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This paper examines the current condition and development prospects of the fuel and energy industry of the Kaliningrad region specified in regional programmes. The authors compare the potentials of different renewable energy sources and provide information on the exploitation of different renewable energy objects in the region. The article presents a preliminary assessment of the thermal capacity necessary for the residential area of an ecovillage with a population of 50,000 and suggests ensuring heat supply with the help of heat pumps. Рассмотрено современное состояние и перспективы развития топливно-энергетического комплекса Калининградской области, предусмотренные региональными программами. Проведено сравнение потенциалов различных возобновляемых энергетических ресурсов, собраны сведения об опыте эксплуатации объектов возобновляемой энергетики на данной территории. Осуществлены первичные оценки необходимых тепловых мощностей для жилого фонда экопоселка численностью 50 тыс. человек и предложен вариант его теплообеспечения от тепловых насосов.

It is substantiated that energy resource approach to person’s education is based on syntagma of the three grounds: phenomenon of a person as a fount of personal energy resources; education of a person as naturally and socially determined phenomenon, which is characterized by development of personal energy resources aroused by interchange of information with setting; consolidation of social influence on education of a person. Обосновано, что энергоресурсный подход к образованию человека базируется на синтагме трех оснований: феномене человека как развивающегося кладезя личных энергоресурсов; образовании человека как природоопределенном и социально обусловленном явлении, характеризующемся развитием личных энергоресурсов, происходящем вследствие обмена информаций с окружением; консолидации социального влияния на образование человека.

The purification of industrial and surface wastewater from heavy metal ions (HMI) to requirements for the discharge of treated wastewater into natural waters is one of the most complicated environmental and technological problems. For the deep purification of waste water from the HMI, the use of cheap sorbents obtained from production waste is the most promising. One of the many-tonnage wastes of technology of inorganic substances is the sludge formed in the production of soda by the ammonia Solvay, s method. Currently, sludge is stored in sludge accumulators and is a long-term source of pollution of environmental objects. Scientific developments in the utilization of slimes with the production of building materials, etc., have not found wide practical use, which is due to the heterogeneity of the granulometric and chemical composition of the waste. Carried out X-ray phase analysis and studies of the physicochemical and chemical properties of waste samples showed that its main components are calcium carbonate (calcite) and calcium hydroxide (portlandite). It is known that the natural mineral limestone efficiently extracts HMI from aqueous solutions with the formation of less soluble basic salts, carbonates, and hydroxy carbonates of HM. It has been established that sludge samples have high sorption activity when copper(II) and zinc ions are extracted from low concentrated solutions (sorption capacity for copper ions is 35.0 mg/g, sorption capacity for zinc ions is 40 mg/g). To increase the operational properties, a method has been developed for the production of a modified granular sorbent based on the sludge of soda production, consisting in treating with sodium silicate. The effect of a dose of sodium silicate in the sorbent composition on the mechanical strength and sorption properties of the obtained samples was studied. It has been established that the introduction of 8,6% SiO2 into the sludge leads to an increase in the mechanical strength by 50–80%, and does not have a significant effect on the sorption activity of the material. The kinetic and sorption regularities of extraction of copper(II) ions and zinc on modified sorbents are revealed. Based on the analysis of the adsorption isotherms obtained, the adsorption equilibrium constants and maximum adsorption values (Amax (Cu2+) = 50.8 mg/g; Amax (Zn2+) = 97.1 mg/g) were determined. Obtained sorption materials can be recommended for wastewater treatment from HMI.

The problem of improving the efficiency of thermal power plants over time, not only does not decrease, but increases. Such change caused by many factors. One of the most significant factors is the increase in a share of the capital equipment which service life is approximately equal settlement or exceeds it. Boiler installations, first of all, concern to the capital equipment. Increase of an overall performance of boiler installations now mainly carried out by realization of a reserve of thermal profitability. The design procedure of a degree of use of reserves of thermal profitability, methodical instructions on drawing up of reports of power stations about thermal profitability and a number of other documents are developed a management by calculation of normative values of technical and economic parameters. It is marked, that the reserve of thermal profitability depends on a level of operation and a technical condition of the equipment. And if to agree that the level of operation influences the sizes of a reserve of thermal profitability less, than the technical condition of the equipment, a natural question arises: why the size of deterioration refers to as a reserve. It completely contradicts used in operation to a condition of a reserve. Further, shown, that change of normalized technical and economic parameters practically does not influence change of the specific charge of conditional fuel and efficiency. Moreover, their interrelation can contradict common sense. It is marked, that increase of an overall performance of power units can be reached by transition from aspiration to master a reserve of thermal profitability to an opportunity of comparison of power units, their ranging, definition of weak parts and improvement of professional skill of the personnel. Актуальная проблема повышения эффективности работы тепловых электростанций со временем не только не снижается, она возрастает. Такое изменение обусловлено целым рядом факторов. Одним из наиболее значимых факторов является увеличение доли основного оборудования, срок службы которого примерно равен расчётному или превышает его. К основному оборудованию, прежде всего, относятся котельные установки. Повышение эффективности работы котельных установок в настоящее время преимущественно осуществляется путём реализации резерва тепловой экономичности. Разработаны руководство по расчёту нормативных значений технико-экономических показателей, методика расчёта степени использования резервов тепловой экономичности, методические указания по составлению отчётов электростанций о тепловой экономичности и ряд других документов. Отмечается, что резерв тепловой экономичности зависит от уровня эксплуатации и технического состояния оборудования. А если согласиться с тем, что уровень эксплуатации влияет на размеры резерва тепловой экономичности меньше, чем техническое состояние оборудования, возникает естественный вопрос: почему величина износа называется резервом. Оно полностью противоречит используемому в эксплуатации состоянию резерва. Показано, что изменение нормируемых технико-экономических показателей практически не влияет на изменение удельного расхода условного топлива и коэффициента полезного действия. Более того, их взаимосвязь может противоречить здравому смыслу. Отмечается, что повышение эффективности работы энергоблоков может быть достигнуто переходом от стремления освоить резерв тепловой экономичности к возможности сравнения энергоблоков, их ранжирования, определения слабых звеньев и повышения квалификации персонала. №8(1057) (2019)

The errors between the design parameters and experiment data of the power transformer in idle mode can reach 15-20% or more, because engineering techniques do not take into account in full all factors. Therefore, the aim of the work is to develop improved circuit models, which are interconnected with spatial electromagnetic field models. These models consider the active part design of the transformer, the hysteresis of the nonlinear magnetic properties of electrical steel, asymmetry and non-sinusoidal phase-to-phase currents and provide high accuracy determination of rated idling parameters of transformer. To research the idle mode of transformer, the circuit models were conjugated with 3D and 2D magnetic field models. Their numerical implementation was carried out by means of finite element method on the example of a three-phase power transformer (10 kVA, 380/220 V). The reduction of the computational time was performed by doubling cancellation of the volume of 3D three-phase transformer domain and the conformal transition to the 2D geometric domain. Determination of the effective magnetic characteristics of electrical steel according to single-phase idling experiment data, allows to take into account the combined effect of hysteresis and eddy currents, design and technological factors on the specific losses and magnetization power. This ensures high accuracy of the description of the interrelation between magnetic flux density and magnetic field strength, reducing of current error and relative errors in the calculation of idling losses up to 1.41% and 1.2% for the 3D model and up to 5.18% and 3.2% for the 2D model.

The modern urban policy sets rather complex challenges connected with simultaneous depreciation of finished goods, works acceleration, improvement of design decisions, and also with improvement of quality, reliability and availability of housing for construction branch. Standard constructive solutions of elements now in use of the building are rather well studied and have an application vast experience in housing construction. In the Republic of Bashkortostan the greatest distribution was gained by constructive solutions of elements of the building, classical for mass housing construction, in particular, standard options of overlappings and coverings from monolithic and precast concrete concern to them. Well-known shortcomings of these versions of decisions can be compensated, realizing overlappings from assembly and monolithic the keramzitobetonnykh of blocks, to conforming all requirements for reliability and the heat-shielding allowing to receive the qualitative bearing building element with an optimum level of expenses and time in climatic conditions of the Republic of Bashkortostan. The proposed solutions will allow to reduce costs of 1 sq.m of overlapping to 1,5 2 times, to lose volume weight to 1,5-2 times of rather classical options from monolithic and precast concrete. The given results of the technical and economic analysis of the recommended options of overlappings (coverings) show their high efficiency and availability to projects of housing construction, including to the socially oriented housing financed from budgets of all levels. Современная градостроительная политика ставит перед строительной отраслью достаточно сложные задачи, связанные с одновременным снижением стоимости готовой продукции, ускорением производства работ, совершенствованием проектных решений, а также с повышением качества, надежности и доступности жилья. Используемые в настоящее время типовые конструктивные решения элементов здания достаточно хорошо изучены и имеют богатый опыт применения в жилищном строительстве. В Республике Башкортостан наибольшее распространение получили классические для массового жилищного строительства конструктивные решения элементов здания, в частности, к ним относятся типовые варианты перекрытий и покрытий из монолитного и сборного железобетона. Хорошо известные недостатки этих вариантов решений можно компенсировать, реализуя перекрытия из сборно-монолитных керамзитобетонных блоков, позволяющие получать качественный несущий элемент здания с оптимальным уровнем затрат и времени, соответствующие всем требованиям по надежности и теплозащиты в природно-климатических условиях Республики Башкортостан. Предлагаемые решения позволят сократить затраты на 1 м 2 перекрытия до 1,5 - 2 раз, снизить объемный вес до 1,5-2 раз относительно классических вариантов из монолитного и сборного железобетона. Приведенные результаты технико-экономического анализа рекомендованных вариантов перекрытий (покрытий) показывают их высокую эффективность и доступность для проектов жилищного строительства, в том числе для социально-ориентированного жилья, финансируемого из бюджетов всех уровней.

The article presents the optimization method of load division between combined heat and power plant units. The method used the power unit division into functioning parts and the differentialexergy method. This method allowed presenting the unit as a structural diagram where exergetic subsystems are fuel supply, steam generator, turbine, generator and electrical equipment, water supply and regeneration, heat supply to the consumer. The differential-exergy method was based on a combination of exergy analysis and optimization method of economic efficiency criteria using uncertain Lagrange multipliers. The use of the exergy function of goal allowed avoiding the problem of division of fuel costs for each type of product that was important at optimization. The optimization criterion, its parameters and limitations were developed as well. These parameters can extend traditional technical and economic analysis of the combined heat and power plants operating mode, as they take into account thermodynamically rigorous division of fuel costs between heat and electric power at their complex production on the combined heat and power plants. The use of the differentialexergy method in optimizing the load distribution of the power units of the combined heat and power plants makes possible obtaining of fuel savings of 1.5 to 3%. It has been shown that if the parameters of power units deteriorate, the application of the method makes it possible to have the best performance of the power plant when it is compared with functioning of combined heat and power units at proportional loading.

The article deals with the issues of sustainable development of rural areas in Russia and directions for the modernization of the rural economy. The changes in the functions of rural areas in terms of the demographic crisis and economic restructuring are shown in the paper. The article contains an analysis of the potential development of the rural areas. The possible directions of the state policy in the field of rural entrepreneurship are presented in the article. В статье исследуются вопросы устойчивого развития сельских территорий России и направления модернизации сельской экономики. Рассмотрено изменение функций сельских территорий в условиях демографического кризиса и структурной перестройки экономики. Проведен анализ потенциала развития сельских территорий. Представлены возможные направления государственной политики в области поддержки сельского предпринимательства.

Purpose of this work - to provide wider control opportunities for multiphase open-end winding motor drive by modification of basic scheme of space-vector pulse-width modulation (PWM). It has been shown, that the proposed development of basic PWM scheme insures available solutions for realization of specific control dependences and modes of operation of adjustable speed ac drives with different types and kinds of loads. Suitable algorithms of PWM of converters of multiphase drive have been analyzed and compared. Extensive simulation studies have been executed for evaluation of performance and effectiveness of the proposed control strategy. Assessment of harmonic composition of the phase voltages of drive system with modified scheme of space-vector modulation has been done. Results of the executed simulations proved the fact, that the developed techniques of spacevector pulse-width modulation allow providing quarter-wave or half-wave symmetry of waveforms of the output voltage of six-phase adjustable speed drive systems during the analyzed non-standard modes and regimes of its operation.