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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Solomon H. Gebrechorkos; Ming Pan; Peirong Lin; Daniela Anghileri; +6 Authors

    Bassin de la Volta, Afrique de l'Ouest Les sécheresses hydrologiques ont un large éventail d'impacts sur les sociétés et les secteurs économiques tels que l'agriculture et la production d'énergie. L'analyse des sécheresses hydrologiques aide à mieux planifier et gérer les ressources en eau dans le cadre du changement mondial. Cette étude analyse la variabilité spatiale et temporelle de l'occurrence de la sécheresse hydrologique (durée et gravité) dans le bassin de la Volta entre 1979 et 2013. Nous avons utilisé les modèles de capacité d'infiltration variable et de routage vectoriel (RAPIDE) et les données de forçage à haute résolution pour simuler le débit du cours d'eau pour 10 300 tronçons de rivière. La durée et la gravité de la sécheresse montrent une grande variabilité spatiale et de grandes différences entre les trois décennies (1980, 1990 et 2000). Les sécheresses sont plus graves dans les grands bassins versants, car les débits sont généralement plus élevés. L'analyse des tendances montre une tendance générale à la baisse (jusqu'à 5% par événement) de la durée de la sécheresse dans le nord-est et une tendance à la hausse dans les parties sud du bassin. La gravité de la sécheresse montre une tendance à la hausse et à la baisse (jusqu'à ± 20 %) dans les parties sud et nord du bassin, respectivement. Le débit quotidien du cours d'eau a une corrélation maximale (jusqu'à 0,78) avec les précipitations en amont pour les 30 jours précédents avec un signal clair de propagation de la sécheresse météorologique à la sécheresse hydrologique avec un temps de latence moyen de deux semaines. Les résultats indiquent la nécessité d'envisager des mesures de gestion de la sécheresse spécifiques au site et adaptatives pour minimiser les impacts. Cuenca del río Volta, África Occidental Las sequías hidrológicas tienen una amplia gama de impactos en las sociedades y sectores económicos como la agricultura y la producción de energía. El análisis de las sequías hidrológicas ayuda a planificar y gestionar mejor los recursos hídricos bajo el cambio global. Este estudio analiza la variabilidad espacial y temporal de la ocurrencia de sequía hidrológica (duración y gravedad) en la cuenca del río Volta durante 1979–2013. Utilizamos la Capacidad de Infiltración Variable y los modelos de enrutamiento basados en vectores (RAPID) y los datos de forzamiento de alta resolución para simular el caudal de los ríos 10300. La duración y la gravedad de la sequía muestran una alta variabilidad espacial y grandes diferencias entre las tres décadas (1980, 1990 y 2000). Las sequías son más severas en las cuencas más grandes, ya que los flujos son generalmente más altos. El análisis de tendencias muestra una tendencia general decreciente (hasta un 5% por evento) en la duración de la sequía en el noreste y una tendencia creciente en las partes meridionales de la cuenca. La severidad de la sequía muestra una tendencia creciente y decreciente (hasta ± 20%) en la parte sur y norte de la cuenca, respectivamente. El caudal diario tiene una correlación máxima (hasta 0,78) con la precipitación aguas arriba durante los 30 días anteriores con una clara señal de propagación de la sequía meteorológica a la hidrológica con un tiempo de retardo promedio de dos semanas. Los resultados indican la necesidad de considerar medidas de gestión de la sequía adaptadas y específicas del sitio para minimizar los impactos. Volta River Basin, West Africa Hydrological droughts have a wide range of impacts on societies and economic sectors such as agriculture and energy production. Analysis of hydrological droughts helps better plan and manage water resources under global change. This study analyses the spatial and temporal variability of hydrological drought occurrence (duration and severity) in the Volta River basin during 1979–2013. We used the Variable Infiltration Capacity and vector-based routing (RAPID) models and high-resolution forcing data to simulate streamflow for 10300 river reaches. Drought duration and severity show high spatial variability and large differences between the three decades (1980 s, 1990 s and 2000 s). Droughts are more severe in larger catchments as the flows are generally higher. The trend analysis shows a general decreasing trend (up to 5% per event) in drought duration in the north-eastern and an increasing trend in southern parts of the basin. Drought severity shows an increasing and decreasing trend (up to ± 20%) in south and north part of the basin, respectively. Daily streamflow has a maximum correlation (up to 0.78) with upstream precipitation for the previous 30-days with a clear signal of propagation from meteorological to hydrological drought with an average lag-time of two weeks. The results indicate the need to consider site-specific and adaptive drought management measures to minimize the impacts. حوض نهر فولتا، غرب أفريقيا الجفاف الهيدرولوجي له مجموعة واسعة من الآثار على المجتمعات والقطاعات الاقتصادية مثل الزراعة وإنتاج الطاقة. يساعد تحليل الجفاف الهيدرولوجي على تخطيط وإدارة الموارد المائية بشكل أفضل في ظل التغير العالمي. تحلل هذه الدراسة التباين المكاني والزماني لحدوث الجفاف الهيدرولوجي (المدة والشدة) في حوض نهر فولتا خلال الفترة 1979–2013. استخدمنا سعة التسرب المتغيرة ونماذج التوجيه (السريع) القائمة على المتجهات وبيانات الإجبار عالية الدقة لمحاكاة تدفق التيار لممرات النهر 10300. تظهر مدة الجفاف وشدته تقلبات مكانية عالية واختلافات كبيرة بين العقود الثلاثة (1980 و 1990 و 2000). يكون الجفاف أكثر حدة في مستجمعات المياه الكبيرة حيث تكون التدفقات أعلى بشكل عام. يُظهر تحليل الاتجاه اتجاهًا تنازليًا عامًا (يصل إلى 5 ٪ لكل حدث) في مدة الجفاف في الشمال الشرقي واتجاهًا متزايدًا في الأجزاء الجنوبية من الحوض. تُظهر شدة الجفاف اتجاهًا متزايدًا ومتناقصًا (يصل إلى ± 20 ٪) في الجزء الجنوبي والشمالي من الحوض، على التوالي. التدفق اليومي له علاقة قصوى (تصل إلى 0.78) مع هطول الأمطار في المنبع خلال الثلاثين يومًا السابقة مع إشارة واضحة إلى الانتشار من الأرصاد الجوية إلى الجفاف الهيدرولوجي بمتوسط فترة تأخر تبلغ أسبوعين. تشير النتائج إلى الحاجة إلى النظر في تدابير إدارة الجفاف الخاصة بالموقع والتكيفية لتقليل الآثار.

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    Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
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      Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies
      Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Jaise Kuriakose; Kevin Anderson; Deborah Darko; Emmanuel Obuobie; +2 Authors

    La energía hidroeléctrica es una fuente renovable de generación de electricidad que es una característica común de las contribuciones determinadas a nivel nacional (NDC), especialmente en los países en desarrollo. Sin embargo, lejos de ser benigno, la investigación muestra que las emisiones significativas de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI) emanan de reservorios poco profundos cuando se encuentran en los trópicos. Ghana proporciona un estudio de caso para explorar las implicaciones de las emisiones de los yacimientos hidroeléctricos dentro de un sistema energético futuro consistente con los objetivos climáticos de París. Al ser un país de rápido desarrollo, Ghana necesita generar cantidades significativas de electricidad baja en carbono para satisfacer la creciente demanda en los próximos 30 años. El análisis de las presas ghanesas existentes (Akosombo, Kpong y Bui) y la próxima presa de Pwalugu sugiere que sus intensidades medias de emisión (gCO2/kWh) son similares a las de las centrales eléctricas de carbón durante los primeros 30 años de su vida útil. El estudio de caso demuestra que las emisiones acumuladas (posteriores a 2020) de dióxido de carbono de los recursos hidroeléctricos planificados e identificados consumirán el 40 % del presupuesto de carbono de Ghana que cumple con los requisitos de París, pero proporcionarán poco menos del 1 % de su demanda futura de energía (en escenarios que cumplen con los requisitos de París). El análisis sugiere que la nueva energía hidroeléctrica en los trópicos puede reducir significativamente el espacio de emisiones disponible para otros sectores, como el transporte y la industria, cuando se enfrenta a un presupuesto de emisiones muy restringido. En conclusión, para Ghana específicamente, en lugar de construir más represas, la eficiencia energética y la diversificación de las opciones de suministro de energía renovable, incluida la energía solar flotante, ofrecerían una transición energética para Ghana que está mucho más alineada con los objetivos de París. L'hydroélectricité est une source renouvelable de production d'électricité qui est une caractéristique commune des contributions déterminées au niveau national (CDN), en particulier dans les pays en développement. Cependant, loin d'être bénignes, les recherches montrent que des émissions importantes de gaz à effet de serre (GES) émanent de réservoirs peu profonds lorsqu'ils sont situés sous les tropiques. Le Ghana fournit une étude de cas pour explorer les implications des émissions des réservoirs hydroélectriques dans un futur système énergétique conforme aux objectifs climatiques de Paris. Étant un pays en développement rapide, le Ghana doit générer des quantités importantes d'électricité à faible émission de carbone pour répondre à la demande croissante au cours des 30 prochaines années. L'analyse des barrages ghanéens existants (Akosombo, Kpong et Bui) et du prochain barrage de Pwalugu suggère que leurs intensités moyennes d'émissions (gCO2/kWh) sont similaires à celles des centrales au charbon au cours des 30 premières années de leur vie opérationnelle. L'étude de cas démontre que les émissions cumulées de dioxyde de carbone (après 2020) provenant des ressources hydroélectriques prévues et identifiées consommeront 40 % du budget carbone conforme à Paris du Ghana, tout en fournissant un peu moins de 1 % de sa demande énergétique future (selon les scénarios conformes à Paris). L'analyse suggère que les nouvelles centrales hydroélectriques dans les tropiques peuvent réduire considérablement l'espace d'émission disponible pour d'autres secteurs tels que les transports et l'industrie face à un budget d'émissions très restreint. En conclusion, pour le Ghana en particulier, plutôt que de construire plus de barrages, l'efficacité énergétique et la diversification des options d'approvisionnement en énergie renouvelable, y compris l'énergie solaire flottante, offriraient une transition énergétique pour le Ghana qui est beaucoup plus étroitement alignée sur les objectifs de Paris. Hydropower is a renewable source of electricity generation that is a common feature of Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC), especially in developing countries. However, far from benign, research shows that significant greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions emanate from shallow reservoirs when they are sited in the tropics. Ghana provides a case study for exploring the implications of hydro reservoir emissions within a future energy system consistent with the Paris climate objectives. Being a fast-developing country, Ghana needs to generate significant amounts of low-carbon electricity to meet growing demand over the coming 30 years. Analysis of existing Ghanaian dams (Akosombo, Kpong and Bui) and the forthcoming Pwalugu dam suggests that their average emissions intensities (gCO2/kWh) are similar to those of coal-fired power stations during the first 30 years of their operating lifetime. The case study demonstrates that cumulative (post-2020) carbon dioxide emissions from the planned and identified hydro resources will consume 40 % of Ghana's Paris-compliant carbon budget, yet provide just under 1 % of its future energy demand (under Paris-compliant scenarios). The analysis suggests that new hydropower in the tropics can significantly reduce the emission space available for other sectors such as transport and industry when faced with a highly restricted emissions budget. In conclusion, for Ghana specifically, rather than constructing more dams, energy efficiency and diversifying renewable energy supply options, including floating solar power, would deliver an energy transition for Ghana that is much more closely aligned with the Paris goals. الطاقة الكهرومائية هي مصدر متجدد لتوليد الكهرباء وهي سمة مشتركة للمساهمات المحددة وطنيًا (NDC)، خاصة في البلدان النامية. ومع ذلك، بعيدًا عن كونها حميدة، تُظهر الأبحاث أن انبعاثات غازات الدفيئة الكبيرة تنبعث من الخزانات الضحلة عند وجودها في المناطق المدارية. تقدم غانا دراسة حالة لاستكشاف الآثار المترتبة على انبعاثات الخزانات المائية ضمن نظام طاقة مستقبلي يتوافق مع أهداف باريس المناخية. كونها دولة سريعة النمو، تحتاج غانا إلى توليد كميات كبيرة من الكهرباء منخفضة الكربون لتلبية الطلب المتزايد على مدى السنوات الثلاثين المقبلة. يشير تحليل السدود الغانية الحالية (أكوسومبو وكبونغ وبوي) وسد بوالوغو القادم إلى أن متوسط شدة انبعاثاتها (gCO2/kWh) يشبه تلك الخاصة بمحطات الطاقة التي تعمل بالفحم خلال الثلاثين عامًا الأولى من عمرها التشغيلي. توضح دراسة الحالة أن انبعاثات ثاني أكسيد الكربون التراكمية (بعد عام 2020) من الموارد المائية المخطط لها والمحددة ستستهلك 40 ٪ من ميزانية الكربون المتوافقة مع باريس في غانا، ولكنها توفر أقل بقليل من 1 ٪ من طلبها المستقبلي على الطاقة (في إطار سيناريوهات متوافقة مع باريس). يشير التحليل إلى أن الطاقة الكهرومائية الجديدة في المناطق المدارية يمكن أن تقلل بشكل كبير من مساحة الانبعاثات المتاحة لقطاعات أخرى مثل النقل والصناعة عندما تواجه ميزانية انبعاثات مقيدة للغاية. في الختام، بالنسبة لغانا على وجه التحديد، بدلاً من بناء المزيد من السدود، فإن كفاءة الطاقة وتنويع خيارات إمدادات الطاقة المتجددة، بما في ذلك الطاقة الشمسية العائمة، ستوفر انتقالًا للطاقة لغانا يتماشى بشكل أوثق مع أهداف باريس.

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    Energy for Sustainable Development
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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      Energy for Sustainable Development
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      Bergen Open Research Archive - UiB
      Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/zv...
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    Authors: Victor Nechifor; Mohammed Basheer; Alvaro Calzadilla; Emmanuel Obuobie; +1 Authors

    Les grandes infrastructures énergétiques peuvent impliquer des accords de financement spéciaux entre les gouvernements des économies en développement et les investisseurs ou les prêteurs. Ces arrangements peuvent entraîner des impacts à l'échelle de l'économie et spécifiques au secteur qui doivent être pris en compte dans l'évaluation économique du projet. En examinant le cas du barrage de Bui au Ghana, nous utilisons une approche macroéconomique pour déterminer comment la performance économique des infrastructures énergétiques critiques se manifeste pendant les phases de construction, de financement et d'exploitation. L'analyse utilise un cadre de modélisation intégré qui combine un modèle d'équilibre général calculable (ECG) du Ghana avec un modèle de bilan hydrique du bassin de la Basse-Volta. Les résultats soulignent l'importance d'inclure les effets indirects et induits, en plus des effets directs de l'exploitation du projet, car ils influencent l'échelle et l'évolution temporelle des impacts économiques. La garantie de l'accord de prêt d'infrastructure consistant en des exportations de cacao vers la Chine double presque l'impact positif du projet sur le PIB et a un effet multiplicateur significatif sur les revenus des ménages urbains et ruraux par rapport à un prêt commercial standard. Nous terminons par une discussion sur la manière dont le cadre de modélisation axé sur l'investissement proposé peut contribuer aux évaluations stratégiques ex ante des infrastructures énergétiques proposées dans les pays en développement. Las grandes infraestructuras energéticas pueden implicar acuerdos de financiación especiales entre los gobiernos de las economías en desarrollo y los inversores o prestamistas. Estos acuerdos pueden generar impactos en toda la economía y en sectores específicos que deben tenerse en cuenta en la evaluación económica del proyecto. Al considerar el caso de la presa de Bui en Ghana, utilizamos un enfoque macroeconómico para determinar cómo se manifiesta el desempeño económico de la infraestructura energética crítica durante las fases de construcción, financiamiento y operación. El análisis utiliza un marco de modelado integrado que combina un modelo de equilibrio general computable (CGE) de Ghana con un modelo de equilibrio hídrico de la cuenca baja del río Volta. Los resultados destacan la importancia de incluir efectos indirectos e inducidos, además de los efectos directos de la operación del proyecto, ya que influyen en la escala y evolución temporal de los impactos económicos. La garantía del acuerdo de préstamo de infraestructura que consiste en las exportaciones de cacao a China casi duplica el impacto positivo del proyecto en el PIB y tiene un efecto multiplicador significativo sobre los ingresos de los hogares urbanos y rurales en comparación con un préstamo comercial estándar. Terminamos con una discusión sobre cómo el marco de modelización orientado a la inversión propuesto puede contribuir a las evaluaciones estratégicas ex ante de la infraestructura energética propuesta en los países en desarrollo. Large energy infrastructure can imply special financing arrangements between governments in developing economies and investors or lenders. These arrangements can lead to economy-wide and sector-specific impacts which need to be considered in the project economic evaluation. By considering the case of the Bui Dam in Ghana, we use a macroeconomic approach to determine how the economic performance of critical energy infrastructure manifests during the construction, financing and operation phases. The analysis uses an integrated modelling framework that combines a Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model of Ghana with a water balance model of the Lower Volta River Basin. The results highlight the importance of including indirect and induced effects, in addition to the direct effects from project operation, as they influence the scale and temporal evolution of the economic impacts. The collateral from the infrastructure loan agreement consisting in cocoa exports to China nearly doubles the project's positive GDP impact and has a significant multiplier effect over urban and rural household income compared to a standard commercial loan. We finish with a discussion of how the proposed investment-oriented modelling framework can contribute to ex-ante strategic assessments of proposed energy infrastructure in developing countries. يمكن أن تنطوي البنية التحتية الكبيرة للطاقة على ترتيبات تمويل خاصة بين الحكومات في الاقتصادات النامية والمستثمرين أو المقرضين. يمكن أن تؤدي هذه الترتيبات إلى تأثيرات على نطاق الاقتصاد وقطاعات محددة يجب مراعاتها في التقييم الاقتصادي للمشروع. من خلال النظر في حالة سد بوي في غانا، نستخدم نهج الاقتصاد الكلي لتحديد كيفية ظهور الأداء الاقتصادي للبنية التحتية الحيوية للطاقة خلال مراحل البناء والتمويل والتشغيل. يستخدم التحليل إطارًا متكاملًا للنمذجة يجمع بين نموذج التوازن العام المحوسب (CGE) لغانا ونموذج التوازن المائي لحوض نهر فولتا السفلي. تسلط النتائج الضوء على أهمية تضمين التأثيرات غير المباشرة والمسببة، بالإضافة إلى التأثيرات المباشرة الناتجة عن تشغيل المشروع، لأنها تؤثر على حجم الآثار الاقتصادية وتطورها الزمني. إن الضمانات من اتفاقية قرض البنية التحتية التي تتكون من صادرات الكاكاو إلى الصين تضاعف تقريبًا التأثير الإيجابي للمشروع على الناتج المحلي الإجمالي ولها تأثير مضاعف كبير على دخل الأسرة في المناطق الحضرية والريفية مقارنة بالقرض التجاري القياسي. نختتم بمناقشة كيف يمكن لإطار النمذجة المقترح الموجه نحو الاستثمار أن يساهم في التقييمات الاستراتيجية المسبقة للبنية التحتية المقترحة للطاقة في البلدان النامية.

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    Energy Economics
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
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    UCL Discovery
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      Energy Economics
      Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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      UCL Discovery
      Article . 2022
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/pz...
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    Authors: Komlavi Akpoti; Moctar Dembélé; Gerald Forkuor; Emmanuel Obuobie; +2 Authors

    AbstractAlthough Ghana is a leading global cocoa producer, its production and yield have experienced declines in recent years due to various factors, including long-term climate change such as increasing temperatures and changing rainfall patterns, as well as drought events. With the increasing exposure of cocoa-producing regions to extreme weather events, the vulnerability of cocoa production is also expected to rise. Supplemental irrigation for cocoa farmers has emerged as a viable adaptation strategy to ensure a consistent water supply and enhance yield. However, understanding the potential for surface and groundwater irrigation in the cocoa-growing belt remains limited. Consequently, this study aims to provide decision-support maps for surface and groundwater irrigation potential to aid planning and investment in climate-smart cocoa irrigation. Utilizing state-of-the-art geospatial and remote sensing tools, data, and methods, alongside in-situ groundwater data, we assess the irrigation potential within Ghana's cocoa-growing areas. Our analysis identified a total area of 22,126 km2 for cocoa plantations and 125.2 km2 for surface water bodies within the cocoa-growing regions. The multi-criteria analysis (MCA) revealed that approximately 80% of the study area exhibits moderate to very high groundwater availability potential. Comparing the MCA output with existing borehole locations demonstrated a reasonable correlation, with about 80% of existing boreholes located in areas with moderate to very high potential. Boreholes in very high potential areas had the highest mean yield of 90.7 l/min, while those in low groundwater availability potential areas registered the lowest mean yield of 58.2 l/min. Our study offers a comprehensive evaluation of water storage components and their implications for cocoa irrigation in Ghana. While groundwater availability shows a generally positive trend, soil moisture and surface water have been declining, particularly in the last decade. These findings underline the need for climate-smart cocoa irrigation strategies that make use of abundant groundwater resources during deficit periods. A balanced conjunctive use of surface and groundwater resources could thus serve as a sustainable solution for maintaining cocoa production in the face of climate change.

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    Scientific Reports
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
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    PubMed Central
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    Scientific Reports
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      Scientific Reports
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      Scientific Reports
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    Authors: José María Faci González; James Tomlinson; Eduardo A. Martínez Ceseña; Mohammed Basheer; +13 Authors

    AbstractRenewable energy system development and improved operation can mitigate climate change. In many regions, hydropower is called to counterbalance the temporal variability of intermittent renewables like solar and wind. However, using hydropower to integrate these renewables can affect aquatic ecosystems and increase cross-sectoral water conflicts. We develop and apply an artificial intelligence-assisted multisector design framework in Ghana, which shows how hydropower’s flexibility alone could enable expanding intermittent renewables by 38% but would increase sub-daily Volta River flow variability by up to 22 times compared to historical baseload hydropower operations. This would damage river ecosystems and reduce agricultural sector revenues by US$169 million per year. A diversified investment strategy identified using the proposed framework, including intermittent renewables, bioenergy, transmission lines and strategic hydropower re-operation could reduce sub-daily flow variability and enhance agricultural performance while meeting future national energy service goals and reducing CO2 emissions. The tool supports national climate planning instruments such as nationally determined contributions (NDCs) by steering towards diversified and efficient power systems and highlighting their sectoral and emission trade-offs and synergies.

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    Nature Sustainability
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Nature Sustainability
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: Crossref
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/0y...
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Tom H. Oliver; Prosper Bazaanah; José Lino Costa; Nabajyoti Deka; +7 Authors

    Les impacts croissants du changement climatique suscitent le besoin d'adaptation. Cependant, la plupart des initiatives d'adaptation se concentrent sur les actions du gouvernement ou des entreprises, malgré les appels croissants pour que les communautés en première ligne des risques climatiques soient impliquées dans la planification et la sélection des stratégies. Nous évaluons ici un processus pilote utilisant la cartographie des systèmes participatifs avec les citoyens pour identifier (1) divers vecteurs de menace pour les impacts climatiques locaux et (2) des interventions contextuelles pour protéger les ménages et les communautés tout en (3) envisageant des synergies et des compromis avec d'autres résultats socialement souhaitables. Nous avons testé le processus pilote dans des communautés du bassin de la Basse-Volta au Ghana, de la région de l'Assam en Inde et du sud de l'Angleterre. Du point de vue des participants, le processus a accru la sensibilisation et la préparation aux impacts du changement climatique et a soulevé des points d'apprentissage essentiels pour améliorer les approches d'adaptation menées par les citoyens. Il s'agit notamment de comprendre les multiples résultats des interventions, les obstacles et les facilitateurs de la mise en œuvre, et la sensibilité de la co-conception à la géographie régionale et au contexte socioculturel. Une sensibilisation accrue des individus pourrait aider les communautés à mieux se préparer au changement climatique. Ici, une étude pilote utilisant la cartographie du système participatif constate que le processus augmente la sensibilisation et la préparation aux risques climatiques, et identifie les considérations pour la promotion de l'adaptation menée par les citoyens. Los crecientes impactos del cambio climático instigan la necesidad de adaptación. Sin embargo, la mayoría de las iniciativas de adaptación se centran en acciones del gobierno o las empresas, a pesar de los crecientes llamamientos para que las comunidades en la primera línea de los riesgos climáticos participen en la planificación y selección de estrategias. Aquí evaluamos un proceso piloto que utiliza el mapeo de sistemas participativos con los ciudadanos para identificar (1) diversos vectores de amenaza para los impactos climáticos locales y (2) intervenciones relevantes para el contexto para proteger a los hogares y las comunidades mientras (3) se consideran sinergias y compensaciones con otros resultados socialmente deseables. Probamos el proceso piloto en comunidades de la cuenca baja del Volta en Ghana, la región de Assam en India y el sur de Inglaterra. Desde las perspectivas de los participantes, el proceso aumentó la conciencia y la preparación para los impactos del cambio climático y planteó puntos de aprendizaje esenciales para ampliar los enfoques de adaptación dirigidos por los ciudadanos. Estos incluyen la comprensión de los múltiples resultados de las intervenciones, las barreras y los facilitadores para la implementación, y la sensibilidad del codiseño a la geografía regional y al contexto sociocultural. Aumentar la conciencia individual podría ayudar a las comunidades a prepararse mejor para el cambio climático. Aquí, un estudio piloto que utiliza el mapeo de sistemas participativos encuentra que el proceso aumenta la conciencia y la preparación para el riesgo climático, e identifica consideraciones para promover la adaptación dirigida por los ciudadanos. The increasing impacts of climate change instigate the need for adaptation. However, most adaptation initiatives focus on actions by government or businesses, despite growing calls for communities on the frontline of climate risks to be involved in planning and selecting strategies. Here we appraise a pilot process using participatory systems mapping with citizens to identify (1) diverse threat vectors for local climate impacts and (2) context-relevant interventions to protect households and communities while (3) considering synergies and trade-offs with other socially desirable outcomes. We tested the pilot process in communities in the Lower Volta Basin in Ghana, the Assam region in India and Southern England. From participants' perspectives, the process increased awareness of and preparedness for climate change impacts and raised essential learning points for upscaling citizen-led adaptation approaches. These include understanding multiple outcomes of interventions, barriers and enablers to implementation, and sensitivity of co-design to regional geography and socio-cultural context. Increasing individual awareness could help communities better prepare for climate change. Here a pilot study using participatory system mapping finds that the process increases awareness and preparedness for climate risk, and identifies considerations for promoting citizen-led adaptation. إن الآثار المتزايدة لتغير المناخ تحرض على الحاجة إلى التكيف. ومع ذلك، تركز معظم مبادرات التكيف على الإجراءات التي تتخذها الحكومة أو الشركات، على الرغم من الدعوات المتزايدة لمشاركة المجتمعات المحلية في الخطوط الأمامية للمخاطر المناخية في تخطيط الاستراتيجيات واختيارها. نقوم هنا بتقييم عملية تجريبية باستخدام تخطيط النظم التشاركية مع المواطنين لتحديد (1) ناقلات التهديد المتنوعة للتأثيرات المناخية المحلية و (2) التدخلات ذات الصلة بالسياق لحماية الأسر والمجتمعات مع (3) النظر في أوجه التآزر والمفاضلات مع النتائج الأخرى المرغوبة اجتماعيًا. اختبرنا العملية التجريبية في المجتمعات في حوض فولتا السفلي في غانا ومنطقة آسام في الهند وجنوب إنجلترا. من وجهة نظر المشاركين، زادت العملية من الوعي والتأهب لآثار تغير المناخ وأثارت نقاط التعلم الأساسية لتوسيع نطاق نُهج التكيف التي يقودها المواطنون. ويشمل ذلك فهم النتائج المتعددة للتدخلات والحواجز والعوامل التمكينية للتنفيذ، وحساسية التصميم المشترك للجغرافيا الإقليمية والسياق الاجتماعي والثقافي. يمكن أن تساعد زيادة الوعي الفردي المجتمعات على الاستعداد بشكل أفضل لتغير المناخ. هنا وجدت دراسة تجريبية باستخدام تخطيط النظام التشاركي أن العملية تزيد من الوعي والتأهب لمخاطر المناخ، وتحدد اعتبارات تعزيز التكيف الذي يقوده المواطنون.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Nature Climate Chang...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Nature Climate Change
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Nature Climate Chang...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Nature Climate Change
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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6 Research products
  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Solomon H. Gebrechorkos; Ming Pan; Peirong Lin; Daniela Anghileri; +6 Authors

    Bassin de la Volta, Afrique de l'Ouest Les sécheresses hydrologiques ont un large éventail d'impacts sur les sociétés et les secteurs économiques tels que l'agriculture et la production d'énergie. L'analyse des sécheresses hydrologiques aide à mieux planifier et gérer les ressources en eau dans le cadre du changement mondial. Cette étude analyse la variabilité spatiale et temporelle de l'occurrence de la sécheresse hydrologique (durée et gravité) dans le bassin de la Volta entre 1979 et 2013. Nous avons utilisé les modèles de capacité d'infiltration variable et de routage vectoriel (RAPIDE) et les données de forçage à haute résolution pour simuler le débit du cours d'eau pour 10 300 tronçons de rivière. La durée et la gravité de la sécheresse montrent une grande variabilité spatiale et de grandes différences entre les trois décennies (1980, 1990 et 2000). Les sécheresses sont plus graves dans les grands bassins versants, car les débits sont généralement plus élevés. L'analyse des tendances montre une tendance générale à la baisse (jusqu'à 5% par événement) de la durée de la sécheresse dans le nord-est et une tendance à la hausse dans les parties sud du bassin. La gravité de la sécheresse montre une tendance à la hausse et à la baisse (jusqu'à ± 20 %) dans les parties sud et nord du bassin, respectivement. Le débit quotidien du cours d'eau a une corrélation maximale (jusqu'à 0,78) avec les précipitations en amont pour les 30 jours précédents avec un signal clair de propagation de la sécheresse météorologique à la sécheresse hydrologique avec un temps de latence moyen de deux semaines. Les résultats indiquent la nécessité d'envisager des mesures de gestion de la sécheresse spécifiques au site et adaptatives pour minimiser les impacts. Cuenca del río Volta, África Occidental Las sequías hidrológicas tienen una amplia gama de impactos en las sociedades y sectores económicos como la agricultura y la producción de energía. El análisis de las sequías hidrológicas ayuda a planificar y gestionar mejor los recursos hídricos bajo el cambio global. Este estudio analiza la variabilidad espacial y temporal de la ocurrencia de sequía hidrológica (duración y gravedad) en la cuenca del río Volta durante 1979–2013. Utilizamos la Capacidad de Infiltración Variable y los modelos de enrutamiento basados en vectores (RAPID) y los datos de forzamiento de alta resolución para simular el caudal de los ríos 10300. La duración y la gravedad de la sequía muestran una alta variabilidad espacial y grandes diferencias entre las tres décadas (1980, 1990 y 2000). Las sequías son más severas en las cuencas más grandes, ya que los flujos son generalmente más altos. El análisis de tendencias muestra una tendencia general decreciente (hasta un 5% por evento) en la duración de la sequía en el noreste y una tendencia creciente en las partes meridionales de la cuenca. La severidad de la sequía muestra una tendencia creciente y decreciente (hasta ± 20%) en la parte sur y norte de la cuenca, respectivamente. El caudal diario tiene una correlación máxima (hasta 0,78) con la precipitación aguas arriba durante los 30 días anteriores con una clara señal de propagación de la sequía meteorológica a la hidrológica con un tiempo de retardo promedio de dos semanas. Los resultados indican la necesidad de considerar medidas de gestión de la sequía adaptadas y específicas del sitio para minimizar los impactos. Volta River Basin, West Africa Hydrological droughts have a wide range of impacts on societies and economic sectors such as agriculture and energy production. Analysis of hydrological droughts helps better plan and manage water resources under global change. This study analyses the spatial and temporal variability of hydrological drought occurrence (duration and severity) in the Volta River basin during 1979–2013. We used the Variable Infiltration Capacity and vector-based routing (RAPID) models and high-resolution forcing data to simulate streamflow for 10300 river reaches. Drought duration and severity show high spatial variability and large differences between the three decades (1980 s, 1990 s and 2000 s). Droughts are more severe in larger catchments as the flows are generally higher. The trend analysis shows a general decreasing trend (up to 5% per event) in drought duration in the north-eastern and an increasing trend in southern parts of the basin. Drought severity shows an increasing and decreasing trend (up to ± 20%) in south and north part of the basin, respectively. Daily streamflow has a maximum correlation (up to 0.78) with upstream precipitation for the previous 30-days with a clear signal of propagation from meteorological to hydrological drought with an average lag-time of two weeks. The results indicate the need to consider site-specific and adaptive drought management measures to minimize the impacts. حوض نهر فولتا، غرب أفريقيا الجفاف الهيدرولوجي له مجموعة واسعة من الآثار على المجتمعات والقطاعات الاقتصادية مثل الزراعة وإنتاج الطاقة. يساعد تحليل الجفاف الهيدرولوجي على تخطيط وإدارة الموارد المائية بشكل أفضل في ظل التغير العالمي. تحلل هذه الدراسة التباين المكاني والزماني لحدوث الجفاف الهيدرولوجي (المدة والشدة) في حوض نهر فولتا خلال الفترة 1979–2013. استخدمنا سعة التسرب المتغيرة ونماذج التوجيه (السريع) القائمة على المتجهات وبيانات الإجبار عالية الدقة لمحاكاة تدفق التيار لممرات النهر 10300. تظهر مدة الجفاف وشدته تقلبات مكانية عالية واختلافات كبيرة بين العقود الثلاثة (1980 و 1990 و 2000). يكون الجفاف أكثر حدة في مستجمعات المياه الكبيرة حيث تكون التدفقات أعلى بشكل عام. يُظهر تحليل الاتجاه اتجاهًا تنازليًا عامًا (يصل إلى 5 ٪ لكل حدث) في مدة الجفاف في الشمال الشرقي واتجاهًا متزايدًا في الأجزاء الجنوبية من الحوض. تُظهر شدة الجفاف اتجاهًا متزايدًا ومتناقصًا (يصل إلى ± 20 ٪) في الجزء الجنوبي والشمالي من الحوض، على التوالي. التدفق اليومي له علاقة قصوى (تصل إلى 0.78) مع هطول الأمطار في المنبع خلال الثلاثين يومًا السابقة مع إشارة واضحة إلى الانتشار من الأرصاد الجوية إلى الجفاف الهيدرولوجي بمتوسط فترة تأخر تبلغ أسبوعين. تشير النتائج إلى الحاجة إلى النظر في تدابير إدارة الجفاف الخاصة بالموقع والتكيفية لتقليل الآثار.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ e-Prints Sotonarrow_drop_down
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/1d...
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies
      Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Jaise Kuriakose; Kevin Anderson; Deborah Darko; Emmanuel Obuobie; +2 Authors

    La energía hidroeléctrica es una fuente renovable de generación de electricidad que es una característica común de las contribuciones determinadas a nivel nacional (NDC), especialmente en los países en desarrollo. Sin embargo, lejos de ser benigno, la investigación muestra que las emisiones significativas de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI) emanan de reservorios poco profundos cuando se encuentran en los trópicos. Ghana proporciona un estudio de caso para explorar las implicaciones de las emisiones de los yacimientos hidroeléctricos dentro de un sistema energético futuro consistente con los objetivos climáticos de París. Al ser un país de rápido desarrollo, Ghana necesita generar cantidades significativas de electricidad baja en carbono para satisfacer la creciente demanda en los próximos 30 años. El análisis de las presas ghanesas existentes (Akosombo, Kpong y Bui) y la próxima presa de Pwalugu sugiere que sus intensidades medias de emisión (gCO2/kWh) son similares a las de las centrales eléctricas de carbón durante los primeros 30 años de su vida útil. El estudio de caso demuestra que las emisiones acumuladas (posteriores a 2020) de dióxido de carbono de los recursos hidroeléctricos planificados e identificados consumirán el 40 % del presupuesto de carbono de Ghana que cumple con los requisitos de París, pero proporcionarán poco menos del 1 % de su demanda futura de energía (en escenarios que cumplen con los requisitos de París). El análisis sugiere que la nueva energía hidroeléctrica en los trópicos puede reducir significativamente el espacio de emisiones disponible para otros sectores, como el transporte y la industria, cuando se enfrenta a un presupuesto de emisiones muy restringido. En conclusión, para Ghana específicamente, en lugar de construir más represas, la eficiencia energética y la diversificación de las opciones de suministro de energía renovable, incluida la energía solar flotante, ofrecerían una transición energética para Ghana que está mucho más alineada con los objetivos de París. L'hydroélectricité est une source renouvelable de production d'électricité qui est une caractéristique commune des contributions déterminées au niveau national (CDN), en particulier dans les pays en développement. Cependant, loin d'être bénignes, les recherches montrent que des émissions importantes de gaz à effet de serre (GES) émanent de réservoirs peu profonds lorsqu'ils sont situés sous les tropiques. Le Ghana fournit une étude de cas pour explorer les implications des émissions des réservoirs hydroélectriques dans un futur système énergétique conforme aux objectifs climatiques de Paris. Étant un pays en développement rapide, le Ghana doit générer des quantités importantes d'électricité à faible émission de carbone pour répondre à la demande croissante au cours des 30 prochaines années. L'analyse des barrages ghanéens existants (Akosombo, Kpong et Bui) et du prochain barrage de Pwalugu suggère que leurs intensités moyennes d'émissions (gCO2/kWh) sont similaires à celles des centrales au charbon au cours des 30 premières années de leur vie opérationnelle. L'étude de cas démontre que les émissions cumulées de dioxyde de carbone (après 2020) provenant des ressources hydroélectriques prévues et identifiées consommeront 40 % du budget carbone conforme à Paris du Ghana, tout en fournissant un peu moins de 1 % de sa demande énergétique future (selon les scénarios conformes à Paris). L'analyse suggère que les nouvelles centrales hydroélectriques dans les tropiques peuvent réduire considérablement l'espace d'émission disponible pour d'autres secteurs tels que les transports et l'industrie face à un budget d'émissions très restreint. En conclusion, pour le Ghana en particulier, plutôt que de construire plus de barrages, l'efficacité énergétique et la diversification des options d'approvisionnement en énergie renouvelable, y compris l'énergie solaire flottante, offriraient une transition énergétique pour le Ghana qui est beaucoup plus étroitement alignée sur les objectifs de Paris. Hydropower is a renewable source of electricity generation that is a common feature of Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC), especially in developing countries. However, far from benign, research shows that significant greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions emanate from shallow reservoirs when they are sited in the tropics. Ghana provides a case study for exploring the implications of hydro reservoir emissions within a future energy system consistent with the Paris climate objectives. Being a fast-developing country, Ghana needs to generate significant amounts of low-carbon electricity to meet growing demand over the coming 30 years. Analysis of existing Ghanaian dams (Akosombo, Kpong and Bui) and the forthcoming Pwalugu dam suggests that their average emissions intensities (gCO2/kWh) are similar to those of coal-fired power stations during the first 30 years of their operating lifetime. The case study demonstrates that cumulative (post-2020) carbon dioxide emissions from the planned and identified hydro resources will consume 40 % of Ghana's Paris-compliant carbon budget, yet provide just under 1 % of its future energy demand (under Paris-compliant scenarios). The analysis suggests that new hydropower in the tropics can significantly reduce the emission space available for other sectors such as transport and industry when faced with a highly restricted emissions budget. In conclusion, for Ghana specifically, rather than constructing more dams, energy efficiency and diversifying renewable energy supply options, including floating solar power, would deliver an energy transition for Ghana that is much more closely aligned with the Paris goals. الطاقة الكهرومائية هي مصدر متجدد لتوليد الكهرباء وهي سمة مشتركة للمساهمات المحددة وطنيًا (NDC)، خاصة في البلدان النامية. ومع ذلك، بعيدًا عن كونها حميدة، تُظهر الأبحاث أن انبعاثات غازات الدفيئة الكبيرة تنبعث من الخزانات الضحلة عند وجودها في المناطق المدارية. تقدم غانا دراسة حالة لاستكشاف الآثار المترتبة على انبعاثات الخزانات المائية ضمن نظام طاقة مستقبلي يتوافق مع أهداف باريس المناخية. كونها دولة سريعة النمو، تحتاج غانا إلى توليد كميات كبيرة من الكهرباء منخفضة الكربون لتلبية الطلب المتزايد على مدى السنوات الثلاثين المقبلة. يشير تحليل السدود الغانية الحالية (أكوسومبو وكبونغ وبوي) وسد بوالوغو القادم إلى أن متوسط شدة انبعاثاتها (gCO2/kWh) يشبه تلك الخاصة بمحطات الطاقة التي تعمل بالفحم خلال الثلاثين عامًا الأولى من عمرها التشغيلي. توضح دراسة الحالة أن انبعاثات ثاني أكسيد الكربون التراكمية (بعد عام 2020) من الموارد المائية المخطط لها والمحددة ستستهلك 40 ٪ من ميزانية الكربون المتوافقة مع باريس في غانا، ولكنها توفر أقل بقليل من 1 ٪ من طلبها المستقبلي على الطاقة (في إطار سيناريوهات متوافقة مع باريس). يشير التحليل إلى أن الطاقة الكهرومائية الجديدة في المناطق المدارية يمكن أن تقلل بشكل كبير من مساحة الانبعاثات المتاحة لقطاعات أخرى مثل النقل والصناعة عندما تواجه ميزانية انبعاثات مقيدة للغاية. في الختام، بالنسبة لغانا على وجه التحديد، بدلاً من بناء المزيد من السدود، فإن كفاءة الطاقة وتنويع خيارات إمدادات الطاقة المتجددة، بما في ذلك الطاقة الشمسية العائمة، ستوفر انتقالًا للطاقة لغانا يتماشى بشكل أوثق مع أهداف باريس.

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    Energy for Sustainable Development
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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      Energy for Sustainable Development
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    Authors: Victor Nechifor; Mohammed Basheer; Alvaro Calzadilla; Emmanuel Obuobie; +1 Authors

    Les grandes infrastructures énergétiques peuvent impliquer des accords de financement spéciaux entre les gouvernements des économies en développement et les investisseurs ou les prêteurs. Ces arrangements peuvent entraîner des impacts à l'échelle de l'économie et spécifiques au secteur qui doivent être pris en compte dans l'évaluation économique du projet. En examinant le cas du barrage de Bui au Ghana, nous utilisons une approche macroéconomique pour déterminer comment la performance économique des infrastructures énergétiques critiques se manifeste pendant les phases de construction, de financement et d'exploitation. L'analyse utilise un cadre de modélisation intégré qui combine un modèle d'équilibre général calculable (ECG) du Ghana avec un modèle de bilan hydrique du bassin de la Basse-Volta. Les résultats soulignent l'importance d'inclure les effets indirects et induits, en plus des effets directs de l'exploitation du projet, car ils influencent l'échelle et l'évolution temporelle des impacts économiques. La garantie de l'accord de prêt d'infrastructure consistant en des exportations de cacao vers la Chine double presque l'impact positif du projet sur le PIB et a un effet multiplicateur significatif sur les revenus des ménages urbains et ruraux par rapport à un prêt commercial standard. Nous terminons par une discussion sur la manière dont le cadre de modélisation axé sur l'investissement proposé peut contribuer aux évaluations stratégiques ex ante des infrastructures énergétiques proposées dans les pays en développement. Las grandes infraestructuras energéticas pueden implicar acuerdos de financiación especiales entre los gobiernos de las economías en desarrollo y los inversores o prestamistas. Estos acuerdos pueden generar impactos en toda la economía y en sectores específicos que deben tenerse en cuenta en la evaluación económica del proyecto. Al considerar el caso de la presa de Bui en Ghana, utilizamos un enfoque macroeconómico para determinar cómo se manifiesta el desempeño económico de la infraestructura energética crítica durante las fases de construcción, financiamiento y operación. El análisis utiliza un marco de modelado integrado que combina un modelo de equilibrio general computable (CGE) de Ghana con un modelo de equilibrio hídrico de la cuenca baja del río Volta. Los resultados destacan la importancia de incluir efectos indirectos e inducidos, además de los efectos directos de la operación del proyecto, ya que influyen en la escala y evolución temporal de los impactos económicos. La garantía del acuerdo de préstamo de infraestructura que consiste en las exportaciones de cacao a China casi duplica el impacto positivo del proyecto en el PIB y tiene un efecto multiplicador significativo sobre los ingresos de los hogares urbanos y rurales en comparación con un préstamo comercial estándar. Terminamos con una discusión sobre cómo el marco de modelización orientado a la inversión propuesto puede contribuir a las evaluaciones estratégicas ex ante de la infraestructura energética propuesta en los países en desarrollo. Large energy infrastructure can imply special financing arrangements between governments in developing economies and investors or lenders. These arrangements can lead to economy-wide and sector-specific impacts which need to be considered in the project economic evaluation. By considering the case of the Bui Dam in Ghana, we use a macroeconomic approach to determine how the economic performance of critical energy infrastructure manifests during the construction, financing and operation phases. The analysis uses an integrated modelling framework that combines a Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model of Ghana with a water balance model of the Lower Volta River Basin. The results highlight the importance of including indirect and induced effects, in addition to the direct effects from project operation, as they influence the scale and temporal evolution of the economic impacts. The collateral from the infrastructure loan agreement consisting in cocoa exports to China nearly doubles the project's positive GDP impact and has a significant multiplier effect over urban and rural household income compared to a standard commercial loan. We finish with a discussion of how the proposed investment-oriented modelling framework can contribute to ex-ante strategic assessments of proposed energy infrastructure in developing countries. يمكن أن تنطوي البنية التحتية الكبيرة للطاقة على ترتيبات تمويل خاصة بين الحكومات في الاقتصادات النامية والمستثمرين أو المقرضين. يمكن أن تؤدي هذه الترتيبات إلى تأثيرات على نطاق الاقتصاد وقطاعات محددة يجب مراعاتها في التقييم الاقتصادي للمشروع. من خلال النظر في حالة سد بوي في غانا، نستخدم نهج الاقتصاد الكلي لتحديد كيفية ظهور الأداء الاقتصادي للبنية التحتية الحيوية للطاقة خلال مراحل البناء والتمويل والتشغيل. يستخدم التحليل إطارًا متكاملًا للنمذجة يجمع بين نموذج التوازن العام المحوسب (CGE) لغانا ونموذج التوازن المائي لحوض نهر فولتا السفلي. تسلط النتائج الضوء على أهمية تضمين التأثيرات غير المباشرة والمسببة، بالإضافة إلى التأثيرات المباشرة الناتجة عن تشغيل المشروع، لأنها تؤثر على حجم الآثار الاقتصادية وتطورها الزمني. إن الضمانات من اتفاقية قرض البنية التحتية التي تتكون من صادرات الكاكاو إلى الصين تضاعف تقريبًا التأثير الإيجابي للمشروع على الناتج المحلي الإجمالي ولها تأثير مضاعف كبير على دخل الأسرة في المناطق الحضرية والريفية مقارنة بالقرض التجاري القياسي. نختتم بمناقشة كيف يمكن لإطار النمذجة المقترح الموجه نحو الاستثمار أن يساهم في التقييمات الاستراتيجية المسبقة للبنية التحتية المقترحة للطاقة في البلدان النامية.

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    Energy Economics
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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    UCL Discovery
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      Energy Economics
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    Authors: Komlavi Akpoti; Moctar Dembélé; Gerald Forkuor; Emmanuel Obuobie; +2 Authors

    AbstractAlthough Ghana is a leading global cocoa producer, its production and yield have experienced declines in recent years due to various factors, including long-term climate change such as increasing temperatures and changing rainfall patterns, as well as drought events. With the increasing exposure of cocoa-producing regions to extreme weather events, the vulnerability of cocoa production is also expected to rise. Supplemental irrigation for cocoa farmers has emerged as a viable adaptation strategy to ensure a consistent water supply and enhance yield. However, understanding the potential for surface and groundwater irrigation in the cocoa-growing belt remains limited. Consequently, this study aims to provide decision-support maps for surface and groundwater irrigation potential to aid planning and investment in climate-smart cocoa irrigation. Utilizing state-of-the-art geospatial and remote sensing tools, data, and methods, alongside in-situ groundwater data, we assess the irrigation potential within Ghana's cocoa-growing areas. Our analysis identified a total area of 22,126 km2 for cocoa plantations and 125.2 km2 for surface water bodies within the cocoa-growing regions. The multi-criteria analysis (MCA) revealed that approximately 80% of the study area exhibits moderate to very high groundwater availability potential. Comparing the MCA output with existing borehole locations demonstrated a reasonable correlation, with about 80% of existing boreholes located in areas with moderate to very high potential. Boreholes in very high potential areas had the highest mean yield of 90.7 l/min, while those in low groundwater availability potential areas registered the lowest mean yield of 58.2 l/min. Our study offers a comprehensive evaluation of water storage components and their implications for cocoa irrigation in Ghana. While groundwater availability shows a generally positive trend, soil moisture and surface water have been declining, particularly in the last decade. These findings underline the need for climate-smart cocoa irrigation strategies that make use of abundant groundwater resources during deficit periods. A balanced conjunctive use of surface and groundwater resources could thus serve as a sustainable solution for maintaining cocoa production in the face of climate change.

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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Scientific Reports
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    PubMed Central
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    Scientific Reports
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      Scientific Reports
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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    Authors: José María Faci González; James Tomlinson; Eduardo A. Martínez Ceseña; Mohammed Basheer; +13 Authors

    AbstractRenewable energy system development and improved operation can mitigate climate change. In many regions, hydropower is called to counterbalance the temporal variability of intermittent renewables like solar and wind. However, using hydropower to integrate these renewables can affect aquatic ecosystems and increase cross-sectoral water conflicts. We develop and apply an artificial intelligence-assisted multisector design framework in Ghana, which shows how hydropower’s flexibility alone could enable expanding intermittent renewables by 38% but would increase sub-daily Volta River flow variability by up to 22 times compared to historical baseload hydropower operations. This would damage river ecosystems and reduce agricultural sector revenues by US$169 million per year. A diversified investment strategy identified using the proposed framework, including intermittent renewables, bioenergy, transmission lines and strategic hydropower re-operation could reduce sub-daily flow variability and enhance agricultural performance while meeting future national energy service goals and reducing CO2 emissions. The tool supports national climate planning instruments such as nationally determined contributions (NDCs) by steering towards diversified and efficient power systems and highlighting their sectoral and emission trade-offs and synergies.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Archivio istituziona...arrow_drop_down
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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    Nature Sustainability
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      Nature Sustainability
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Tom H. Oliver; Prosper Bazaanah; José Lino Costa; Nabajyoti Deka; +7 Authors

    Les impacts croissants du changement climatique suscitent le besoin d'adaptation. Cependant, la plupart des initiatives d'adaptation se concentrent sur les actions du gouvernement ou des entreprises, malgré les appels croissants pour que les communautés en première ligne des risques climatiques soient impliquées dans la planification et la sélection des stratégies. Nous évaluons ici un processus pilote utilisant la cartographie des systèmes participatifs avec les citoyens pour identifier (1) divers vecteurs de menace pour les impacts climatiques locaux et (2) des interventions contextuelles pour protéger les ménages et les communautés tout en (3) envisageant des synergies et des compromis avec d'autres résultats socialement souhaitables. Nous avons testé le processus pilote dans des communautés du bassin de la Basse-Volta au Ghana, de la région de l'Assam en Inde et du sud de l'Angleterre. Du point de vue des participants, le processus a accru la sensibilisation et la préparation aux impacts du changement climatique et a soulevé des points d'apprentissage essentiels pour améliorer les approches d'adaptation menées par les citoyens. Il s'agit notamment de comprendre les multiples résultats des interventions, les obstacles et les facilitateurs de la mise en œuvre, et la sensibilité de la co-conception à la géographie régionale et au contexte socioculturel. Une sensibilisation accrue des individus pourrait aider les communautés à mieux se préparer au changement climatique. Ici, une étude pilote utilisant la cartographie du système participatif constate que le processus augmente la sensibilisation et la préparation aux risques climatiques, et identifie les considérations pour la promotion de l'adaptation menée par les citoyens. Los crecientes impactos del cambio climático instigan la necesidad de adaptación. Sin embargo, la mayoría de las iniciativas de adaptación se centran en acciones del gobierno o las empresas, a pesar de los crecientes llamamientos para que las comunidades en la primera línea de los riesgos climáticos participen en la planificación y selección de estrategias. Aquí evaluamos un proceso piloto que utiliza el mapeo de sistemas participativos con los ciudadanos para identificar (1) diversos vectores de amenaza para los impactos climáticos locales y (2) intervenciones relevantes para el contexto para proteger a los hogares y las comunidades mientras (3) se consideran sinergias y compensaciones con otros resultados socialmente deseables. Probamos el proceso piloto en comunidades de la cuenca baja del Volta en Ghana, la región de Assam en India y el sur de Inglaterra. Desde las perspectivas de los participantes, el proceso aumentó la conciencia y la preparación para los impactos del cambio climático y planteó puntos de aprendizaje esenciales para ampliar los enfoques de adaptación dirigidos por los ciudadanos. Estos incluyen la comprensión de los múltiples resultados de las intervenciones, las barreras y los facilitadores para la implementación, y la sensibilidad del codiseño a la geografía regional y al contexto sociocultural. Aumentar la conciencia individual podría ayudar a las comunidades a prepararse mejor para el cambio climático. Aquí, un estudio piloto que utiliza el mapeo de sistemas participativos encuentra que el proceso aumenta la conciencia y la preparación para el riesgo climático, e identifica consideraciones para promover la adaptación dirigida por los ciudadanos. The increasing impacts of climate change instigate the need for adaptation. However, most adaptation initiatives focus on actions by government or businesses, despite growing calls for communities on the frontline of climate risks to be involved in planning and selecting strategies. Here we appraise a pilot process using participatory systems mapping with citizens to identify (1) diverse threat vectors for local climate impacts and (2) context-relevant interventions to protect households and communities while (3) considering synergies and trade-offs with other socially desirable outcomes. We tested the pilot process in communities in the Lower Volta Basin in Ghana, the Assam region in India and Southern England. From participants' perspectives, the process increased awareness of and preparedness for climate change impacts and raised essential learning points for upscaling citizen-led adaptation approaches. These include understanding multiple outcomes of interventions, barriers and enablers to implementation, and sensitivity of co-design to regional geography and socio-cultural context. Increasing individual awareness could help communities better prepare for climate change. Here a pilot study using participatory system mapping finds that the process increases awareness and preparedness for climate risk, and identifies considerations for promoting citizen-led adaptation. إن الآثار المتزايدة لتغير المناخ تحرض على الحاجة إلى التكيف. ومع ذلك، تركز معظم مبادرات التكيف على الإجراءات التي تتخذها الحكومة أو الشركات، على الرغم من الدعوات المتزايدة لمشاركة المجتمعات المحلية في الخطوط الأمامية للمخاطر المناخية في تخطيط الاستراتيجيات واختيارها. نقوم هنا بتقييم عملية تجريبية باستخدام تخطيط النظم التشاركية مع المواطنين لتحديد (1) ناقلات التهديد المتنوعة للتأثيرات المناخية المحلية و (2) التدخلات ذات الصلة بالسياق لحماية الأسر والمجتمعات مع (3) النظر في أوجه التآزر والمفاضلات مع النتائج الأخرى المرغوبة اجتماعيًا. اختبرنا العملية التجريبية في المجتمعات في حوض فولتا السفلي في غانا ومنطقة آسام في الهند وجنوب إنجلترا. من وجهة نظر المشاركين، زادت العملية من الوعي والتأهب لآثار تغير المناخ وأثارت نقاط التعلم الأساسية لتوسيع نطاق نُهج التكيف التي يقودها المواطنون. ويشمل ذلك فهم النتائج المتعددة للتدخلات والحواجز والعوامل التمكينية للتنفيذ، وحساسية التصميم المشترك للجغرافيا الإقليمية والسياق الاجتماعي والثقافي. يمكن أن تساعد زيادة الوعي الفردي المجتمعات على الاستعداد بشكل أفضل لتغير المناخ. هنا وجدت دراسة تجريبية باستخدام تخطيط النظام التشاركي أن العملية تزيد من الوعي والتأهب لمخاطر المناخ، وتحدد اعتبارات تعزيز التكيف الذي يقوده المواطنون.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Nature Climate Chang...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Nature Climate Change
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Nature Climate Chang...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Nature Climate Change
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