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As a nation, we must confront the epidemic increase in childho d obesi y rat s. As we seek innovative ways to protect the health and vitality of our young people, we usher in a new, and much-needed, era of cooperation between consumers, industry, health advocacy organiza tions, and media companies. For several years, research has indicated that childhood obesity is on the verge of becoming an epidemic. In the last thirty years, the rate of overweight and obese children has risen to 16 percent, which is a 300 percent increase. The U.S. Surgeon General has identified being overweight and obese as one of the fastest growing causes of disease and death in America. Perhaps even more alarming, a recent study shows that, for the first time in modern history, the life expectancy of younger generations may decrease by as much as five years due to exces sive weight. In 2007, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) issued nutrition standards for foods in schools

We have a system that is unable to keep students excited about their own learning and educational performance. In light of this situation it is the responsibility of educators to make a broad and global reflection on what must be changed and how this change may be managed. We believe that change is possible and there is no objective more necessary for society than investing in its future project. This paper proposes an exhaustive analysis of the current situation of the secondary school teachers and from there on justifies the change through the teaching practice based on innovation and with a better training in pedagogical and didactical issues.

Cooperative learning seems to be the right methodology to tackle the development of the teamwork competence inside the process of teaching?learning at the University. That strategy has been used by lecturers of different faculties and schools of the University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU who have sorted an Educational Team on cooperative learning. The experience was developed in six different groups which add up as 185 students. The outcome of that experience was analysed by means of a questionnaire which gathers the main competences of teamwork. The analysis of the dimensions of the questionnaire shows a structure with two dimensions: (1) 'interpersonal competences' and (2) 'instrumental competences'. Students seem to prioritise the most technical or procedural competences (instrumental) over personal and relationship competences (interpersonal) in their formative process and assessment of their learning.

Abstract The South Korean government has been actively promoting an educational-facility improvement program as part of its energy-saving efforts. This research seeks to develop a decision support model for selecting the facility expected to be effective in generating energy savings and making the facility improvement program more effective. In this research, project characteristics and electric-energy consumption data for the year 2009 were collected from 6282 elementary schools located in seven metropolitan cities in South Korea. In this research, the following were carried out: (i) a group of educational facilities was established based on electric-energy consumption, using a decision tree; (ii) a number of similar projects were retrieved from the same group of facilities, using case-based reasoning; and (iii) the accuracy of prediction was improved, using the combination of genetic algorithms, the artificial neural network, and multiple regression analysis. The results of this research can be useful for the following purposes: (i) preliminary research on the systematic and continuous management of educational facilities’ electric-energy consumption; (ii) basic research on electric-energy consumption prediction based on the project characteristics; and (iii) practical research for selecting an optimum facility that can more effectively apply an educational-facility improvement program as a decision support model.

The author summarizes the author’s techniques used in psychology classes with the aim of meaningfully transforming educational information by bachelors into their personal knowledge. The methodology for developing techniques was based on idiographic and qualitative approaches. The productive ideas of V.P. Zinchenko about “living” knowledge and the fundamental difference between information and knowledge, his original and fruitful metaphor about the fifth dimension of being, which he associated with meaning; a consequence of this metaphor about the difficulties of the process of generating an affectively colored space of meanings by a person turned out to be useful. The procedural aspect and content of four specific techniques for transforming educational psychological information are described. Examples of the use of techniques in the study of specific psychological disciplines are given. A special technique of creating and accumulating knowledge about his person by transforming educational psychological information into verbal self-portraits is highlighted. The question is raised about the correspondence of the knowledge obtained by bachelors as a result of the application of the proposed techniques to the content of the concept of “living” knowledge in the understanding of V.P. Zinchenko. The author’s version of the answer to this question is offered. A hypothesis is formulated about the possible mechanisms of transformation of educational psychological information into meaningful knowledge of bachelors. Two promising directions for the continuation of the empirical research pre sented in the article are highlighted.

Abstract In this study, a multi-phase, two-dimensional model that integrates the bipolar plate (BP) and gas diffusion layer (GDL) interfacial morphology was developed to understand the effects of this interface on mass, charge and heat transport and performance of polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs). Two different case studies were performed. The first case assumes a perfect contact interface between the BP and GDL, whereas in the second case, the BP|GDL interfacial layer was incorporated as a separate domain based on the measured BP|GDL morphology. In the BP|GDL interface case, the interfacial voids were assumed to be filled with liquid water to investigate the role of the interfacial voids. For both cases, the effects of different current densities on the in-plane temperature, saturation, and oxygen concentration distribution in the GDL were investigated. Simulations indicate that the Ohmic and concentration losses are increased due to the inclusion of the realistic BP|GDL interface. The electrical contact resistance contribution of the BP|GDL interface was predicted to be 3.8 mΩcm 2 . The saturation in the GDL was found to be higher for the BP|GDL interface case, which results in higher concentration losses. The temperature was predicted to be slightly higher for the BP|GDL interface case, which could be attributed to the higher thermal contact resistance due to the fewer contact regions at the interface.

Abstract To elucidate the gas generation mechanism due to electrolyte decomposition in commercial lithium-ion cells after long cycling, we developed a device which can accurately determine the volume of generated gas in the cell. Experiments on LixC6/Li1−xCoO2 cells using electrolytes such as 1 M LiPF6 in propylene carbonate (PC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), and diethyl carbonate (DEC) are presented and discussed. In the nominal voltage range (4.2–2.5 V), compositional change due mainly to ester exchange reaction occurs, and gaseous products in the cell are little. Generated gas volume and compositional change in the electrolyte are detected largely in overcharged cells, and we discussed that gas generation due to electrolyte decomposition involves different decomposition reactions in overcharged and overdischarged cells.

Memlûkler döneminde çok canlı bir ilmî hayat yaşanmıştır. Bundaki en büyük rol, Selçuklular ve Eyyûbîler döneminde kurulan medreselerin gelişerek devam etmesi, Memlûk sultanları ve emirlerinin vakıf-eğitim kurumlarına ciddi derecede önem vermeleridir. Bu vakıfların sağladığı imkânlarla Kahire ve Şam, İslam dünyasının her yerinden gelen ilim talebeleri ve hocalar için önemli cazibe merkezleri haline gelmiştir. Bu atmosfer içinde dinî ve aklî ilimlerin hemen her dalında ciddi bir tedris faaliyeti yürütülmüş, bu alanlarda, ilmî geleneğin muhafaza edilip sürekliliğin sağlandığı, ayrıntı ve derinliğin hâkim olduğu telif çalışmaları yapılmıştır. Böylelikle Memlûkler İslam dünyasının her bölgesini ilmî ve kültürel anlamda besleyen önemli bir havza olma özelliği kazanmıştır. Memlûkler dönemi tefsir ilmi açısından zengin bir dönemdir. Medrese, camii ve hânkâhlardan oluşan eğitim kurumlarına mutlaka bir tefsir müderrisi kadrosu tahsis edilmiş, devrin seçkin simaları tarafından bu kurumlarda çeşitli tefsir metinleri okutulmuş ve tefsir dersleri icra edilmiştir. Sözgelimi Mansûriyye Medresesi, Tolunoğlu Camii veya Cemâliyye Hânkâhı’nda nesiller boyu kesintisiz tefsir dersleri verilmiştir. Bu derslerde çoğu kez o döneme kadar tefsir ilminde hâkim bir konum elde etmiş olan Zemahşerî’nin (öl. 538/1144) el-Keşşâf’ı takip edilmiştir. Bunu el-Keşşâf merkezli bir tefsir olan Beyzâvî (öl. 685/1286) tefsiri ve rivayet ağırlıklı tefsirler içinde önemli bir yeri bulunan Begavî (öl. 516/1122) tefsiri izlemiştir. Begavî tefsiri özellikle tefsirin merkezinde rivayeti gören kesimlerce tercih edilmiştir. Ayrıca bu dönemde daha çok halka açık bir mahiyet taşıyan ve tefsir, hadis ve mev‘ıza kitaplarının takrir edildiği mîâd dersleri yapılmıştır ki, bu, Memlûkleri ilmî hayatta ayrıcalıklı kılan hususiyetlerden biridir. Okutulan bu derslerin ve bir nevi onların hasılası sayılabilecek tefsir ürünlerinin tefsir ilminin inkişafına ciddi katkıları olduğu muhakkaktır. Tefsir ilminin olgunluk dönemi olarak nitelendirebileceğimiz bu dönemde, tefsirde ciddi bir derinleşmenin ve ilerlemenin olduğunu gösteren pek çok tefsir kaleme alınmıştır. Bu tefsirler Memlûkler dönemi ve sonrasında İslam coğrafyasının her bölgesinde kabul görmüş ve günümüze kadar okutula gelmiştir. Kurtubî (öl. 671/1273), Hâzin (öl. 741/1341), Ebû Hayyân (öl. 745/1344), Semîn el-Halebî (öl. 756/1355), İbn Kesîr (öl. 774/1373), Bikâî (öl. 885/1480) ve Süyûtî (öl. 911/1505) gibi meşhur müfessirlerin eserleri bunların en kayda değer örnekleridir. Memlûkler döneminde ilmî ve fikrî seviyenin bir aynası durumundaki şerh, hâşiye ve muhâkemât türünden de pek çok eser kaleme alınmıştır. Genellikle Zemahşerî ve Beyzâvî tefsirleri üzerine şerh ve hâşiye çalışmaları yapılırken; bu tefsir ve şerh-hâşiyelerdeki görüş ve yorumların tartışıldığı reddiye ve muhâkemeler, ilmî faaliyetlerin yüksek seviyesinin açıkça görülebildiği metinler olmuştur. Bunların başında Kutbeddin er-Râzî’nin (öl. 766/1365) el-Keşşâf üzerine yazdığı şerh gelir ki bu şerh el-Keşşâf literatürüne sağladığı katkılarla sonraki şarihlerin tartışma konularının akışını belirlemiştir. Hanefî muhakkiklerden Ekmeleddin el-Bâbertî’nin (öl. 786/1384) el-Keşşâf şerhi ile Abdullah b. Yûsuf ez-Zeylaî’nin (öl. 762/1360), el-Keşşâf’ın hadislerini, sahâbe ve tâbiîn nakillerini değerlendirdiği eseri, Memlûkler dönemi el-Keşşâf literatürünün en kayda değer eserlerindendir. Memlûklerin erken bir döneminde Şam’da yaşayan Takıyyüddin İbn Teymiyye (öl. 728/1328), merkezine, Hz. Peygamber, sahâbe ve tâbiîn âlimlerinin (selef) görüşlerini koyduğu bir ilim ve düşünce geliştirmiştir. Selefî düşüncenin canlandırılması anlamına gelen bu yaklaşım tefsir ilmine de yansımış, İbn Teymiyye rivayetlere dayalı bir tefsir anlayışını benimserken mezhep taassubuna dayalı bir re’ye karşı keskin bir tavır takınmış, bu çerçevede kendinden önce yazılmış tefsirlere sert eleştiriler yöneltmiştir. İbn Teymiyye, tefsirde selefî anlayışa güçlü bir vurgu yapmış ve bu anlayışıyla dönemin kimi kesimleri üzerinde etkili olmuştur. Tarihçi, muhaddis ve Şâfiî fakihi İbn Kesîr, İbn Teymiyye’nin tefsir anlayışından etkilenenlerden biridir. Fakat o re’y tefsirine onun kadar katı yaklaşmamıştır. İbn Teymiyye ve İbn Kesîr’in tefsir anlayışı, klasik dönemin meşhurları Zemahşerî ve Beyzâvî tefsirleri karşısında çok tutunamamış olsa da selefî düşüncenin yeniden canlandığı modern zamanlarda gün geçtikçe popülerliğini artırmıştır. Bunda Muhammed Reşîd Rızâ (öl. 1935) gibi çağdaş dönem müfessirlerinin fikirleriyle selefî anlayışın güç kazanması etkili olmuş görünmektedir. Memlûkler döneminde tefsir eğitimi ve çalışmaları şimdiye kadar bütüncül bir çalışmaya konu olmamıştır. Biz bu çalışmamızla dönemsel açıdan Memlûklerdeki tefsir eğitimi ve telif çalışmalarının kendine özgü pek çok yönü bulunduğunu ve bunların gerek Osmanlı dönemine gerekse modern döneme etkileri olduğunu ortaya koymayı hedefledik.

Abstract When a lithium ion polymer battery (LiPB) is being cycled, one major cause for degradations is the irreversible side reactions between ions and solvent of electrolyte taking place at the surface of anode particles. SEM analysis of cycled battery cells has revealed that the deposits from the side reactions are dispersed not only on particles, but also between the composite anode and the separator. Thus, the solid electrolyte interface (SEI) becomes thicker and extra deposit layers are formed between composite anode and separator. Also, XPS analysis showed that the deposits are composed of Li 2 CO 3 , which is ionic conductive and electronic nonconductive. Based on the mechanisms and findings, we identified four degradation parameters, including volume fraction of accessible active anode, SEI resistance, resistance of deposit layer and diffusion coefficient of electrolyte, to describe capacity and power fade caused by the side reactions. These degradation parameters have been incorporated into an electrochemical thermal model that has been previously developed. The terminal voltage and capacity of the integrated model are compared with experimental data obtained for up to 300 cycles. Finally, the resistance of the deposit layer calculated by the model is validated against the thickness of the deposit layer measured by SEM.