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  • 16. Peace & justice
  • 12. Responsible consumption
  • Russian

  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: I. S. Glushankova; E. V. Kalinina; E. N. Demina;

    The purification of industrial and surface wastewater from heavy metal ions (HMI) to requirements for the discharge of treated wastewater into natural waters is one of the most complicated environmental and technological problems. For the deep purification of waste water from the HMI, the use of cheap sorbents obtained from production waste is the most promising. One of the many-tonnage wastes of technology of inorganic substances is the sludge formed in the production of soda by the ammonia Solvay, s method. Currently, sludge is stored in sludge accumulators and is a long-term source of pollution of environmental objects. Scientific developments in the utilization of slimes with the production of building materials, etc., have not found wide practical use, which is due to the heterogeneity of the granulometric and chemical composition of the waste. Carried out X-ray phase analysis and studies of the physicochemical and chemical properties of waste samples showed that its main components are calcium carbonate (calcite) and calcium hydroxide (portlandite). It is known that the natural mineral limestone efficiently extracts HMI from aqueous solutions with the formation of less soluble basic salts, carbonates, and hydroxy carbonates of HM. It has been established that sludge samples have high sorption activity when copper(II) and zinc ions are extracted from low concentrated solutions (sorption capacity for copper ions is 35.0 mg/g, sorption capacity for zinc ions is 40 mg/g). To increase the operational properties, a method has been developed for the production of a modified granular sorbent based on the sludge of soda production, consisting in treating with sodium silicate. The effect of a dose of sodium silicate in the sorbent composition on the mechanical strength and sorption properties of the obtained samples was studied. It has been established that the introduction of 8,6% SiO2 into the sludge leads to an increase in the mechanical strength by 50–80%, and does not have a significant effect on the sorption activity of the material. The kinetic and sorption regularities of extraction of copper(II) ions and zinc on modified sorbents are revealed. Based on the analysis of the adsorption isotherms obtained, the adsorption equilibrium constants and maximum adsorption values (Amax (Cu2+) = 50.8 mg/g; Amax (Zn2+) = 97.1 mg/g) were determined. Obtained sorption materials can be recommended for wastewater treatment from HMI.

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    Theoretical and Applied Ecology
    Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
    Data sources: Crossref
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      Theoretical and Applied Ecology
      Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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    The modern urban policy sets rather complex challenges connected with simultaneous depreciation of finished goods, works acceleration, improvement of design decisions, and also with improvement of quality, reliability and availability of housing for construction branch. Standard constructive solutions of elements now in use of the building are rather well studied and have an application vast experience in housing construction. In the Republic of Bashkortostan the greatest distribution was gained by constructive solutions of elements of the building, classical for mass housing construction, in particular, standard options of overlappings and coverings from monolithic and precast concrete concern to them. Well-known shortcomings of these versions of decisions can be compensated, realizing overlappings from assembly and monolithic the keramzitobetonnykh of blocks, to conforming all requirements for reliability and the heat-shielding allowing to receive the qualitative bearing building element with an optimum level of expenses and time in climatic conditions of the Republic of Bashkortostan. The proposed solutions will allow to reduce costs of 1 sq.m of overlapping to 1,5 2 times, to lose volume weight to 1,5-2 times of rather classical options from monolithic and precast concrete. The given results of the technical and economic analysis of the recommended options of overlappings (coverings) show their high efficiency and availability to projects of housing construction, including to the socially oriented housing financed from budgets of all levels. Современная градостроительная политика ставит перед строительной отраслью достаточно сложные задачи, связанные с одновременным снижением стоимости готовой продукции, ускорением производства работ, совершенствованием проектных решений, а также с повышением качества, надежности и доступности жилья. Используемые в настоящее время типовые конструктивные решения элементов здания достаточно хорошо изучены и имеют богатый опыт применения в жилищном строительстве. В Республике Башкортостан наибольшее распространение получили классические для массового жилищного строительства конструктивные решения элементов здания, в частности, к ним относятся типовые варианты перекрытий и покрытий из монолитного и сборного железобетона. Хорошо известные недостатки этих вариантов решений можно компенсировать, реализуя перекрытия из сборно-монолитных керамзитобетонных блоков, позволяющие получать качественный несущий элемент здания с оптимальным уровнем затрат и времени, соответствующие всем требованиям по надежности и теплозащиты в природно-климатических условиях Республики Башкортостан. Предлагаемые решения позволят сократить затраты на 1 м 2 перекрытия до 1,5 - 2 раз, снизить объемный вес до 1,5-2 раз относительно классических вариантов из монолитного и сборного железобетона. Приведенные результаты технико-экономического анализа рекомендованных вариантов перекрытий (покрытий) показывают их высокую эффективность и доступность для проектов жилищного строительства, в том числе для социально-ориентированного жилья, финансируемого из бюджетов всех уровней.

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    The article deals with the issues of sustainable development of rural areas in Russia and directions for the modernization of the rural economy. The changes in the functions of rural areas in terms of the demographic crisis and economic restructuring are shown in the paper. The article contains an analysis of the potential development of the rural areas. The possible directions of the state policy in the field of rural entrepreneurship are presented in the article. В статье исследуются вопросы устойчивого развития сельских территорий России и направления модернизации сельской экономики. Рассмотрено изменение функций сельских территорий в условиях демографического кризиса и структурной перестройки экономики. Проведен анализ потенциала развития сельских территорий. Представлены возможные направления государственной политики в области поддержки сельского предпринимательства.

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    Экстремистская деятельность представляет угрозу жизни и здоровью граждан, угрозу стабильному развитию (а порой и существованию) государства. Основой противодействия распространению идеологии экстремизма является воспитание граждан правового, демократического государства, способных к социализации в условиях гражданского общества, уважающих права и свободы личности. Гражданская культура студентов рассматривается как система, состоящая из трех компонентов: когнитивного, потребностно-мотивационного, поведенчески-деятельностного. В качестве примера практической реализации модели формирования гражданской культуры студентов предложен и детально охарактеризован проект «Мы вместе!» The extremist activity poses a threat to the life and health of citizens. It also affects the sustainable development (and sometimes the very existence) of a state. The basis of the extremism ideology counter-proliferation is to educate the citizens of a law-governed and democratic state capable of socialization in a civil society and showing respect to individual rights and freedoms. Students’ civic culture is viewed as a system consisting of three components: cognitive, need-motivational, behavioral-active ones. As an example of the practical implementation of civic culture formation model the project “We are together!” is offered and described in detail.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Bulletin of the Sout...arrow_drop_down
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    Civil aviation industry is constantly changing. The changes are associated not only with flight operations and air navigation services, but also with aviation personnel compliance with the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) language proficiency standards. Language proficiency requirements were sufficiently increased after the ICAO representatives had revealed a direct link between the aviation accidents and incidents and low proficiency in English of the participants of these events. Increased ICAO language proficiency requirements raised the issue of foreign language competence as an integral component of professional competence of aviation specialists. Thus, the development of foreign language competence, being a high-priority competence of an aviation specialist requires exploring educational technologies that will allow structuring English language training at aviation school and improving the quality of language training of pilots and air traffic controllers. The purpose of the article is to give the rationale for the implementation of W.M. Rivers’ interactive language teaching principles in teaching aviation school cadets a foreign language. The methods used are analysis of the regulatory documents of higher education and the ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization) legal documents regulating aviation safety and the method of deduction. The methods of interactive teaching, proposed by a professor of Harvard University W.M. Rivers were discussed. The author revealed the compliance of the interactive principles with the principles adopted by Russian pedagogical science. What is more, the uniqueness of the principles was specified. The comparison of teaching principles adopted by European education environment with the principles adopted by Russian scientific pedagogical environment was considered for the first time. The consistent implementation of the principles of interactive language teaching introduced by W.M. Rivers in foreign language teaching will allow the lecturers of higher education institutions to improve the quality of language training at non-language institutions of higher education. Отрасль гражданской авиации постоянно претерпевает изменения, которые связаны не только с выполнением полетов гражданских судов и их аэронавигационным обслуживанием, но и с соответствием персонала языковым стандартам Международной организации гражданской авиации. Вопрос ужесточения языковых требований встал после того, как представители ИКАО выявили прямую связь между авиационными катастрофами и происшествиями и знанием английского языка участниками этих событий. Ужесточение языковых требований затронуло проблему развития иноязычной компетентности как неотъемлемого компонента профессиональной компетентности авиационных специалистов. Таким образом, развитие иноязычной компетентности, являющейся приоритетной для авиационного специалиста, требует поиска образовательной технологии обучения, позволяющей структурировать обучение английскому языку в авиационном вузе и повысить качество языковой подготовки пилотов и диспетчеров. Цель статьи научно обосновать реализацию принципов интерактивной образовательной технологии В.М. Риверс (W.M. Rivers) в обучении иностранному языку курсантов авиационного вуза. Для достижения поставленной цели был использован анализ нормативных документов в сфере высшего профессионального образования и нормативно-правовые документы Международной организации гражданской авиации (ИКАО), регламентирующие деятельность по обеспечению авиационной безопасности, метод дедукции. Обоснованы методы интерактивного обучения, предложенные профессором Гарвардского университета В.М. Риверс. Выявлена степень их соответствия принципам, принятым в российской педагогической науке, и их уникальность. Впервые проведено сравнение педагогических принципов, принятых в европейской образовательной среде, с принципами, принятыми в русскоязычной научной педагогической среде. Последовательная реализация принципов интерактивного обучения В.М. Риверс в обучении иностранному языку позволит преподавателям образовательных учреждений высшего профессионального образования повысить качество языковой подготовки в неязыковых вуза.

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    The article is devoted to the maintenance and preservation of peace on our planet, reflected in the activities and writings of Nobel peace prize laureate, philosopher and humanist Albert Schweitzer. This article uses previously unknown in our literature documents. Раскрыты проблемы поддержания и сохранения мира на нашей планете, отраженные в деятельности и трудах лауреата Нобелевской премии мира, мыслителя-гуманиста Альберта Швейцера. Использованы ранее неизвестные в нашей литературе документы.

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    В статье авторы поднимают проблемные вопросы теории и практики реализации органами внутренних дел Республики Беларусь осмотра, досмотра и обыска как процессуальных действий, закрепленных в административном законодательстве республики. Обоснованы теоретические положения, раскрывающие сущность осмотра, досмотра и обыска, выявлены проблемы их реализации. Предложены изменения и дополнения в конкретные нормативные правовые акты. The articles studies the theoretical and practical questions of observation, examination and search carried out by the law enforcement bodies under the Administrative Law of the Republic of Belarus. The authors give theoretical grounds of observation, examination and search; reveal problems of their implementation. The article contains some suggestions of changing and amending the corresponding law acts.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/

    Nowadays the projects of teaching foreign students Russian language using distance learning technologies are increasing in number. This tendency defines the necessity to increase the intercultural competence of all the participants of such projects. The experience of the Institute of Economics, Management and Law in the development and implementation of the workshop “Learn the other culture” is described in this article. The main aim of this workshop is to raise the level of intercultural competence of teachers and other participants of projects which is important for effective teaching Russian as a foreign language at a distance. В настоящее время все более актуальными становятся проекты дистанционного обучения иностранных студентов. Данная тенденция определяет необходимость повышения межкультурной компетенции всех участников образовательных проектов в данной области. Описан опыт Института экономики, управления и права в разработке и апробации семинара-тренинга «Познаем другую культуру», целью которого является повышение уровня межкультурной компетенции преподавателей и других участников проекта, необходимой им для эффективного обучения иностранных студентов русскому языку по дистанционной форме.

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    В рамках современной системы международного климатического регулирования страны несут ответственность за выбросы парниковых газов, осуществляемые в результате хозяйственной деятельности на их территории, даже в том случае, если эмиссия происходит при производстве продукции, направляемой на экспорт. Напротив, импорт углеродоемкой продукции международными соглашениями никак не ограничивается. В данной работе на основе анализа межстрановых таблиц «затраты выпуск», представленных в базе данных WIOD, осуществлена оценка объема выбросов углекислого газа, осуществляемых при производстве продукции, экспортируемой Россией за рубеж («экспорта выбросов») и импортируемых в Россию из других стран («импорта выбросов»). Выявлено, что Россия является вторым в мире нетто-экспортером выбросов углекислого газа, причем подавляющее большинство выбросов направляется в форме экспортируемой продукции в развитые страны. Причинами высокой углеродоемкости российской экспортной продукции являются как технологическая отсталость от развитых стран, так и особенности товарной структуры внешней торговли России: ее экспорт состоит преимущественно из углеводородного сырья и энергоемких товаров, а импорт из продукции с относительно невысокой энергоемкостью. Значительные объемы нетто-экспорта выбросов делают Россию страной, интересам которой текущая схема учета выбросов отвечает в наименьшей степени. С одной стороны, Россия, как и другие крупные страны-нетто-экспортеры выбросов, заинтересована в пересмотре принципов распределения ответственности между производителями и потребителями углеродоемкой продукции. С другой стороны, существующая технологическая отсталость делает ее уязвимой перед лицом политики «углеродного протекционизма», которая может начать применяться в других государствах. According to current international climate change regime countries are responsible for greenhouse gas emissions, which result from economic activities within national borders, including emissions from producing goods for exports. At the same time imports of carbon intensive goods are not regulated by international agreements. In this paper carbon emissions embodied in exports and imports of Russia were calculated with the use of inter-country input-output tables from WIOD database. It was revealed that Russia is the second largest exporter of emissions embodied in trade and the large portion of these emissions is directed to developed countries. The reasons for high carbon intensity of Russia's exports are obsolete technologies (in comparison to developed economies) and the structure of commodity trade: Russian exports primarily fossil fuels and energy-intensive goods and imports products with relatively low energy intensity. Because of large amount of net exports of carbon intensive goods the current approach to emissions accounting does not suit interests of Russia. On the one hand, Russia, as well as other large net emissions exporters, is interested in the revision of allocation of responsibility between producers and consumers of carbon intensive products. On the other hand, current technological backwardness makes Russia vulnerable to the policy of 'carbon protectionism', which can be implemented by its trade partners.

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    Вооруженное противостояние в Сирии между действующей властью и оппозицией (внутренней и внешней) наряду с активностью боевиков запрещенной в России террористической организации «Исламское государство» (ИГ), начавшееся в марте 2011 г., практически сразу вышло за рамки внутригосударственного военно-политического конфликта, а затем и за пределы Ближневосточного региона. В сирийский кризис оказались вовлечены другие страны и международные коалиции, в связи с чем этот конфликт приобрел статус самого острого и глобального противостояния современности. Он находится в фокусе внимания региональных держав (Турции, Израиля, Ирана), монархий Персидского залива, соседних с Сирией арабских стран, ведущих стран НАТО и ЕС, Китая и России. Статья посвящена характеристике позиций основных действующих игроков войны в Сирии. The armed conflict in Syria between the current government and the opposition (domestic and foreign) along with the activity of the militants of the terrorist organization “Islamic state” (ISIL) banned in Russia, which began in March 2011, almost immediately went beyond military and political conflict within the country, and then beyond the Middle East region. Other countries and international coalitions were involved into the Syrian crisis, that's why this conflict has acquired the status of a global and acute in our days. It appeared in the focus of the regional powers (Turkey, Israel, Iran), the Gulf monarchies, Syria's neighboring Arab countries, as well as leading countries of NATO and the EU, China and Russia. The article discusses stances of the main current players of the Syrian conflict.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: I. S. Glushankova; E. V. Kalinina; E. N. Demina;

    The purification of industrial and surface wastewater from heavy metal ions (HMI) to requirements for the discharge of treated wastewater into natural waters is one of the most complicated environmental and technological problems. For the deep purification of waste water from the HMI, the use of cheap sorbents obtained from production waste is the most promising. One of the many-tonnage wastes of technology of inorganic substances is the sludge formed in the production of soda by the ammonia Solvay, s method. Currently, sludge is stored in sludge accumulators and is a long-term source of pollution of environmental objects. Scientific developments in the utilization of slimes with the production of building materials, etc., have not found wide practical use, which is due to the heterogeneity of the granulometric and chemical composition of the waste. Carried out X-ray phase analysis and studies of the physicochemical and chemical properties of waste samples showed that its main components are calcium carbonate (calcite) and calcium hydroxide (portlandite). It is known that the natural mineral limestone efficiently extracts HMI from aqueous solutions with the formation of less soluble basic salts, carbonates, and hydroxy carbonates of HM. It has been established that sludge samples have high sorption activity when copper(II) and zinc ions are extracted from low concentrated solutions (sorption capacity for copper ions is 35.0 mg/g, sorption capacity for zinc ions is 40 mg/g). To increase the operational properties, a method has been developed for the production of a modified granular sorbent based on the sludge of soda production, consisting in treating with sodium silicate. The effect of a dose of sodium silicate in the sorbent composition on the mechanical strength and sorption properties of the obtained samples was studied. It has been established that the introduction of 8,6% SiO2 into the sludge leads to an increase in the mechanical strength by 50–80%, and does not have a significant effect on the sorption activity of the material. The kinetic and sorption regularities of extraction of copper(II) ions and zinc on modified sorbents are revealed. Based on the analysis of the adsorption isotherms obtained, the adsorption equilibrium constants and maximum adsorption values (Amax (Cu2+) = 50.8 mg/g; Amax (Zn2+) = 97.1 mg/g) were determined. Obtained sorption materials can be recommended for wastewater treatment from HMI.

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    Theoretical and Applied Ecology
    Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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      Theoretical and Applied Ecology
      Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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    The modern urban policy sets rather complex challenges connected with simultaneous depreciation of finished goods, works acceleration, improvement of design decisions, and also with improvement of quality, reliability and availability of housing for construction branch. Standard constructive solutions of elements now in use of the building are rather well studied and have an application vast experience in housing construction. In the Republic of Bashkortostan the greatest distribution was gained by constructive solutions of elements of the building, classical for mass housing construction, in particular, standard options of overlappings and coverings from monolithic and precast concrete concern to them. Well-known shortcomings of these versions of decisions can be compensated, realizing overlappings from assembly and monolithic the keramzitobetonnykh of blocks, to conforming all requirements for reliability and the heat-shielding allowing to receive the qualitative bearing building element with an optimum level of expenses and time in climatic conditions of the Republic of Bashkortostan. The proposed solutions will allow to reduce costs of 1 sq.m of overlapping to 1,5 2 times, to lose volume weight to 1,5-2 times of rather classical options from monolithic and precast concrete. The given results of the technical and economic analysis of the recommended options of overlappings (coverings) show their high efficiency and availability to projects of housing construction, including to the socially oriented housing financed from budgets of all levels. Современная градостроительная политика ставит перед строительной отраслью достаточно сложные задачи, связанные с одновременным снижением стоимости готовой продукции, ускорением производства работ, совершенствованием проектных решений, а также с повышением качества, надежности и доступности жилья. Используемые в настоящее время типовые конструктивные решения элементов здания достаточно хорошо изучены и имеют богатый опыт применения в жилищном строительстве. В Республике Башкортостан наибольшее распространение получили классические для массового жилищного строительства конструктивные решения элементов здания, в частности, к ним относятся типовые варианты перекрытий и покрытий из монолитного и сборного железобетона. Хорошо известные недостатки этих вариантов решений можно компенсировать, реализуя перекрытия из сборно-монолитных керамзитобетонных блоков, позволяющие получать качественный несущий элемент здания с оптимальным уровнем затрат и времени, соответствующие всем требованиям по надежности и теплозащиты в природно-климатических условиях Республики Башкортостан. Предлагаемые решения позволят сократить затраты на 1 м 2 перекрытия до 1,5 - 2 раз, снизить объемный вес до 1,5-2 раз относительно классических вариантов из монолитного и сборного железобетона. Приведенные результаты технико-экономического анализа рекомендованных вариантов перекрытий (покрытий) показывают их высокую эффективность и доступность для проектов жилищного строительства, в том числе для социально-ориентированного жилья, финансируемого из бюджетов всех уровней.

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    The article deals with the issues of sustainable development of rural areas in Russia and directions for the modernization of the rural economy. The changes in the functions of rural areas in terms of the demographic crisis and economic restructuring are shown in the paper. The article contains an analysis of the potential development of the rural areas. The possible directions of the state policy in the field of rural entrepreneurship are presented in the article. В статье исследуются вопросы устойчивого развития сельских территорий России и направления модернизации сельской экономики. Рассмотрено изменение функций сельских территорий в условиях демографического кризиса и структурной перестройки экономики. Проведен анализ потенциала развития сельских территорий. Представлены возможные направления государственной политики в области поддержки сельского предпринимательства.

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    Экстремистская деятельность представляет угрозу жизни и здоровью граждан, угрозу стабильному развитию (а порой и существованию) государства. Основой противодействия распространению идеологии экстремизма является воспитание граждан правового, демократического государства, способных к социализации в условиях гражданского общества, уважающих права и свободы личности. Гражданская культура студентов рассматривается как система, состоящая из трех компонентов: когнитивного, потребностно-мотивационного, поведенчески-деятельностного. В качестве примера практической реализации модели формирования гражданской культуры студентов предложен и детально охарактеризован проект «Мы вместе!» The extremist activity poses a threat to the life and health of citizens. It also affects the sustainable development (and sometimes the very existence) of a state. The basis of the extremism ideology counter-proliferation is to educate the citizens of a law-governed and democratic state capable of socialization in a civil society and showing respect to individual rights and freedoms. Students’ civic culture is viewed as a system consisting of three components: cognitive, need-motivational, behavioral-active ones. As an example of the practical implementation of civic culture formation model the project “We are together!” is offered and described in detail.

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    Civil aviation industry is constantly changing. The changes are associated not only with flight operations and air navigation services, but also with aviation personnel compliance with the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) language proficiency standards. Language proficiency requirements were sufficiently increased after the ICAO representatives had revealed a direct link between the aviation accidents and incidents and low proficiency in English of the participants of these events. Increased ICAO language proficiency requirements raised the issue of foreign language competence as an integral component of professional competence of aviation specialists. Thus, the development of foreign language competence, being a high-priority competence of an aviation specialist requires exploring educational technologies that will allow structuring English language training at aviation school and improving the quality of language training of pilots and air traffic controllers. The purpose of the article is to give the rationale for the implementation of W.M. Rivers’ interactive language teaching principles in teaching aviation school cadets a foreign language. The methods used are analysis of the regulatory documents of higher education and the ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization) legal documents regulating aviation safety and the method of deduction. The methods of interactive teaching, proposed by a professor of Harvard University W.M. Rivers were discussed. The author revealed the compliance of the interactive principles with the principles adopted by Russian pedagogical science. What is more, the uniqueness of the principles was specified. The comparison of teaching principles adopted by European education environment with the principles adopted by Russian scientific pedagogical environment was considered for the first time. The consistent implementation of the principles of interactive language teaching introduced by W.M. Rivers in foreign language teaching will allow the lecturers of higher education institutions to improve the quality of language training at non-language institutions of higher education. Отрасль гражданской авиации постоянно претерпевает изменения, которые связаны не только с выполнением полетов гражданских судов и их аэронавигационным обслуживанием, но и с соответствием персонала языковым стандартам Международной организации гражданской авиации. Вопрос ужесточения языковых требований встал после того, как представители ИКАО выявили прямую связь между авиационными катастрофами и происшествиями и знанием английского языка участниками этих событий. Ужесточение языковых требований затронуло проблему развития иноязычной компетентности как неотъемлемого компонента профессиональной компетентности авиационных специалистов. Таким образом, развитие иноязычной компетентности, являющейся приоритетной для авиационного специалиста, требует поиска образовательной технологии обучения, позволяющей структурировать обучение английскому языку в авиационном вузе и повысить качество языковой подготовки пилотов и диспетчеров. Цель статьи научно обосновать реализацию принципов интерактивной образовательной технологии В.М. Риверс (W.M. Rivers) в обучении иностранному языку курсантов авиационного вуза. Для достижения поставленной цели был использован анализ нормативных документов в сфере высшего профессионального образования и нормативно-правовые документы Международной организации гражданской авиации (ИКАО), регламентирующие деятельность по обеспечению авиационной безопасности, метод дедукции. Обоснованы методы интерактивного обучения, предложенные профессором Гарвардского университета В.М. Риверс. Выявлена степень их соответствия принципам, принятым в российской педагогической науке, и их уникальность. Впервые проведено сравнение педагогических принципов, принятых в европейской образовательной среде, с принципами, принятыми в русскоязычной научной педагогической среде. Последовательная реализация принципов интерактивного обучения В.М. Риверс в обучении иностранному языку позволит преподавателям образовательных учреждений высшего профессионального образования повысить качество языковой подготовки в неязыковых вуза.

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    The article is devoted to the maintenance and preservation of peace on our planet, reflected in the activities and writings of Nobel peace prize laureate, philosopher and humanist Albert Schweitzer. This article uses previously unknown in our literature documents. Раскрыты проблемы поддержания и сохранения мира на нашей планете, отраженные в деятельности и трудах лауреата Нобелевской премии мира, мыслителя-гуманиста Альберта Швейцера. Использованы ранее неизвестные в нашей литературе документы.

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    В статье авторы поднимают проблемные вопросы теории и практики реализации органами внутренних дел Республики Беларусь осмотра, досмотра и обыска как процессуальных действий, закрепленных в административном законодательстве республики. Обоснованы теоретические положения, раскрывающие сущность осмотра, досмотра и обыска, выявлены проблемы их реализации. Предложены изменения и дополнения в конкретные нормативные правовые акты. The articles studies the theoretical and practical questions of observation, examination and search carried out by the law enforcement bodies under the Administrative Law of the Republic of Belarus. The authors give theoretical grounds of observation, examination and search; reveal problems of their implementation. The article contains some suggestions of changing and amending the corresponding law acts.

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    Nowadays the projects of teaching foreign students Russian language using distance learning technologies are increasing in number. This tendency defines the necessity to increase the intercultural competence of all the participants of such projects. The experience of the Institute of Economics, Management and Law in the development and implementation of the workshop “Learn the other culture” is described in this article. The main aim of this workshop is to raise the level of intercultural competence of teachers and other participants of projects which is important for effective teaching Russian as a foreign language at a distance. В настоящее время все более актуальными становятся проекты дистанционного обучения иностранных студентов. Данная тенденция определяет необходимость повышения межкультурной компетенции всех участников образовательных проектов в данной области. Описан опыт Института экономики, управления и права в разработке и апробации семинара-тренинга «Познаем другую культуру», целью которого является повышение уровня межкультурной компетенции преподавателей и других участников проекта, необходимой им для эффективного обучения иностранных студентов русскому языку по дистанционной форме.

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    В рамках современной системы международного климатического регулирования страны несут ответственность за выбросы парниковых газов, осуществляемые в результате хозяйственной деятельности на их территории, даже в том случае, если эмиссия происходит при производстве продукции, направляемой на экспорт. Напротив, импорт углеродоемкой продукции международными соглашениями никак не ограничивается. В данной работе на основе анализа межстрановых таблиц «затраты выпуск», представленных в базе данных WIOD, осуществлена оценка объема выбросов углекислого газа, осуществляемых при производстве продукции, экспортируемой Россией за рубеж («экспорта выбросов») и импортируемых в Россию из других стран («импорта выбросов»). Выявлено, что Россия является вторым в мире нетто-экспортером выбросов углекислого газа, причем подавляющее большинство выбросов направляется в форме экспортируемой продукции в развитые страны. Причинами высокой углеродоемкости российской экспортной продукции являются как технологическая отсталость от развитых стран, так и особенности товарной структуры внешней торговли России: ее экспорт состоит преимущественно из углеводородного сырья и энергоемких товаров, а импорт из продукции с относительно невысокой энергоемкостью. Значительные объемы нетто-экспорта выбросов делают Россию страной, интересам которой текущая схема учета выбросов отвечает в наименьшей степени. С одной стороны, Россия, как и другие крупные страны-нетто-экспортеры выбросов, заинтересована в пересмотре принципов распределения ответственности между производителями и потребителями углеродоемкой продукции. С другой стороны, существующая технологическая отсталость делает ее уязвимой перед лицом политики «углеродного протекционизма», которая может начать применяться в других государствах. According to current international climate change regime countries are responsible for greenhouse gas emissions, which result from economic activities within national borders, including emissions from producing goods for exports. At the same time imports of carbon intensive goods are not regulated by international agreements. In this paper carbon emissions embodied in exports and imports of Russia were calculated with the use of inter-country input-output tables from WIOD database. It was revealed that Russia is the second largest exporter of emissions embodied in trade and the large portion of these emissions is directed to developed countries. The reasons for high carbon intensity of Russia's exports are obsolete technologies (in comparison to developed economies) and the structure of commodity trade: Russian exports primarily fossil fuels and energy-intensive goods and imports products with relatively low energy intensity. Because of large amount of net exports of carbon intensive goods the current approach to emissions accounting does not suit interests of Russia. On the one hand, Russia, as well as other large net emissions exporters, is interested in the revision of allocation of responsibility between producers and consumers of carbon intensive products. On the other hand, current technological backwardness makes Russia vulnerable to the policy of 'carbon protectionism', which can be implemented by its trade partners.

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    Вооруженное противостояние в Сирии между действующей властью и оппозицией (внутренней и внешней) наряду с активностью боевиков запрещенной в России террористической организации «Исламское государство» (ИГ), начавшееся в марте 2011 г., практически сразу вышло за рамки внутригосударственного военно-политического конфликта, а затем и за пределы Ближневосточного региона. В сирийский кризис оказались вовлечены другие страны и международные коалиции, в связи с чем этот конфликт приобрел статус самого острого и глобального противостояния современности. Он находится в фокусе внимания региональных держав (Турции, Израиля, Ирана), монархий Персидского залива, соседних с Сирией арабских стран, ведущих стран НАТО и ЕС, Китая и России. Статья посвящена характеристике позиций основных действующих игроков войны в Сирии. The armed conflict in Syria between the current government and the opposition (domestic and foreign) along with the activity of the militants of the terrorist organization “Islamic state” (ISIL) banned in Russia, which began in March 2011, almost immediately went beyond military and political conflict within the country, and then beyond the Middle East region. Other countries and international coalitions were involved into the Syrian crisis, that's why this conflict has acquired the status of a global and acute in our days. It appeared in the focus of the regional powers (Turkey, Israel, Iran), the Gulf monarchies, Syria's neighboring Arab countries, as well as leading countries of NATO and the EU, China and Russia. The article discusses stances of the main current players of the Syrian conflict.

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