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{"references": ["T Gopinathan, K P Arul Shri: Simulation of Recharging Battery of the\nPacemaker using Piezoelectric Crystal from the Pulse in Aorta, Thesis,\nDec 2011.", "H.W. Ko: US Patent 3456134A: Piezoelectric Energy Converter for\nElectronic Implants, 1969.", "A. Badel: R\u00e9cup\u00e9ration d'Energie et Contr\u00f4le Vibratoire par El\u00e9ments\nPi\u00e9zo\u00e9lectriques Suivant une Approche Non Lin\u00e9aire, Ph.D. Thesis,\nUniversit\u00e9 de Savoie, 2008.", "M. Deterre: Toward an Energy Harvester for Leadless Pacemakers,\nPh.D. Thesis, Paris-Sud Univ. 2013.", "N. Andrew: Redington,CardiacDept, Brompton Hospital, Fulham Road,\nLondon SW3 6HP, in press.", "R. White, G. Savage, M. Zdeblick: US Patent 7729768 B2: Implantable\nCardiac Motion Powered Piezoelectric Energy Source.", "S. Priya, D.J. Inman: Energy Harvesting Technologies.", "N. Bassiri-Gharb : Piezoelectric Mems: Materials and Devices,\nPiezoelectric and Acoustic Materials for Transducer Applications, A.\nSafari, E.K. Akdogan, eds., Springer US, 2008, pp. 413\u2013430.", "W. Clark, C. Mo : Energy Harvesting Technologies, Ch.16, pp.405-430,\nS. Priya, D.J. Inman eds., Springer, 2009.\n[10] M. Deterre, E. Lefeuvre, E. Dufour-Gergam : An Active Piezoelectric\nEnergy Extraction Method for Pressure Energy Harvesting, Smart\nMaterials and Structures, Vol.21(8), 085004, 2012.\n[11] M.A. Karami, D.J. Inman: Powering Pacemakers from Heartbeat\nVibrations Using Linear and Nonlinear Energy Harvesters, Appl. Phys.\nLett. 100, 042901 (2012), in press.\n[12] S.R Anton, H.A Sodano : A Review of Power Harvesting Using\nPiezoelectric Materials (2003\u20132006), Smart Materials and Structures,\nVol.16(3), R1, 2007."]} Present project consists in a study and a development of piezoelectric devices for supplying power to new generation pacemakers. They are miniaturized leadless implants without battery placed directly in right ventricle. Amongst different acceptable energy sources in cardiac environment, we choose the solution of a device based on conversion of the energy produced by pressure variation inside the heart into electrical energy. The proposed energy harvesters can meet the power requirements of pacemakers, and can be a good solution to solve the problem of regular surgical operation. With further development, proposed device should provide enough energy to allow pacemakers autonomy, and could be good candidate for next pacemaker generation.

Common reed (Phragmites australis, hereafter referred to as reed) is one of the most widely distributed plant species on Earth. Among vascular plants, reed is a dominant plant in European land-water ecotones. Combustion of dried reeds has been investigated, for instance, in Sweden and Austria. Though naturally dried reed could be burnt in boiler without any additional drying, a disadvantage is that reed is very bulky and unsuitable for small-scale boilers without pelletizing. This work presents our initial results of combustion tests with reed pellets in a 80 kW wood pellet boiler with moving grate furnace. Reed pellets from Finland were used and two tests were performed. The aim of this study is to determine combustion characteristics of reed pellets and to observe how the reed pellets behave in the furnace designed for burning of wood pellets. It was found that the wood pellets fired furnace with a moving grate is generally suitable for burning of some type of reed pellets with modifications in control parameters (adjusting of the air-fuel rate and the interval of grate moving, a device for pressing burnt fuel heap etc.). However, the drawback lies in the decrease in load and modifications in furnace/grate design are needed to increase residence time for complete combustion. Proceedings of the 23rd European Biomass Conference and Exhibition, 1-4 June 2015, Vienna, Austria, pp. 697-701

This paper presents experimental results derived from test runs performed with a laboratory-scale updraft fixed-bed gasifier coupled to a combustion chamber to produce data for the investigation of the release behaviour and the conversion of fuel-bound nitrogen during gasification and subsequent staged combustion of the producer gas using softwood pellets. The concentrations of relevant nitrogenous gas species including tars have been measured in the producer gas and at different positions in the combustion chamber. Based on the experimental measurements and results derived from the test runs, the pathway of the fuel-bound nitrogen could be described. Results show that during updraft fixed-bed gasification the fuel-bound nitrogen is mainly released as N bound in tars from the packed bed and is then subsequently released as HCN, NO, NH3 and N2 as a result of tar cracking during combustion. This strong N-fixation in the tars was not expected. It is of great relevance for the understanding of the behaviour of the fuel-bound nitrogen as a basis for a low-NOx combustion of the producer gas. Proceedings of the 19th European Biomass Conference and Exhibition, 6-10 June 2011, Berlin, Germany, pp. 996-1001

Nowadays, much attention is payed to the development of renewable energy resources. Wind energy plays a major role in this issue. That is why there is a growing interest for improving the design process of wind turbines at many aspects. This study compares two types of offshore wind turbines structures, the monopile and the jacket structure, in their dependency on wave load characteristics’ variations. The examined wave characteristics are significant wave height and wave peak period. The jacket structure showed lower influence of increase of wave height to stresses in the cross section at the bottom of the structure compared to the monopile structure. The monopile structure showed slight dependency of stresses on increasing wave frequency, while the jacket structure showed nearly no dependency, due to its more complex geometry and higher stiffness.

Ceramic filter candles, partially filled with pellets of a commercial nickel-based catalyst (about 600 g) for hydrocarbons reforming, were recently tested for in-situ syngas cleaning and conditioning in the freeboard of a fluidized-bed biomass steam gasifier, with positive results (Savuto et al. 2019). To get full insight into the performance of that device, characterizing more accurately the dependence of catalytic activity on the operating conditions, a more focused approach is needed; this work describes an experimental study utilizing a laboratory-scale tubular reactor containing a small packed bed with pellets of the same catalyst (3.9 g), and involving steam reforming tests of tar key-compounds (mixtures of naphthalene and toluene, optionally with the addition of thiophene, vaporized in an inert gas stream together with steam). The experimental data were used to infer a lumped kinetic law, referred to the steam reforming of a pseudo-component representing tars. This law was implemented in a mathematical model of the annular catalytic packed bed inside the filtering candle, obtaining numerical simulations in fair agreement with gasification experiments from Savuto et al. 2019, as far as tar removal from biomass product syngas was concerned. Proceedings of the 27th European Biomass Conference and Exhibition, 27-30 May 2019, Lisbon, Portugal, pp. 570-576

{"references": ["\"Glossary - Climate Change\". Education Center - Arctic Climatology\nand Meteorology. NSIDC National Snow and Ice Data Center.\nhttp://nsidc.org/arcticmet/glossary/climate_change.html. ; Glossary, in\nIPCC TAR WG1 2001.", "wikipedia\"Climatechange\" http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change", "^ \"The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change\". 21\nMarch1994.\nhttp://unfccc.int/essential_background/convention/background/items/13\n49.php. \"Climate change means a change of climate which is attributed\ndirectly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the\nglobal atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability\nobserved over comparable time periods.\"", "NASA \"What's in a Name? Global Warming vs. Climate Change\"..\nhttp://www.nasa.gov/topics/earth/features/climate_by_any_other_name.\nhtml. Retrieved 23 July 2011.", "International Panel on Climate Change IPCC (2007): Climate Change\n2007:Synthesis Report. Available online:\nhttp://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/syr/ar4_syr.pdf (Read:\n20.04.2010).", "Anne S. Kaslegard \"Climate Change and Cultural Heritage in the\nNordic Countries\" TemaNord 2010:599"]} Climate change could lead to changes in cultural environments and landscapes as we know them.Climate change presents an immediate and significant threat to our natural and built environments and to the ways of life which co-exist with these environments. In most traditional buildings, the harmony of texture with nature and environment has been ever considered; so houses and cities have been mixed with their natural environment so astonishingly and the selection and usage of materials have been in such a way that they have provided the utmost conformity with the environment, as the result the created areas have a unique beauty and attraction.The extent to which climate change contributes to destruction procedure on Iran-s historic buildings.is a subject of current discussion. Cities, towns and built-up areas also have their own characteristics that might make them particularly vulnerable to climate change.

With an increasing share of regenerative wind and solar energy in electricity supply, the aspect of load flexibility will gain importance, i.e. there is an increasing need for buffer capacities and / or power plants must be able to react more flexibly to changes of the demand. As an alternative or in addition to the new construction of peak­load power plants (pump storage systems, gas power plants), load-flexible dust burner technologies can be used in existing incinerators to increase the load flexibility and the fuel flexibility when using especially local regenerative fuel sources. Flexibility of the burner concept means an increase in changing fuel composition and non-stationary operation, which may cause changes of the combustion behavior and, hence, of the emission behavior. Flexibility in fuel sources changes the combustion and emission behavior, too, especially with regard to low rank fuels with high ash contents containing chlorine and alkali species. To control these non-stationary processes in the burner and downstream boiler area for an efficient operation, contact-free optical measurement methods are applied in addition to the measurement systems existing in the furnace chamber and furthermore control methods based on computational intelligence. Proceedings of the 19th European Biomass Conference and Exhibition, 6-10 June 2011, Berlin, Germany, pp. 1334-1337

{"references": ["3-D MID: Technologie \u2013 Information on http://www.3d-mid.de/1/\ntechnologie/technologie.html, 28.11.2014", "A.-C. Agricola; K. Lindloff, Auf dem Weg zum Standard, in:\nEnergiespektrum 28 (2013), pp. 24\u201325.", "ADAC: CO2-Label - Information on http://www.adac.de/infotestrat/\numwelt-und-innovation/CO2-Label", "BDEW. BDEW-Strompreisanalyse-Mai 2013 \u2013 Haushalte und Industrie.\nInformation on http://www.bdew.de, 30.09.2013", "BRG (Hrsg.). Reserven, Ressourcen und Verf\u00fcgbarkeit von\nEnergierohstoffen. Bundesanstalt f\u00fcr Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe.\nInformation on http://www.bgr.bund.de., 30.09.2013", "Gabler Wirtschaftslexikon. Definition Produktivit\u00e4t. zuletzt abgerufen\nInformation on http://wirtschaftslexikon.gabler.de, 25.11.2013", "Haag, H.: Eine Methodik zur modellbasierten Planung und Bewertung\nder Energieeffizienz in der Produktion. Fraunhofer Verlag, Stuttgart,\n2013", "Khalaf, S. Bewertung und Optimierung von Produktionsprozessen.\nRuhr-Universit\u00e4t Bochum. Lehrstuhl f\u00fcr Produktionssysteme.\nInformation on http://www.produktion.nrw.de, 21.10.2013", "Kreitlein, S. , Rackow, T., Franke, J. Energy KPI's, challenges for\nsustainable manufacturing strategies, analysis of existing rules and\nindicators in an industrial environment in relation to the establishment of\nenergy benchmark. WGP Congress, Erlangen 2014.\n[10] Kreitlein, S., Rackow T., Franke, J. E|Benchmark - a pioneering method\nfor process planning and sustainable manufacturing strategies, 12th\nGlobal Conference on Sustainable Manufacturing, ScienceDirect, 2014.\n[11] Layer, G., Matula, F., Saller, A., Rahn, R. Ermittlung von\nEnergiekennzahlen f\u00fcr Anlagen, Herstellungsverfahren und Erzeugnisse.\nForschungsstelle f\u00fcr Energiewirtschaft, M\u00fcnchen 1999.\n[12] L\u00f6ffler, T. Energiekennzahlen f\u00fcr Betriebsvergleiche. Technische\nUniversit\u00e4t Chemnitz, Institut f\u00fcr Betriebswissenschaften und\nFabriksysteme, Professur Fabrikplanung und Fabrikbetrieb, Chemnitz\n2011.\n[13] Lunau, S.: Six Sigma+Lean Toolset. 3. Auflage. Springer, Berlin\nHeidelberg, 2012, p. 198\n[14] Richtlinie 4661. August 2014. VDI 4661 Energiekenngr\u00f6\u00dfen -\nGrundlagen - Methodik\n[15] Risse, A. Fertigungsverfahren der Mechatronik, Feinwerk- und\nPr\u00e4zisionsger\u00e4tetechnik. Springer Verlag, Wiesbaden 2012.\n[16] Wohinz, J. W., Moor, M. Betriebliches Energiemanagement. Aktuelle\nInvestition in die Zukunft. Springer Verlag, Wien 1989."]} The importance of energy efficiency within the production processes increases steadily. For a comprehensive assessment of energy efficiency within the production process, unfortunately no tools exist or have been developed yet. Therefore the Institute for Factory Automation and Production Systems at the Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg has developed two methods with the goal of achieving transparency and a quantitative assessment of energy efficiency namely EEV (Energy Efficiency Value) and EPE (Energetic Process Efficiency). This paper describes the basics and state-of-the-art as well as the developed approaches.

The aim of this study is to model and assess different biomass-to-liquid (BtL) pathways for the production of fuels and chemicals via dimethyl ether (DME) synthesis as well as via Fischer-Tropsch (FT) synthesis. The conversion of lignocellulosic biomass, such as residual wood or straw, to synthetic fuels and chemicals is currently under development at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT). Within the considered bioliq® concept, so-called slurry is produced by multiple decentralized fast pyrolysis plants and is then processed in a single centralized pressurized entrained flow gasifier. The resulting syngas has to be conditioned and cleaned before it is converted in a DME or FT synthesis in order to complete the biomass-to-liquid (BtL) production. This two-stage concept allows the economic transportation of biomass over long distances, due to the relatively high energy density of the slurry produced in the first stage. In addition, reductions in specific investments and costs for further processing in the second stage are enabled by economies of scale. This study addresses possibilities for further process development and presents an outlook for a commercial implementation of biomass-derived fuels and chemicals. Proceedings of the 21st European Biomass Conference and Exhibition, 3-7 June 2013, Copenhagen, Denmark, pp. 1975-1983