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  • 12. Responsible consumption
  • 1. No poverty
  • 14. Life underwater
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: I. S. Glushankova; E. V. Kalinina; E. N. Demina;

    The purification of industrial and surface wastewater from heavy metal ions (HMI) to requirements for the discharge of treated wastewater into natural waters is one of the most complicated environmental and technological problems. For the deep purification of waste water from the HMI, the use of cheap sorbents obtained from production waste is the most promising. One of the many-tonnage wastes of technology of inorganic substances is the sludge formed in the production of soda by the ammonia Solvay, s method. Currently, sludge is stored in sludge accumulators and is a long-term source of pollution of environmental objects. Scientific developments in the utilization of slimes with the production of building materials, etc., have not found wide practical use, which is due to the heterogeneity of the granulometric and chemical composition of the waste. Carried out X-ray phase analysis and studies of the physicochemical and chemical properties of waste samples showed that its main components are calcium carbonate (calcite) and calcium hydroxide (portlandite). It is known that the natural mineral limestone efficiently extracts HMI from aqueous solutions with the formation of less soluble basic salts, carbonates, and hydroxy carbonates of HM. It has been established that sludge samples have high sorption activity when copper(II) and zinc ions are extracted from low concentrated solutions (sorption capacity for copper ions is 35.0 mg/g, sorption capacity for zinc ions is 40 mg/g). To increase the operational properties, a method has been developed for the production of a modified granular sorbent based on the sludge of soda production, consisting in treating with sodium silicate. The effect of a dose of sodium silicate in the sorbent composition on the mechanical strength and sorption properties of the obtained samples was studied. It has been established that the introduction of 8,6% SiO2 into the sludge leads to an increase in the mechanical strength by 50–80%, and does not have a significant effect on the sorption activity of the material. The kinetic and sorption regularities of extraction of copper(II) ions and zinc on modified sorbents are revealed. Based on the analysis of the adsorption isotherms obtained, the adsorption equilibrium constants and maximum adsorption values (Amax (Cu2+) = 50.8 mg/g; Amax (Zn2+) = 97.1 mg/g) were determined. Obtained sorption materials can be recommended for wastewater treatment from HMI.

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    Theoretical and Applied Ecology
    Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
    Data sources: Crossref
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      Theoretical and Applied Ecology
      Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: LIU WENRONG;

    На основе результатов исследования «Изменение семейных ценностей» (SFVC), собранных в 2008 г., в статье описаны и проанализированы изменения в восприятии института семьи и брака, в контексте отношений к браку, разводу, деторождению, сожительству, гомосексуализму и межпоколенческой поддержке между взрослыми детьми и их пожилыми родителями. В статье установлено, что в настоящее время китайские семейные ценности демонстрируют четкую тенденцию к смешению традиционного китайского способа «близких отношений между поколениями» и «чистыми отношениями» под влиянием современности и постсовременности. С одной стороны, под влиянием принятия таких индивидуалистских установок, как равенство, свобода и демократия, люди, как правило, склонны акцентировать внимание на стремлении человека к самореализации, наряду с брачными отношениями подчеркивая индивидуальную независимость и автономию. С другой стороны, с точки зрения межпоколенческих ценностей, для Китая не характерна постсовременная тенденция, характеризуемая атомизацией членов семьи и исчезновением семейных связей, которая появилась в западных обществах. Смешанная тенденция и фамилистические ценности в сегодняшнем Китае обсуждаются в контексте трансформирования китайской системы социального благосостояния, в которой семейные узы играют более важную роль в экономической и инструментальной поддержке индивидуумов. With the data collected in 2008 of the Survey on Family Value Changes (SFVC), this article described and analyzed the perception and changes of marriage and family, focusing on the attitudes towards marriage, divorce, childbearing, cohabitation, homosexuality and intergenerational support between adult children and their old parents. The article found that currently Chinese family values exhibit a clear tendency towards a mixture of a traditional Chinese way of “close intergenerational relationships” and “pure relationship” influenced by modernity and post-modernity. On one hand, under the influence of accepting individualistic concepts like equality, freedom, and democracy, people tend to emphasise more the liberation of the human being and pursue self-realisation, along with marital views emphasising more individual independence and autonomy. On the other hand, from the perspective of integenerational values, China does not show the post-modern tendency that features the atomisation of family members and the disappearance of family links, which have appeared in Western societies. The mixed tendency and the familistic values of today’s China are discussed in the context of Chinese welfare system transforming in which the family ties play more important role in economic and instrumental supporting for individuals.

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    The modern urban policy sets rather complex challenges connected with simultaneous depreciation of finished goods, works acceleration, improvement of design decisions, and also with improvement of quality, reliability and availability of housing for construction branch. Standard constructive solutions of elements now in use of the building are rather well studied and have an application vast experience in housing construction. In the Republic of Bashkortostan the greatest distribution was gained by constructive solutions of elements of the building, classical for mass housing construction, in particular, standard options of overlappings and coverings from monolithic and precast concrete concern to them. Well-known shortcomings of these versions of decisions can be compensated, realizing overlappings from assembly and monolithic the keramzitobetonnykh of blocks, to conforming all requirements for reliability and the heat-shielding allowing to receive the qualitative bearing building element with an optimum level of expenses and time in climatic conditions of the Republic of Bashkortostan. The proposed solutions will allow to reduce costs of 1 sq.m of overlapping to 1,5 2 times, to lose volume weight to 1,5-2 times of rather classical options from monolithic and precast concrete. The given results of the technical and economic analysis of the recommended options of overlappings (coverings) show their high efficiency and availability to projects of housing construction, including to the socially oriented housing financed from budgets of all levels. Современная градостроительная политика ставит перед строительной отраслью достаточно сложные задачи, связанные с одновременным снижением стоимости готовой продукции, ускорением производства работ, совершенствованием проектных решений, а также с повышением качества, надежности и доступности жилья. Используемые в настоящее время типовые конструктивные решения элементов здания достаточно хорошо изучены и имеют богатый опыт применения в жилищном строительстве. В Республике Башкортостан наибольшее распространение получили классические для массового жилищного строительства конструктивные решения элементов здания, в частности, к ним относятся типовые варианты перекрытий и покрытий из монолитного и сборного железобетона. Хорошо известные недостатки этих вариантов решений можно компенсировать, реализуя перекрытия из сборно-монолитных керамзитобетонных блоков, позволяющие получать качественный несущий элемент здания с оптимальным уровнем затрат и времени, соответствующие всем требованиям по надежности и теплозащиты в природно-климатических условиях Республики Башкортостан. Предлагаемые решения позволят сократить затраты на 1 м 2 перекрытия до 1,5 - 2 раз, снизить объемный вес до 1,5-2 раз относительно классических вариантов из монолитного и сборного железобетона. Приведенные результаты технико-экономического анализа рекомендованных вариантов перекрытий (покрытий) показывают их высокую эффективность и доступность для проектов жилищного строительства, в том числе для социально-ориентированного жилья, финансируемого из бюджетов всех уровней.

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    The article deals with the issues of sustainable development of rural areas in Russia and directions for the modernization of the rural economy. The changes in the functions of rural areas in terms of the demographic crisis and economic restructuring are shown in the paper. The article contains an analysis of the potential development of the rural areas. The possible directions of the state policy in the field of rural entrepreneurship are presented in the article. В статье исследуются вопросы устойчивого развития сельских территорий России и направления модернизации сельской экономики. Рассмотрено изменение функций сельских территорий в условиях демографического кризиса и структурной перестройки экономики. Проведен анализ потенциала развития сельских территорий. Представлены возможные направления государственной политики в области поддержки сельского предпринимательства.

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    В рамках современной системы международного климатического регулирования страны несут ответственность за выбросы парниковых газов, осуществляемые в результате хозяйственной деятельности на их территории, даже в том случае, если эмиссия происходит при производстве продукции, направляемой на экспорт. Напротив, импорт углеродоемкой продукции международными соглашениями никак не ограничивается. В данной работе на основе анализа межстрановых таблиц «затраты выпуск», представленных в базе данных WIOD, осуществлена оценка объема выбросов углекислого газа, осуществляемых при производстве продукции, экспортируемой Россией за рубеж («экспорта выбросов») и импортируемых в Россию из других стран («импорта выбросов»). Выявлено, что Россия является вторым в мире нетто-экспортером выбросов углекислого газа, причем подавляющее большинство выбросов направляется в форме экспортируемой продукции в развитые страны. Причинами высокой углеродоемкости российской экспортной продукции являются как технологическая отсталость от развитых стран, так и особенности товарной структуры внешней торговли России: ее экспорт состоит преимущественно из углеводородного сырья и энергоемких товаров, а импорт из продукции с относительно невысокой энергоемкостью. Значительные объемы нетто-экспорта выбросов делают Россию страной, интересам которой текущая схема учета выбросов отвечает в наименьшей степени. С одной стороны, Россия, как и другие крупные страны-нетто-экспортеры выбросов, заинтересована в пересмотре принципов распределения ответственности между производителями и потребителями углеродоемкой продукции. С другой стороны, существующая технологическая отсталость делает ее уязвимой перед лицом политики «углеродного протекционизма», которая может начать применяться в других государствах. According to current international climate change regime countries are responsible for greenhouse gas emissions, which result from economic activities within national borders, including emissions from producing goods for exports. At the same time imports of carbon intensive goods are not regulated by international agreements. In this paper carbon emissions embodied in exports and imports of Russia were calculated with the use of inter-country input-output tables from WIOD database. It was revealed that Russia is the second largest exporter of emissions embodied in trade and the large portion of these emissions is directed to developed countries. The reasons for high carbon intensity of Russia's exports are obsolete technologies (in comparison to developed economies) and the structure of commodity trade: Russian exports primarily fossil fuels and energy-intensive goods and imports products with relatively low energy intensity. Because of large amount of net exports of carbon intensive goods the current approach to emissions accounting does not suit interests of Russia. On the one hand, Russia, as well as other large net emissions exporters, is interested in the revision of allocation of responsibility between producers and consumers of carbon intensive products. On the other hand, current technological backwardness makes Russia vulnerable to the policy of 'carbon protectionism', which can be implemented by its trade partners.

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    Современное и перспективное развитие морского флота неразрывно связано с безопасностью мореплавания, которое обеспечивается безотказным и надежным функционированием систем жизнеобеспечения и судового оборудования. В связи с этим возникает необходимость в развитии современных методов оперативной диагностики для контроля технического состояния оборудования. Тепловизионная диагностика является признанным методом оценки технического состояния оборудования на энергетических предприятиях, однако на судах рыбопромыслового флота и береговых предприятиях систематическая тепловизионная диагностика практически не используется. Применение методов количественной термографии обусловлено необходимостью выявления дефектов электрои теплоэнергетических устройств на ранней стадии непосредственно в режиме эксплуатации. Разрабатываемая система тепловизионных испытаний различных систем, объектов или материалов объединяет различные методы (электрофизические, оптические) и реализуется в комплексе с тепловыми, электрическими, химическими испытаниями. Представлены основные этапы применения системы технического контроля судовых устройств и средств на основе методов количественной термографии. Метод тепловизионного обследования электротехнического оборудования в целом представляет собой совокупность мероприятий, необходимых для проведения испытаний и выработки адекватной экспертной оценки. Рассмотрены примеры применения тепловизионной техники на морских судах, приведены результаты тепловизионных испытаний на примере анализа состояния судовых кабельных трасс. Представлены материалы испытаний кабельных трасс с учетом анализа твердости шланговой изоляции и изоляции жилы. Анализ результатов позволит определить срок службы кабельных трасс и выработать рекомендации при дефектации и замене оборудования. Modern and perspective development of navy is inseparably connected with safety of the navigation provided with trouble-free and reliable functioning of life support systems and the ship equipment. In this regard the development of modern methods of expeditious diagnostics for control of technical condition of the equipment is actual. Thermal diagnostics is a recognized method of technical condition assessment of the equipment at the power plants, but the systematic IR-diagnostics is almost never used on the vessels of fishing fleet and shore facilities. The application of the methods of quantitative thermal imaging is conditioned with the necessity of detection of defects of power and heat engineering apparatus at the initial stage directly in the operating modes of exploitation. The developed system of thermal imaging tests of different systems, objects or materials combines different methods (electrophysical, optical) and is actualized as a complex with thermal, electrical and chemical tests. The major stages of using the system of technical control of marine equipment and apparatus based on the methods of quantitative thermal imaging technology. The method of thermal imaging inspection of electrical equipment is considered as a complex of the measures necessary for the tests and proper expert assessment. The examples of the use of the thermal imaging technology for vessels are considered, the results of thermal testing on the example of the analysis of the marine cable routing are given. The results of the tests of cable routing based on the analysis of the hardness of the hose and core insulation are presented. The analysis of the results will help define the lifetime of cable routing and give recommendations while inspecting and replacing the equipment.

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    В сложившихся экономических условиях система государственного контроля нацелена на повышение качества и эффективности экономического роста, развитие социальной сферы. Объектами контроля становится весь процесс производственно-хозяйственной деятельности, что определяет ключевую роль контроля в системе управления. В условиях бюджетного дефицита особую актуальность приобретает активная работа всех органов внутреннего финансового контроля. При этом органы государственного и внутреннего финансового контроля должны иметь взаимно увязанные методики оценки финансовых рисков и налаженный обмен сведениями между собой, а также с другими органами и организациями, участвующими в достижении результатов в соответствующих сферах деятельности. In the current economic climate, the system of state regulation is aimed at improving the quality and effectiveness of the economic growth and development of social services. The entire process of production and commercial operations become the object of control. Proactive efforts of the entire internal financial institution become extremely important during the budget deficit. State and domestic financial regulatory authorities should have balanced approach to estimate financial risks and good communication between each other as well as with the other authorities and organizations participating in achieving results in the relevant areas.

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    The results of a survey conducted in the remote areas of the Republic of Karelia in 2013 2014 are presented in the article. The quality, availability and demand for social services are studied. The level of social services provided is defined. An empirical model of social services is presented. The effect of innovation implementation in the work of social welfare centres is assessed in the paper. Представлены результаты социологического опроса, проведенного на отдаленных территориях Республики Карелия в 2013-2014 гг. Исследованы качество, доступность и потребность в социальных услугах, определен уровень оказания социальных услуг, представлена эмпирическая модель социального обслуживания. В рамках исследования оценен эффект от внедрения ряда инноваций в работу центров социальной помощи.

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    В статье рассматривается значимость повышения конкурентоспособности и эффективности территориальной экономики в сложившихся условиях, применения новых стратегических подходов, предусматривающих комплексное использование социально-экономического и научно-технического потенциала территорий, и создания благоприятных условий для функционирования бизнеса. В качестве одного из таких подходов рассмотрен кластерный подход. The article discusses the importance of increasing competitiveness and efficiency of the regional economy, application of new strategic approaches which involve complex use of socioeconomic, scientific and technological regional potential and creating favorable conditions for business. The author suggests cluster approach as one of those methods.

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    The «green» economy is one of the main problems in modern economy and environmental protection. This phenomenon has become to develop only at the end of the last century. The society started to realize limitation of natural resources. This article presents theoretical aspects of «green» economy. The historical periods of evolution of sustainable development and «green» economy in Russian and foreign literature were studied. The analysis of final documents of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development was carried out. The authors offer a methodical device for estimation the territory potential for transition to «green» economy in order to achieve sustainable development Отмечено, что «зеленая» экономика является одной из главных проблем в современной экономике и охране окружающей среды. Данное явление стало активно развиваться лишь в конце прошлого века, когда общество начало осознавать ограниченность природных ресурсов. Представлены теоретические аспекты «зеленой» экономики. Изучены исторические периоды становления устойчивого развития и «зеленой» экономики в отечественной и зарубежной литературе. Проведен анализ итоговых документов Конференций ООН по окружающей среде и устойчивому развитию. Предложен методический аппарат, позволяющий оценить потенциал территории для перехода к «зеленой» экономике с целью достижения устойчивого развития

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: I. S. Glushankova; E. V. Kalinina; E. N. Demina;

    The purification of industrial and surface wastewater from heavy metal ions (HMI) to requirements for the discharge of treated wastewater into natural waters is one of the most complicated environmental and technological problems. For the deep purification of waste water from the HMI, the use of cheap sorbents obtained from production waste is the most promising. One of the many-tonnage wastes of technology of inorganic substances is the sludge formed in the production of soda by the ammonia Solvay, s method. Currently, sludge is stored in sludge accumulators and is a long-term source of pollution of environmental objects. Scientific developments in the utilization of slimes with the production of building materials, etc., have not found wide practical use, which is due to the heterogeneity of the granulometric and chemical composition of the waste. Carried out X-ray phase analysis and studies of the physicochemical and chemical properties of waste samples showed that its main components are calcium carbonate (calcite) and calcium hydroxide (portlandite). It is known that the natural mineral limestone efficiently extracts HMI from aqueous solutions with the formation of less soluble basic salts, carbonates, and hydroxy carbonates of HM. It has been established that sludge samples have high sorption activity when copper(II) and zinc ions are extracted from low concentrated solutions (sorption capacity for copper ions is 35.0 mg/g, sorption capacity for zinc ions is 40 mg/g). To increase the operational properties, a method has been developed for the production of a modified granular sorbent based on the sludge of soda production, consisting in treating with sodium silicate. The effect of a dose of sodium silicate in the sorbent composition on the mechanical strength and sorption properties of the obtained samples was studied. It has been established that the introduction of 8,6% SiO2 into the sludge leads to an increase in the mechanical strength by 50–80%, and does not have a significant effect on the sorption activity of the material. The kinetic and sorption regularities of extraction of copper(II) ions and zinc on modified sorbents are revealed. Based on the analysis of the adsorption isotherms obtained, the adsorption equilibrium constants and maximum adsorption values (Amax (Cu2+) = 50.8 mg/g; Amax (Zn2+) = 97.1 mg/g) were determined. Obtained sorption materials can be recommended for wastewater treatment from HMI.

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    Theoretical and Applied Ecology
    Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
    Data sources: Crossref
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      Theoretical and Applied Ecology
      Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: LIU WENRONG;

    На основе результатов исследования «Изменение семейных ценностей» (SFVC), собранных в 2008 г., в статье описаны и проанализированы изменения в восприятии института семьи и брака, в контексте отношений к браку, разводу, деторождению, сожительству, гомосексуализму и межпоколенческой поддержке между взрослыми детьми и их пожилыми родителями. В статье установлено, что в настоящее время китайские семейные ценности демонстрируют четкую тенденцию к смешению традиционного китайского способа «близких отношений между поколениями» и «чистыми отношениями» под влиянием современности и постсовременности. С одной стороны, под влиянием принятия таких индивидуалистских установок, как равенство, свобода и демократия, люди, как правило, склонны акцентировать внимание на стремлении человека к самореализации, наряду с брачными отношениями подчеркивая индивидуальную независимость и автономию. С другой стороны, с точки зрения межпоколенческих ценностей, для Китая не характерна постсовременная тенденция, характеризуемая атомизацией членов семьи и исчезновением семейных связей, которая появилась в западных обществах. Смешанная тенденция и фамилистические ценности в сегодняшнем Китае обсуждаются в контексте трансформирования китайской системы социального благосостояния, в которой семейные узы играют более важную роль в экономической и инструментальной поддержке индивидуумов. With the data collected in 2008 of the Survey on Family Value Changes (SFVC), this article described and analyzed the perception and changes of marriage and family, focusing on the attitudes towards marriage, divorce, childbearing, cohabitation, homosexuality and intergenerational support between adult children and their old parents. The article found that currently Chinese family values exhibit a clear tendency towards a mixture of a traditional Chinese way of “close intergenerational relationships” and “pure relationship” influenced by modernity and post-modernity. On one hand, under the influence of accepting individualistic concepts like equality, freedom, and democracy, people tend to emphasise more the liberation of the human being and pursue self-realisation, along with marital views emphasising more individual independence and autonomy. On the other hand, from the perspective of integenerational values, China does not show the post-modern tendency that features the atomisation of family members and the disappearance of family links, which have appeared in Western societies. The mixed tendency and the familistic values of today’s China are discussed in the context of Chinese welfare system transforming in which the family ties play more important role in economic and instrumental supporting for individuals.

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    The modern urban policy sets rather complex challenges connected with simultaneous depreciation of finished goods, works acceleration, improvement of design decisions, and also with improvement of quality, reliability and availability of housing for construction branch. Standard constructive solutions of elements now in use of the building are rather well studied and have an application vast experience in housing construction. In the Republic of Bashkortostan the greatest distribution was gained by constructive solutions of elements of the building, classical for mass housing construction, in particular, standard options of overlappings and coverings from monolithic and precast concrete concern to them. Well-known shortcomings of these versions of decisions can be compensated, realizing overlappings from assembly and monolithic the keramzitobetonnykh of blocks, to conforming all requirements for reliability and the heat-shielding allowing to receive the qualitative bearing building element with an optimum level of expenses and time in climatic conditions of the Republic of Bashkortostan. The proposed solutions will allow to reduce costs of 1 sq.m of overlapping to 1,5 2 times, to lose volume weight to 1,5-2 times of rather classical options from monolithic and precast concrete. The given results of the technical and economic analysis of the recommended options of overlappings (coverings) show their high efficiency and availability to projects of housing construction, including to the socially oriented housing financed from budgets of all levels. Современная градостроительная политика ставит перед строительной отраслью достаточно сложные задачи, связанные с одновременным снижением стоимости готовой продукции, ускорением производства работ, совершенствованием проектных решений, а также с повышением качества, надежности и доступности жилья. Используемые в настоящее время типовые конструктивные решения элементов здания достаточно хорошо изучены и имеют богатый опыт применения в жилищном строительстве. В Республике Башкортостан наибольшее распространение получили классические для массового жилищного строительства конструктивные решения элементов здания, в частности, к ним относятся типовые варианты перекрытий и покрытий из монолитного и сборного железобетона. Хорошо известные недостатки этих вариантов решений можно компенсировать, реализуя перекрытия из сборно-монолитных керамзитобетонных блоков, позволяющие получать качественный несущий элемент здания с оптимальным уровнем затрат и времени, соответствующие всем требованиям по надежности и теплозащиты в природно-климатических условиях Республики Башкортостан. Предлагаемые решения позволят сократить затраты на 1 м 2 перекрытия до 1,5 - 2 раз, снизить объемный вес до 1,5-2 раз относительно классических вариантов из монолитного и сборного железобетона. Приведенные результаты технико-экономического анализа рекомендованных вариантов перекрытий (покрытий) показывают их высокую эффективность и доступность для проектов жилищного строительства, в том числе для социально-ориентированного жилья, финансируемого из бюджетов всех уровней.

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    The article deals with the issues of sustainable development of rural areas in Russia and directions for the modernization of the rural economy. The changes in the functions of rural areas in terms of the demographic crisis and economic restructuring are shown in the paper. The article contains an analysis of the potential development of the rural areas. The possible directions of the state policy in the field of rural entrepreneurship are presented in the article. В статье исследуются вопросы устойчивого развития сельских территорий России и направления модернизации сельской экономики. Рассмотрено изменение функций сельских территорий в условиях демографического кризиса и структурной перестройки экономики. Проведен анализ потенциала развития сельских территорий. Представлены возможные направления государственной политики в области поддержки сельского предпринимательства.

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    В рамках современной системы международного климатического регулирования страны несут ответственность за выбросы парниковых газов, осуществляемые в результате хозяйственной деятельности на их территории, даже в том случае, если эмиссия происходит при производстве продукции, направляемой на экспорт. Напротив, импорт углеродоемкой продукции международными соглашениями никак не ограничивается. В данной работе на основе анализа межстрановых таблиц «затраты выпуск», представленных в базе данных WIOD, осуществлена оценка объема выбросов углекислого газа, осуществляемых при производстве продукции, экспортируемой Россией за рубеж («экспорта выбросов») и импортируемых в Россию из других стран («импорта выбросов»). Выявлено, что Россия является вторым в мире нетто-экспортером выбросов углекислого газа, причем подавляющее большинство выбросов направляется в форме экспортируемой продукции в развитые страны. Причинами высокой углеродоемкости российской экспортной продукции являются как технологическая отсталость от развитых стран, так и особенности товарной структуры внешней торговли России: ее экспорт состоит преимущественно из углеводородного сырья и энергоемких товаров, а импорт из продукции с относительно невысокой энергоемкостью. Значительные объемы нетто-экспорта выбросов делают Россию страной, интересам которой текущая схема учета выбросов отвечает в наименьшей степени. С одной стороны, Россия, как и другие крупные страны-нетто-экспортеры выбросов, заинтересована в пересмотре принципов распределения ответственности между производителями и потребителями углеродоемкой продукции. С другой стороны, существующая технологическая отсталость делает ее уязвимой перед лицом политики «углеродного протекционизма», которая может начать применяться в других государствах. According to current international climate change regime countries are responsible for greenhouse gas emissions, which result from economic activities within national borders, including emissions from producing goods for exports. At the same time imports of carbon intensive goods are not regulated by international agreements. In this paper carbon emissions embodied in exports and imports of Russia were calculated with the use of inter-country input-output tables from WIOD database. It was revealed that Russia is the second largest exporter of emissions embodied in trade and the large portion of these emissions is directed to developed countries. The reasons for high carbon intensity of Russia's exports are obsolete technologies (in comparison to developed economies) and the structure of commodity trade: Russian exports primarily fossil fuels and energy-intensive goods and imports products with relatively low energy intensity. Because of large amount of net exports of carbon intensive goods the current approach to emissions accounting does not suit interests of Russia. On the one hand, Russia, as well as other large net emissions exporters, is interested in the revision of allocation of responsibility between producers and consumers of carbon intensive products. On the other hand, current technological backwardness makes Russia vulnerable to the policy of 'carbon protectionism', which can be implemented by its trade partners.

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    Современное и перспективное развитие морского флота неразрывно связано с безопасностью мореплавания, которое обеспечивается безотказным и надежным функционированием систем жизнеобеспечения и судового оборудования. В связи с этим возникает необходимость в развитии современных методов оперативной диагностики для контроля технического состояния оборудования. Тепловизионная диагностика является признанным методом оценки технического состояния оборудования на энергетических предприятиях, однако на судах рыбопромыслового флота и береговых предприятиях систематическая тепловизионная диагностика практически не используется. Применение методов количественной термографии обусловлено необходимостью выявления дефектов электрои теплоэнергетических устройств на ранней стадии непосредственно в режиме эксплуатации. Разрабатываемая система тепловизионных испытаний различных систем, объектов или материалов объединяет различные методы (электрофизические, оптические) и реализуется в комплексе с тепловыми, электрическими, химическими испытаниями. Представлены основные этапы применения системы технического контроля судовых устройств и средств на основе методов количественной термографии. Метод тепловизионного обследования электротехнического оборудования в целом представляет собой совокупность мероприятий, необходимых для проведения испытаний и выработки адекватной экспертной оценки. Рассмотрены примеры применения тепловизионной техники на морских судах, приведены результаты тепловизионных испытаний на примере анализа состояния судовых кабельных трасс. Представлены материалы испытаний кабельных трасс с учетом анализа твердости шланговой изоляции и изоляции жилы. Анализ результатов позволит определить срок службы кабельных трасс и выработать рекомендации при дефектации и замене оборудования. Modern and perspective development of navy is inseparably connected with safety of the navigation provided with trouble-free and reliable functioning of life support systems and the ship equipment. In this regard the development of modern methods of expeditious diagnostics for control of technical condition of the equipment is actual. Thermal diagnostics is a recognized method of technical condition assessment of the equipment at the power plants, but the systematic IR-diagnostics is almost never used on the vessels of fishing fleet and shore facilities. The application of the methods of quantitative thermal imaging is conditioned with the necessity of detection of defects of power and heat engineering apparatus at the initial stage directly in the operating modes of exploitation. The developed system of thermal imaging tests of different systems, objects or materials combines different methods (electrophysical, optical) and is actualized as a complex with thermal, electrical and chemical tests. The major stages of using the system of technical control of marine equipment and apparatus based on the methods of quantitative thermal imaging technology. The method of thermal imaging inspection of electrical equipment is considered as a complex of the measures necessary for the tests and proper expert assessment. The examples of the use of the thermal imaging technology for vessels are considered, the results of thermal testing on the example of the analysis of the marine cable routing are given. The results of the tests of cable routing based on the analysis of the hardness of the hose and core insulation are presented. The analysis of the results will help define the lifetime of cable routing and give recommendations while inspecting and replacing the equipment.

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    В сложившихся экономических условиях система государственного контроля нацелена на повышение качества и эффективности экономического роста, развитие социальной сферы. Объектами контроля становится весь процесс производственно-хозяйственной деятельности, что определяет ключевую роль контроля в системе управления. В условиях бюджетного дефицита особую актуальность приобретает активная работа всех органов внутреннего финансового контроля. При этом органы государственного и внутреннего финансового контроля должны иметь взаимно увязанные методики оценки финансовых рисков и налаженный обмен сведениями между собой, а также с другими органами и организациями, участвующими в достижении результатов в соответствующих сферах деятельности. In the current economic climate, the system of state regulation is aimed at improving the quality and effectiveness of the economic growth and development of social services. The entire process of production and commercial operations become the object of control. Proactive efforts of the entire internal financial institution become extremely important during the budget deficit. State and domestic financial regulatory authorities should have balanced approach to estimate financial risks and good communication between each other as well as with the other authorities and organizations participating in achieving results in the relevant areas.

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    The results of a survey conducted in the remote areas of the Republic of Karelia in 2013 2014 are presented in the article. The quality, availability and demand for social services are studied. The level of social services provided is defined. An empirical model of social services is presented. The effect of innovation implementation in the work of social welfare centres is assessed in the paper. Представлены результаты социологического опроса, проведенного на отдаленных территориях Республики Карелия в 2013-2014 гг. Исследованы качество, доступность и потребность в социальных услугах, определен уровень оказания социальных услуг, представлена эмпирическая модель социального обслуживания. В рамках исследования оценен эффект от внедрения ряда инноваций в работу центров социальной помощи.

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    В статье рассматривается значимость повышения конкурентоспособности и эффективности территориальной экономики в сложившихся условиях, применения новых стратегических подходов, предусматривающих комплексное использование социально-экономического и научно-технического потенциала территорий, и создания благоприятных условий для функционирования бизнеса. В качестве одного из таких подходов рассмотрен кластерный подход. The article discusses the importance of increasing competitiveness and efficiency of the regional economy, application of new strategic approaches which involve complex use of socioeconomic, scientific and technological regional potential and creating favorable conditions for business. The author suggests cluster approach as one of those methods.

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    The «green» economy is one of the main problems in modern economy and environmental protection. This phenomenon has become to develop only at the end of the last century. The society started to realize limitation of natural resources. This article presents theoretical aspects of «green» economy. The historical periods of evolution of sustainable development and «green» economy in Russian and foreign literature were studied. The analysis of final documents of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development was carried out. The authors offer a methodical device for estimation the territory potential for transition to «green» economy in order to achieve sustainable development Отмечено, что «зеленая» экономика является одной из главных проблем в современной экономике и охране окружающей среды. Данное явление стало активно развиваться лишь в конце прошлого века, когда общество начало осознавать ограниченность природных ресурсов. Представлены теоретические аспекты «зеленой» экономики. Изучены исторические периоды становления устойчивого развития и «зеленой» экономики в отечественной и зарубежной литературе. Проведен анализ итоговых документов Конференций ООН по окружающей среде и устойчивому развитию. Предложен методический аппарат, позволяющий оценить потенциал территории для перехода к «зеленой» экономике с целью достижения устойчивого развития

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