45-55 %; происходит селекция устойчивых популяций к пиретроидам. The main pests of cotton in Uzbekistan remain: cotton moth, aphis or trips and spider mite. In spite of wide inculcation, the effectiveness of biological fighting against the pests remain at the level of 45-55%; the selection of steady populations to pyrethroids.

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    Biological resources are the part of common natural resource potential of one or another territory. Rational use and efficient management of the potential of biological resources is possible only at the base of the study of qualitative and quantitative indicators of different types of resources and their versatile objective assessment. Objective data on the value of the resources can be used for optimization of environmental impact assessment of the construction and functioning of industrial objects. The article discusses approaches to economic assessment of potential biological resources at the example of macromycetes resources. The total economic value of mycobiota includes the cost of the direct use, indirect costs, the value of deferred alternatives, as well as the value of disuse (value of existence). Data on characteristics of the mycobiota of South Urals (Orenburg region) is analyzed. The results of the assessment of the environmental, social and economic cost components of fungal biota, including deals with economic effect from measures on the conservation of species diversity of fungi in the region is given. According to approximate estimations the total economic value of the resource potential of regional mycobiota is 1936 million rubles/year. Биологические ресурсы являются частью общего природного ресурсного потенциала той или иной территории. Рациональное использование и эффективное управление потенциалом биологических ресурсов возможно только на основе изучения качественных и количественных показателей разных типов ресурсов и их разносторонней объективной оценки. Объективные данные о ценности ресурсов могут быть использованы для оптимизации экологической экспертизы строительства и функционирования промышленных объектов. В статье обсуждаются подходы к экономической оценке потенциала биологических ресурсов на примере ресурсов грибов-макромицетов. Общая экономическая ценность микобиоты включает в себя стоимость прямого использования, косвенную стоимость, стоимость отложенной альтернативы, а также стоимость неиспользования (стоимость существования). Анализируются данные о характеристиках микобиоты Южного Приуралья (Оренбургская область). Приводятся результаты оценки экологического, социального и хозяйственного компонентов стоимости биоты грибов; в том числе рассматривается экономический эффект от мероприятий по сохранению видового разнообразия грибов региона. По приблизительным оценкам общая экономическая стоимость ресурсного потенциала региональной микобиоты составляет 1936 млн руб./год.

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    В рамках современной системы международного климатического регулирования страны несут ответственность за выбросы парниковых газов, осуществляемые в результате хозяйственной деятельности на их территории, даже в том случае, если эмиссия происходит при производстве продукции, направляемой на экспорт. Напротив, импорт углеродоемкой продукции международными соглашениями никак не ограничивается. В данной работе на основе анализа межстрановых таблиц «затраты выпуск», представленных в базе данных WIOD, осуществлена оценка объема выбросов углекислого газа, осуществляемых при производстве продукции, экспортируемой Россией за рубеж («экспорта выбросов») и импортируемых в Россию из других стран («импорта выбросов»). Выявлено, что Россия является вторым в мире нетто-экспортером выбросов углекислого газа, причем подавляющее большинство выбросов направляется в форме экспортируемой продукции в развитые страны. Причинами высокой углеродоемкости российской экспортной продукции являются как технологическая отсталость от развитых стран, так и особенности товарной структуры внешней торговли России: ее экспорт состоит преимущественно из углеводородного сырья и энергоемких товаров, а импорт из продукции с относительно невысокой энергоемкостью. Значительные объемы нетто-экспорта выбросов делают Россию страной, интересам которой текущая схема учета выбросов отвечает в наименьшей степени. С одной стороны, Россия, как и другие крупные страны-нетто-экспортеры выбросов, заинтересована в пересмотре принципов распределения ответственности между производителями и потребителями углеродоемкой продукции. С другой стороны, существующая технологическая отсталость делает ее уязвимой перед лицом политики «углеродного протекционизма», которая может начать применяться в других государствах. According to current international climate change regime countries are responsible for greenhouse gas emissions, which result from economic activities within national borders, including emissions from producing goods for exports. At the same time imports of carbon intensive goods are not regulated by international agreements. In this paper carbon emissions embodied in exports and imports of Russia were calculated with the use of inter-country input-output tables from WIOD database. It was revealed that Russia is the second largest exporter of emissions embodied in trade and the large portion of these emissions is directed to developed countries. The reasons for high carbon intensity of Russia's exports are obsolete technologies (in comparison to developed economies) and the structure of commodity trade: Russian exports primarily fossil fuels and energy-intensive goods and imports products with relatively low energy intensity. Because of large amount of net exports of carbon intensive goods the current approach to emissions accounting does not suit interests of Russia. On the one hand, Russia, as well as other large net emissions exporters, is interested in the revision of allocation of responsibility between producers and consumers of carbon intensive products. On the other hand, current technological backwardness makes Russia vulnerable to the policy of 'carbon protectionism', which can be implemented by its trade partners.

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    Применение минеральных удобрений при возделывании сельскохозяйственных культур является объективной необходимостью. Однако, их использование оказывает негативное воздействие на окружающую среду и в первую очередь на почву, загрязняя ее тяжелыми металлами. Внесение органических удобрений позволяет существенно улучшить физико-химические свойства почвы, повысить ее плодородие. В связи с дефицитом навоза особый интерес представляет использование отходов производства в качестве нетрадиционного удобрения, в частности отходов спиртового производства. При внесении высоких доз спиртовой барды усиливаются ростовые процессы, повышается облиственность, что приводит к увеличению фотосинтетической деятельности кукурузы и повышению ее продуктивности. Максимальное формирование зеленой массы наблюдалось в варианте с дозой внесения спиртовой барды 40 м3/га в период вегетации. The use of fertilizers in cultivation of crops is an objective necessity. However, their use has a negative impact on environment and especially on the soil polluting it with heavy metals. Organic fertilizers can significantly improve physical and chemical soil properties and increase its fertility. In connection with deficiency of manure particular interest represents using of waste as non-conventional fertilizers, in particular waste of alcohol production. Using of high-dose alcohol stillage stronger growth processes and number of leaves, which leads to an increase of maize photosynthetic activity and productivity. Maximum formation of green mass was observed in variant with a dose of making alcohol stillage 40 m3/ha during vegetation.

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    The issues of improving the efficiency of methanol usage as a promising marine power plant fuel with low carbon content are discussed. The main aim of the research is an analysis of characteristics of advanced marine gas turbine power plants with the combined thermodynamic and thermochemical regeneration of waste heat. The possible methanol conversion at the expense thermochemical heat regeneration of marine engines recoverable resources has been revealed. The analysis of parameters influences of the waste heat recoverable resources, as well as restrictions related to the engine system of gas fuel injection, on the efficiency of methanol conversion has been carried out. It was demonstrated that the simulation of methanol steam conversion processes results in the pressure increase in the reactor, which, in its turn, causes a shift of conversion efficiency process towards higher temperature area. The calculation scheme of steam injection gas turbine plant with the joint thermodynamic and thermochemical regeneration of waste heat is demonstrated. The results of mathematical simulation of the processes in regeneration plant under the 3.4 MW constant capacity and heat exchanger thermal ratio of 0.85 were obtained. The cycle optimization has been based on the efficiency of plant under the conditions of variation of water/methanol ratio and gas temperatures in thermochemical regenerator. The efficiency increase constituted 4% relative to characteristics of the base engine operating on methanol. The estimation of carbon content in produced syngas has shown that thermochemical regeneration of methanol conversion by using the waste heat can reduce the energy efficiency by 1.5 times.

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