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Alcohol consumption affects motor behavior and motor control. Both acute and chronic alcohol abuse have been extensively investigated; however, the therapeutic efficacy of alcohol on some movement disorders, such as myoclonus‐dystonia or essential tremor, still does not have a plausible mechanistic explanation. Yet, there are surprisingly few systematic trials with known GABAergic drugs mimicking the effect of alcohol on neurotransmission. In this brief survey, we aim to summarize the effects of EtOH on striatal function, providing an overview of its cellular and synaptic actions in a ‘circuit‐centered’ view. In addition, we will review both experimental and clinical evidence, in the attempt to provide a plausible mechanistic explanation for alcohol‐responsive movement disorders, with particular emphasis on dystonia. Different hypotheses emerge, which may provide a rationale for the utilization of drugs that mimic alcohol effects, predicting potential drug repositioning.

The ease in which billions of people travel makes public health a security issue as major health events require coordination beyond national borders. If COVID-19 has taught us anything, it’s that major health events require coordination beyond national borders. The pandemic, and others that will follow, has changed our understanding of health. Chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs), emerging infectious diseases and bioterrorism, are now clearly understood as direct threats to security.The ease with which billions of people travel, along with the emerging global threat of climate change makes global public health security a priority issue — stronger partnerships between nations and coordination between domestic ministries more important than ever. The pandemic exposed various weaknesses of global partnerships. Geopolitics, nationalism and national wealth status discrimination took the lead over multilateral cooperation. But setting the global health agenda has often been politicised. Health has also commonly taken a backseat to economic relations and security discussions which are seen as more pressing in diplomatic meetings. Global health diplomacy is what links health and international relations to address health security. It was this diplomacy that delivered political commitments from many corners of the world to push for COVID-19 medicines and essentials, the development of new partnerships and initiatives, and the creation of COVAX — the global scheme to vaccinate people in lower-income countries — and ACT-Accelerator, dubbed “the fastest, most coordinated and successful global effort in history to develop tools to fight a disease”. Applying interdisciplinary knowledge and skills surrounding health threats can provide robust strategies to create better policies. This article was published in 360info.org's Special report: COVID Diplomacy Edited by Tasha Wibawa, 360info and Karthik Nachiappan, National University of Singapore in Melbourne. Available at https://newshub.360info.org/wire?item=6b7417d2-5ddc-4c0c-bea3-9c478e9b669e

{"references": ["Balfour, E.B. 1943. The Living Soil: Evidence of the importance to human health of soil vitality, with special reference to post-war planning. Faber and Faber, London.", "BDA. 1938. Visit of Herr Pfeiffer. News Sheet of the Bio-Dynamic Method of Agriculture. 7: 5.", "Best, A. (ed.). 1972. Water Springing from the Ground: An Anthology of the Writings of Rolf Gardiner. Trustees of the Estate of the late H. Rolf Gardiner, Springhead, Dorset.", "Eckstein, O. 1938. The Soil, it's origin and its place in Bio-dynamic farming. News Sheet of the Bio-Dynamic Method of Agriculture. 7: 5-10.", "Gardiner, H.R. 1972. Can Farming save European Civilisation? In A. Best, Water Springing from the Ground: An anthology of the writings of Rolf Gardiner (pp. 196-203). Trustees of the Estate of the late H. Rolf Gardiner, Springhead, Dorset.", "Heinze, H. G. 1962. Dr. Ehrenfried Pfeiffer: Tribute to a pioneer in the field of life on Earth. Mother Earth. 12(July): 277-282.", "Howard, A. 1944. 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Agriculture Course (\"Printed for private circulation only\"; first English language edition; George Kaufmann Trans). Geotheanum, Dornach.", "Whitehead, A. 2010. Rudolf Steiner: Journey of a Grail Knight Warrior. Golden Beetle Books, Blackheath."]} Biodynamic agriculture and organic farming have been regarded as having different provenances and having arisen independently. The present account introduces the ‘missing link’ between the two. In 1938 Ehrenfried Pfeiffer published the milestone book on biodynamics: Bio-Dynamic Farming and Gardening. In 1940 Lord Northbourne published Look to the Land, the work that introduced the term ‘organic farming’. In the summer of the intervening year, Pfeiffer travelled from Switzerland to Northbourne’s estate in Kent, UK, and presented for British farmers a nine day course on biodynamics, the Betteshanger Summer School and Conference on Bio-Dynamic Farming, 1-9 July 1939. Pfeiffer was supported by the pre-eminent biodynamic scholar-practitioners, Otto Eckstein and Hans Heinze. Dr Scott Williamson of the Peckham Experiment was the sole British lecturer at the Betteshanger Summer School. For the UK Bio-Dynamic Association, the Betteshanger Summer School was the highlight of the year. Northbourne and Pfeiffer had collaborated on the Farleigh Experiment in 1938, and Northbourne had travelled to Switzerland in January 1939 to arrange Pfeiffer’s visit. War broke out less than eight weeks after the Betteshanger Summer School. Northbourne’s manifesto on organic agriculture, Look to the Land, was published in May of the following year. The book took the Steinerian and biodynamic view of ‘the farm as an organism’ as its central tenet and adopted it as the nominative motif for ‘organic’ farming. The book offered to the Anglophone world an account that was secular and distanced from any Anthroposophic or Germanic roots. Subsequently, Northbourne sought to bring Pfeiffer to the UK but Pfeiffer’s next and final visit was in 1950. The Betteshanger Summer School and Conference on biodynamics has been otherwise unreported. As this account demonstrates, Betteshanger was a stepping stone from biodynamics to organics. Northbourne sponsored Pfeiffer’s visit and the Betteshanger biodynamics conference in 1939, and the following year he introduced his term ‘organic farming’ and its philosophy in his book Look to the Land. "Dr. Ehrenfried Pfeiffer ... will be in charge of demonstrations, assisted by members of the Bio- dynamic Association and others ... As Dr. Pfeiffer's activities are world-wide, the opportunity of securing his services for a full week is a rare and important one" Lord Northbourne (1939e, p.1).

(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) No abstract provided.

The ATP-binding cassette transporter GlnPQ is an essential uptake system that transports glutamine, glutamic acid and asparagine in Gram-positive bacteria. It features two extra-cytoplasmic substrate-binding domains (SBDs) that are linked in tandem to the transmembrane domain of the transporter. The two SBDs differ in their ligand specificities, binding affinities and their distance to the transmembrane domain. Here, we elucidate the effects of the tandem arrangement of the domains on the biochemical, biophysical and structural properties of the protein. For this, we determined the crystal structure of the ligand-free tandem SBD1-2 protein from Lactococcus lactis in the absence of the transporter and compared the tandem to the isolated SBDs. We also used isothermal titration calorimetry to determine the ligand-binding affinity of the SBDs and single-molecule Förster resonance energy transfer (smFRET) to relate ligand binding to conformational changes in each of the domains of the tandem. We show that substrate binding and conformational changes are not notably affected by the presence of the adjoining domain in the wild-type protein, and changes only occur when the linker between the domains is shortened. In a proof-of-concept experiment, we combine smFRET with protein-induced fluorescence enhancement (PIFE–FRET) and show that a decrease in SBD linker length is observed as a linear increase in donor-brightness for SBD2 while we can still monitor the conformational states (open/closed) of SBD1. These results demonstrate the feasibility of PIFE–FRET to monitor protein–protein interactions and conformational states simultaneously.

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Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2006; 30: 510-5.", "42.\tSkagerstr\u00f6m J, Alehagen S, H\u00e4ggstr\u00f6m - Nordin E, \u00c5restedt K, Nilsen P. Prevalence of alcohol use before and during pregnancy and predictors of drinking during pregnancy: a cross sectional study in Sweden. BMC Public Health 2013, 13: 780 doi:10.1186/1471-2458-13-780."]} Pawłowska-Muc Agnieszka Konstancja, Łepecka-Klusek Celina, Pilewska-Kozak Anna Bogusława, Stadnicka Grażyna. Używki w ciąży – alcohol = Stimulants in pregnancy – alcohol. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2015;5(8):385-394. ISSN 2391-8306. DOI 10.5281/zenodo.29606 http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.29606 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/2015%3B5%288%29%3A385-394 https://pbn.nauka.gov.pl/works/614390 Formerly Journal of Health Sciences. ISSN 1429-9623 / 2300-665X. Archives 2011–2014 http://journal.rsw.edu.pl/index.php/JHS/issue/archive Deklaracja. Specyfika i zawartość merytoryczna czasopisma nie ulega zmianie. Zgodnie z informacją MNiSW z dnia 2 czerwca 2014 r., że w roku 2014 nie będzie przeprowadzana ocena czasopism naukowych; czasopismo o zmienionym tytule otrzymuje tyle samo punktów co na wykazie czasopism naukowych z dnia 31 grudnia 2014 r. The journal has had 5 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Poland parametric evaluation. Part B item 1089. (31.12.2014). © The Author (s) 2015; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland and Radom University in Radom, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 22.07.2015. Revised 24.08.2015. Accepted: 24.08.2015. Używki w ciąży - alkohol Stimulants in pregnancy - alcohol Pawłowska-Muc Agnieszka Konstancja1, Łepecka-Klusek Celina2, Pilewska‑Kozak Anna Bogusława2, Stadnicka Grażyna3 [1] Ośrodek Kształcenia Podyplomowego Pielęgniarek i Położnych Radomski Szpital Specjalistyczny im. dr Tytusa Chałubińskiego w Radomiu, ul. Lekarska 4 2 Katedra i Klinika Ginekologii i Endokrynologii Ginekologicznej Uniwersytet Medyczny w Lublinie, Al. Racławickie 23 3 Samodzielna Pracownia Umiejętności Położniczych Uniwersytet Medyczny w Lublinie, ul. Staszica 4/6 1 Postgraduate Training Centre for Nurses and Midwives, Dr Tytus Chałubiński Specialist Hospital in Radom, ul. Lekarska 4 2 Department and Clinic of Gynaecology and Gynaecological Endocrinology, School of Health Studies, Medical University of Lublin, Al. Racławickie 23 3 Independent Obstetric Skills Workshop, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Staszica 4/6 Adres do korespondencji: mgr piel. Agnieszka Konstancja Pawłowska-Muc Ośrodek Kształcenia Podyplomowego Pielęgniarek i Położnych Radomski Szpital Specjalistyczny im. dr Tytusa Chałubińskiego w Radomiu, ul. Lekarska 4 tel. 48 3615616; fax: 48 3615437 e-mail: agmich@vp.pl Używki w ciąży - alkohol Streszczenie Wprowadzenie. Spożywanie alkoholu kobiety w wieku rozrodczym jest problemem wielu krajów świata. Stwarza ono duże zagrożenie dla ich zdrowia prokreacyjnego, prawidłowego przebiegu ciąży, zdrowia noworodka i dziecka w późniejszym okresie jego życia. Cel pracy. Celem pracy było ukazanie skali problemu oraz skutków spożywania alkoholu przez kobiety w okresie ciąży. Skrócony opis stanu wiedzy. Z przeglądu piśmiennictwa wynika, iż skala problemu jest trudna do oszacowania. Negatywnych skutków jest zdecydowanie więcej niż pozytywnych. Dotychczas nie określono jeszcze bezpiecznej dawki alkoholu dla ciężarnych, a kobiet spożywających napoje alkoholowe w tym czasie jest wciąż za duża. Świadomość konsekwencji takich zachowań nie zawsze idzie w parze z całkowitą rezygnacją z picia alkoholu podczas ciąży. Podsumowanie. Istnieje potrzeba większego niż dotychczas angażowania się pracowników medycznych (lekarzy położników i położnych) w działalność nie tylko informacyjną, lecz także edukacyjną i wspierającą. Słowa kluczowe: alkohol, ciąża, płód, zdrowie. Stimulants in pregnancy - alcohol Abstract Introduction. Alcohol consumption by women in the reproductive period is a current problem in many countries around the world. It poses a great threat to their reproductive health, the correct parturition, the health of the newborn and the child in the later part of its life. Aim. It was the aim of this work to present the scale of the problem as well as the results of women’s alcohol consumption during pregnancy. Brief description of the state of the art. The review of the bibliography indicates that the scale of the problem is hard to assess. Negative effects are much more prevalent than the positive ones. A safe unit dose for pregnant women has not yet been established and the number of women consuming alcohol during this period is still too high. The awareness of the consequences of such actions is not always accompanied by complete abstinence from alcohol consumption during pregnancy. Conclusion. This calls for a greater involvement than before on the part of the medical personnel (gynaecologists-obstetricians and midwifes) in the informative but also educational and supportive activities. Key words: ethanol, pregnancy, foetus, health. Pawłowska-Muc Agnieszka Konstancja, Łepecka-Klusek Celina, Pilewska-Kozak Anna Bogusława, Stadnicka Grażyna. Używki w ciąży – alcohol = Stimulants in pregnancy – alcohol. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2015;5(8):385-394. ISSN 2391-8306. DOI 10.5281/zenodo.29606 http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.29606 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/2015%3B5%288%29%3A385-394 https://pbn.nauka.gov.pl/works/614390 Formerly Journal of Health Sciences. ISSN 1429-9623 / 2300-665X. Archives 2011–2014 http://journal.rsw.edu.pl/index.php/JHS/issue/archive

(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Since European settlement more than 10 % of Australia's native fauna have become extinct and the current picture reflects 46 % are at various vulnerability stages. Australia's iconic marsupial species, koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) is listed as vulnerable under national environmental law. Human population growth, road expansion and extensive land clearance have fragmented their eucalyptus habitat and reduced the ability of koalas to move across the tree canopy; making the species most vulnerable on the ground. Disease-principally chlamydia, road death, dog-attack and loss of habitat are key environmental pressures and the reasons why koalas are admitted for veterinary care. It is important to understand the dynamics of the physiological impacts that the koala faces from anthropogenic induced environmental challenges, especially on its essential biological functions (e.g. reproduction and immune system function). This review explores published literature and clinical data to identify key environmental stressors that are operating in mainland koala habitats, and while the focus is mostly on the koala, much of the information is analogous to other wildlife; the review may provide the impetus for future investigations involving other vulnerable native wildlife species (e.g. frogs). Oxalate nephrosis associated renal failure appears to be the most prevalent disease in koala populations from South Australia. Other key environmental stressors included heat stress, car impacts and dog attacks. It is possible that maternal stress, nutritional deprivation, dehydration and possible accumulation of oxalate in eucalyptus leaf increase mostly during drought periods impacting on fetal development. We hypothesize that chronic stress, particularly in urban and fringe zones, is creating very large barriers for conservation and recovery programs. Chronic stress in koalas is a result of the synergistic interplay between proximate environmental stressor/s (e.g. heat stress and fringe effects) acting on the already compromised kidney function, immune- and reproductive suppression. Furthermore, the effects of environmental pollutants in the aggravation of diseases such as kidney failure, reproductive suppression and suppression of the unique marsupial immune system should be researched. Environmental policies should be strengthened to increase human awareness of the threats facing the koala, increased funding support towards scientific research and the protection and creation of reserve habitats in urban areas and fringe zones. Global climate change, nutritional deprivation (loss of food sources), inappropriate fire management, invasive species and the loss of genetic diversity represent the complexities of environmental challenges impacting the koala biology.