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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Guy M. Poppy; Sosten Chiotha; Felix Eigenbrod; Célia A. Harvey; +8 Authors

    Achieving food security in a ‘perfect storm’ scenario is a grand challenge for society. Climate change and an expanding global population act in concert to make global food security even more complex and demanding. As achieving food security and the millennium development goal (MDG) to eradicate hunger influences the attainment of other MDGs, it is imperative that we offer solutions which are complementary and do not oppose one another. Sustainable intensification of agriculture has been proposed as a way to address hunger while also minimizing further environmental impact. However, the desire to raise productivity and yields has historically led to a degraded environment, reduced biodiversity and a reduction in ecosystem services (ES), with the greatest impacts affecting the poor. This paper proposes that the ES framework coupled with a policy response framework, for example Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR), can allow food security to be delivered alongside healthy ecosystems, which provide many other valuable services to humankind. Too often, agro-ecosystems have been considered as separate from other natural ecosystems and insufficient attention has been paid to the way in which services can flow to and from the agro-ecosystem to surrounding ecosystems. Highlighting recent research in a large multi-disciplinary project (ASSETS), we illustrate the ES approach to food security using a case study from the Zomba district of Malawi.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ SEALS Digital Common...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    PubMed Central
    Other literature type . 2014
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: PubMed Central
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences
    Article . 2014 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Royal Society Data Sharing and Accessibility
    Data sources: Crossref
    https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/rm...
    Other literature type . 2014
    Data sources: Datacite
    https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/kh...
    Other literature type . 2014
    Data sources: Datacite
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ SEALS Digital Common...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      PubMed Central
      Other literature type . 2014
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: PubMed Central
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences
      Article . 2014 . Peer-reviewed
      License: Royal Society Data Sharing and Accessibility
      Data sources: Crossref
      https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/rm...
      Other literature type . 2014
      Data sources: Datacite
      https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/kh...
      Other literature type . 2014
      Data sources: Datacite
      addClaim

      This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.

      You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.
  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: R. Rabarijohn; Zo Lalaina Rakotobe; Hery Razafimahatratra; Radhika Dave; +4 Authors

    Across the tropics, smallholder farmers already face numerous risks to agricultural production. Climate change is expected to disproportionately affect smallholder farmers and make their livelihoods even more precarious; however, there is limited information on their overall vulnerability and adaptation needs. We conducted surveys of 600 households in Madagascar to characterize the vulnerability of smallholder farmers, identify how farmers cope with risks and explore what strategies are needed to help them adapt to climate change. Malagasy farmers are particularly vulnerable to any shocks to their agricultural system owing to their high dependence on agriculture for their livelihoods, chronic food insecurity, physical isolation and lack of access to formal safety nets. Farmers are frequently exposed to pest and disease outbreaks and extreme weather events (particularly cyclones), which cause significant crop and income losses and exacerbate food insecurity. Although farmers use a variety of risk-coping strategies, these are insufficient to prevent them from remaining food insecure. Few farmers have adjusted their farming strategies in response to climate change, owing to limited resources and capacity. Urgent technical, financial and institutional support is needed to improve the agricultural production and food security of Malagasy farmers and make their livelihoods resilient to climate change.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Philosophical Transa...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    PubMed Central
    Other literature type . 2014
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: PubMed Central
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences
    Article . 2014 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Royal Society Data Sharing and Accessibility
    Data sources: Crossref
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    Access Routes
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    484
    citations484
    popularityTop 0.1%
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Philosophical Transa...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      PubMed Central
      Other literature type . 2014
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: PubMed Central
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences
      Article . 2014 . Peer-reviewed
      License: Royal Society Data Sharing and Accessibility
      Data sources: Crossref
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      This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Margaret B. Holland; Sierra Shamer; Pablo Imbach; Juan Carlos Zamora; +5 Authors

    Les impacts du changement climatique exacerbent la myriade de défis auxquels sont confrontés les petits exploitants agricoles des tropiques. Dans beaucoup de ces mêmes régions, il y a un manque de données actuelles, cohérentes et spatialement explicites, ce qui limite considérablement la capacité de localiser les communautés de petits exploitants, de cartographier leur capacité d'adaptation et de cibler les mesures d'adaptation sur ces communautés. Pour explorer la capacité d'adaptation des petits exploitants agricoles dans trois pays d'Amérique centrale pauvres en données, nous avons tiré parti des contributions d'experts grâce à des entretiens cartographiques approfondis pour localiser les paysages agricoles, identifier les systèmes agricoles des petits exploitants et caractériser les différentes composantes de la capacité d'adaptation des agriculteurs. Nous avons également utilisé cette donnée pour générer un indice de capacité d'adaptation qui permet une comparaison entre les pays et les systèmes agricoles. Nous présentons ici un aperçu de la méthode experte utilisée, suivi d'un examen de nos résultats, y compris la variation internationale des connaissances spécialisées et la caractérisation de la capacité d'adaptation des caféiculteurs de subsistance et des petits exploitants. Bien que cette approche ne remplace pas la nécessité de collecter des données régulières et cohérentes sur les systèmes agricoles (par exemple, recensement agricole), notre étude démontre une approche d'évaluation rapide pour utiliser les contributions d'experts afin de combler les principales lacunes en matière de données, de permettre des comparaisons transfrontalières et de faciliter l'identification des communautés de petits exploitants les plus vulnérables pour la planification de l'adaptation dans des environnements pauvres en données typiques des régions tropicales. L'un des avantages potentiels de l'intégration de cette approche est qu'elle facilite la prise en compte systématique de l'expérience sur le terrain et régionale dans les évaluations de la capacité d'adaptation, contribuant ainsi à la pertinence et à l'utilité des plans d'adaptation. Los impactos del cambio climático exacerban los innumerables desafíos que enfrentan los pequeños agricultores en los trópicos. En muchas de estas mismas regiones, hay una falta de datos actuales, consistentes y espacialmente explícitos, lo que limita severamente la capacidad de localizar comunidades de pequeños agricultores, mapear su capacidad de adaptación y dirigir medidas de adaptación a estas comunidades. Para explorar la capacidad de adaptación de los pequeños agricultores en tres países de América Central con pocos datos, aprovechamos las aportaciones de expertos a través de entrevistas de mapeo en profundidad para localizar paisajes agrícolas, identificar sistemas agrícolas de pequeños agricultores dentro de ellos y caracterizar diferentes componentes de la capacidad de adaptación de los agricultores. También utilizamos esta información para generar un índice de capacidad de adaptación que permite la comparación entre países y sistemas agrícolas. Aquí, presentamos una descripción general del método experto utilizado, seguido de un examen de nuestros resultados, incluida la variación entre países en el conocimiento experto y la caracterización de la capacidad de adaptación tanto para los productores de café de subsistencia como para los pequeños productores. Si bien este enfoque no reemplaza la necesidad de recopilar datos regulares y consistentes sobre los sistemas agrícolas (por ejemplo, el censo agrícola), nuestro estudio demuestra un enfoque de evaluación rápida para utilizar los aportes de expertos para llenar las lagunas de datos clave, permitir comparaciones transfronterizas y facilitar la identificación de las comunidades de pequeños agricultores más vulnerables para la planificación de la adaptación en entornos con pocos datos que son típicos de las regiones tropicales. Un beneficio potencial de incorporar este enfoque es que facilita la consideración sistemática de la experiencia regional y de campo en las evaluaciones de la capacidad de adaptación, lo que contribuye a la relevancia y utilidad de los planes de adaptación. The impacts of climate change exacerbate the myriad challenges faced by smallholder farmers in the Tropics. In many of these same regions, there is a lack of current, consistent, and spatially-explicit data, which severely limits the ability to locate smallholder communities, map their adaptive capacity, and target adaptation measures to these communities. To explore the adaptive capacity of smallholder farmers in three data-poor countries in Central America, we leveraged expert input through in-depth mapping interviews to locate agricultural landscapes, identify smallholder farming systems within them, and characterize different components of farmer adaptive capacity. We also used this input to generate an index of adaptive capacity that allows for comparison across countries and farming systems. Here, we present an overview of the expert method used, followed by an examination of our results, including the intercountry variation in expert knowledge and the characterization of adaptive capacity for both subsistence and smallholder coffee farmers. While this approach does not replace the need to collect regular and consistent data on farming systems (e.g. agricultural census), our study demonstrates a rapid assessment approach for using expert input to fill key data gaps, enable trans-boundary comparisons, and to facilitate the identification of the most vulnerable smallholder communities for adaptation planning in data-poor environments that are typical of tropical regions. One potential benefit from incorporating this approach is that it facilitates the systematic consideration of field-based and regional experience into assessments of adaptive capacity, contributing to the relevance and utility of adaptation plans. تؤدي آثار تغير المناخ إلى تفاقم التحديات التي لا تعد ولا تحصى التي يواجهها صغار المزارعين في المناطق المدارية. في العديد من هذه المناطق نفسها، هناك نقص في البيانات الحالية والمتسقة والواضحة مكانيًا، مما يحد بشدة من القدرة على تحديد مواقع مجتمعات أصحاب الحيازات الصغيرة، ورسم خرائط لقدرتها على التكيف، واستهداف تدابير التكيف لهذه المجتمعات. لاستكشاف القدرة التكيفية للمزارعين أصحاب الحيازات الصغيرة في ثلاثة بلدان فقيرة بالبيانات في أمريكا الوسطى، استفدنا من مدخلات الخبراء من خلال مقابلات رسم الخرائط المتعمقة لتحديد المناظر الطبيعية الزراعية، وتحديد أنظمة زراعة أصحاب الحيازات الصغيرة داخلها، وتوصيف المكونات المختلفة لقدرة المزارعين على التكيف. كما استخدمنا هذه المدخلات لإنشاء مؤشر للقدرة على التكيف يسمح بالمقارنة بين البلدان والنظم الزراعية. هنا، نقدم لمحة عامة عن طريقة الخبراء المستخدمة، متبوعة بفحص لنتائجنا، بما في ذلك التباين بين البلدان في معرفة الخبراء وتوصيف القدرة على التكيف لكل من مزارعي القهوة الكفافيين وصغار المزارعين. في حين أن هذا النهج لا يحل محل الحاجة إلى جمع بيانات منتظمة ومتسقة عن النظم الزراعية (مثل التعداد الزراعي)، فإن دراستنا توضح نهج تقييم سريع لاستخدام مدخلات الخبراء لسد الثغرات الرئيسية في البيانات، وتمكين المقارنات عبر الحدود، وتسهيل تحديد مجتمعات أصحاب الحيازات الصغيرة الأكثر ضعفًا لتخطيط التكيف في البيئات التي تفتقر إلى البيانات والتي هي نموذجية للمناطق المدارية. تتمثل إحدى الفوائد المحتملة من دمج هذا النهج في أنه يسهل النظر المنهجي في الخبرة الميدانية والإقليمية في تقييمات القدرة على التكيف، مما يساهم في أهمية وفائدة خطط التكيف.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ CGIAR CGSpace (Consu...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Climatic Change
    Article . 2016 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Crossref
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    https://dx.doi.org/10.13016/m2...
    Other literature type . 2016
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    Data sources: Datacite
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    https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/wd...
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      Climatic Change
      Article . 2016 . Peer-reviewed
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.13016/m2...
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      Climatic Change
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/wd...
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/ma...
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    Authors: Celia A. Harvey; Pavel Bautista-Solis; Bruno Rapidel; Bruno Rapidel; +5 Authors

    AbstractDespite the growing interest in Ecosystem-based Adaptation, there has been little discussion of how this approach could be used to help smallholder farmers adapt to climate change, while ensuring the continued provision of ecosystem services on which farming depends. Here we provide a framework for identifying which agricultural practices could be considered ‘Ecosystem-based Adaptation’ practices, and highlight the opportunities and constraints for using these practices to help smallholder farmers adapt to climate change. We argue that these practices are (a) based on the conservation, restoration or management of biodiversity, ecosystem processes or services, and (b) improve the ability of crops and livestock to maintain crop yields under climate change and/or by buffering biophysical impacts of extreme weather events or increased temperatures. To be appropriate for smallholder farmers, these practices must also help increase their food security, increase or diversify their sources of income generation, take advantage of local or traditional knowledge, be based on local inputs, and have low implementation and labor costs. To illustrate the application of this definition, we provide some examples from smallholders’ coffee management practices in Mesoamerica. We also highlight three key obstacles that currently constrain the use of Ecosystem-based Adaptation practices (i) the need for greater understanding of their effectiveness and the factors that drive their adoption, (ii) the development supportive and integrated agriculture and climate change policies that specifically promote them as part of a broader agricultural adaptation program; and (iii) the establishment and maintaining strong and innovative extension programs for smallholder farmers. Our framework is an important starting point for identifying which Ecosystem-based Adaptation practices are appropriate for smallholder farmers and merit attention in international and national adaptation efforts.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Agriculture Ecosyste...arrow_drop_down
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    Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment
    Article . 2015 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY NC ND
    Data sources: Crossref
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment
    Article
    License: CC BY NC ND
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    Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment
    Article . 2015
    License: CC BY NC ND
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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    Article . 2015
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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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    Article . 2015
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      Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment
      Article . 2015 . Peer-reviewed
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      Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment
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      Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment
      Article . 2015
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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    Authors: Juana Munoz-Ucros; Celia A. Harvey; Inge Armbrecht; Carlos Isaza; +15 Authors

    AbstractIn Latin America, the cultivation of Arabica coffee (Coffea arabica) plays a critical role in rural livelihoods, biodiversity conservation, and sustainable development. Over the last 20 years, coffee farms and landscapes across the region have undergone rapid and profound biophysical changes in response to low coffee prices, changing climatic conditions, severe plant pathogen outbreaks, and other drivers. Although these biophysical transformations are pervasive and affect millions of rural livelihoods, there is limited information on the types, location, and extent of landscape changes and their socioeconomic and ecological consequences. Here we review the state of knowledge on the ongoing biophysical changes in coffee-growing regions, explore the potential socioeconomic and ecological impacts of these changes, and highlight key research gaps. We identify seven major land-use trends which are affecting the sustainability of coffee-growing regions across Latin America in different ways. These trends include (1) the widespread shift to disease-resistant cultivars, (2) the conventional intensification of coffee management with greater planting densities, greater use of agrochemicals and less shade, (3) the conversion of coffee to other agricultural land uses, (4) the introduction of Robusta coffee (Coffea canephora) into areas not previously cultivated with coffee, (5) the expansion of coffee into forested areas, (6) the urbanization of coffee landscapes, and (7) the increase in the area of coffee produced under voluntary sustainability standards. Our review highlights the incomplete and scattered information on the drivers, patterns, and outcomes of biophysical changes in coffee landscapes, and lays out a detailed research agenda to address these research gaps and elucidate the effects of different landscape trajectories on rural livelihoods, biodiversity conservation, and other aspects of sustainable development. A better understanding of the drivers, patterns, and consequences of changes in coffee landscapes is vital for informing the design of policies, programs, and incentives for sustainable coffee production.

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    Agronomy for Sustainable Development
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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    Agronomy for Sustainable Development
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    PubMed Central
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    Research@WUR
    Article . 2021
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    Wageningen Staff Publications
    Article . 2021
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    https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/69...
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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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    Article . 2021
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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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      Agronomy for Sustainable Development
      Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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      Agronomy for Sustainable Development
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      PubMed Central
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      Article . 2021
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      Review . 2021
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    Authors: Hannah Lee; Camila I. Donatti; Célia A. Harvey; Eric J. Alfaro; +10 Authors

    Le changement climatique aura de graves répercussions sur l'agriculture, les écosystèmes et les moyens de subsistance des agriculteurs en Amérique centrale. Les petits exploitants agricoles sont particulièrement vulnérables en raison de leur dépendance à l'égard de l'agriculture et des services écosystémiques pour leurs moyens de subsistance. Il est urgent de développer des réponses d'adaptation nationales et locales pour réduire ces impacts, mais les preuves du changement climatique historique sont fragmentaires. Les efforts de modélisation aident à combler cet écart. Ici, nous passons en revue la dernière décennie de recherche sur les modèles d'impact du changement climatique agricole et écologique pour l'Amérique centrale. Les résultats de cet examen fournissent des informations sur les impacts attendus du changement climatique et suggèrent des actions politiques qui peuvent aider à minimiser ces impacts. La modélisation indique que les changements climatiques futurs, souvent en déclin, sont adaptés aux cultures d'Amérique centrale. Les baisses d'aptitude au café, culture centrale de l'économie régionale, sont remarquables. Les modèles écosystémiques suggèrent que les changements climatiques sont probables lors des transitions forestières montagnardes de basse et haute altitude. La modélisation de la vulnérabilité suggère que les petits exploitants dans de nombreuses parties de la région présentent un ou plusieurs facteurs de vulnérabilité qui les mettent en danger. Les politiques d'adaptation initiales peuvent être guidées par ces résultats de modélisation existants. Dans le même temps, une modélisation améliorée est en cours de développement qui permettra une action politique spécifiquement ciblée sur les groupes vulnérables, les cultures et les sites. Nous suggérons qu'une modélisation plus robuste des réponses écologiques au changement climatique, une meilleure représentation de la région dans les modèles climatiques et la simulation des influences climatiques sur les rendements des cultures et les maladies (en particulier la rouille des feuilles de café) sont des priorités clés pour les recherches futures. El cambio climático tendrá graves repercusiones para la agricultura, los ecosistemas y los medios de vida de los agricultores en Centroamérica. Los pequeños agricultores son particularmente vulnerables debido a su dependencia de la agricultura y los servicios ecosistémicos para su sustento. Existe una necesidad urgente de desarrollar respuestas de adaptación nacionales y locales para reducir estos impactos, sin embargo, la evidencia del cambio climático histórico es fragmentaria. Los esfuerzos de modelado ayudan a cerrar esta brecha. Aquí, revisamos la última década de investigación sobre modelos de impacto del cambio climático agrícola y ecológico para América Central. Los resultados de esta revisión proporcionan información sobre los impactos esperados del cambio climático y sugieren medidas de política que pueden ayudar a minimizar estos impactos. La modelización indica cambios futuros impulsados por el clima, a menudo disminuciones, en la idoneidad para los cultivos centroamericanos. Destacan los descensos en la idoneidad para el café, un cultivo central en la economía regional. Los modelos de ecosistemas sugieren que los cambios impulsados por el clima son probables en las transiciones de bosques montanos de baja y alta altitud. La modelización de la vulnerabilidad sugiere que los pequeños agricultores en muchas partes de la región tienen uno o más factores de vulnerabilidad que los ponen en riesgo. Las políticas de adaptación iniciales pueden guiarse por estos resultados de modelado existentes. Al mismo tiempo, se están desarrollando modelos mejorados que permitirán la acción de políticas dirigidas específicamente a grupos, cultivos y ubicaciones vulnerables. Sugerimos que un modelado más sólido de las respuestas ecológicas al cambio climático, una mejor representación de la región en los modelos climáticos y la simulación de las influencias climáticas en los rendimientos de los cultivos y las enfermedades (especialmente la roya del café) son prioridades clave para futuras investigaciones. Climate change will have serious repercussions for agriculture, ecosystems, and farmer livelihoods in Central America. Smallholder farmers are particularly vulnerable due to their reliance on agriculture and ecosystem services for their livelihoods. There is an urgent need to develop national and local adaptation responses to reduce these impacts, yet evidence from historical climate change is fragmentary. Modeling efforts help bridge this gap. Here, we review the past decade of research on agricultural and ecological climate change impact models for Central America. The results of this review provide insights into the expected impacts of climate change and suggest policy actions that can help minimize these impacts. Modeling indicates future climate-driven changes, often declines, in suitability for Central American crops. Declines in suitability for coffee, a central crop in the regional economy, are noteworthy. Ecosystem models suggest that climate-driven changes are likely at low- and high-elevation montane forest transitions. Modeling of vulnerability suggests that smallholders in many parts of the region have one or more vulnerability factors that put them at risk. Initial adaptation policies can be guided by these existing modeling results. At the same time, improved modeling is being developed that will allow policy action specifically targeted to vulnerable groups, crops, and locations. We suggest that more robust modeling of ecological responses to climate change, improved representation of the region in climate models, and simulation of climate influences on crop yields and diseases (especially coffee leaf rust) are key priorities for future research. سيكون لتغير المناخ تداعيات خطيرة على الزراعة والنظم الإيكولوجية وسبل عيش المزارعين في أمريكا الوسطى. المزارعون أصحاب الحيازات الصغيرة معرضون للخطر بشكل خاص بسبب اعتمادهم على الزراعة وخدمات النظام الإيكولوجي لكسب عيشهم. هناك حاجة ملحة لتطوير استجابات التكيف الوطنية والمحلية للحد من هذه الآثار، ومع ذلك فإن الأدلة من تغير المناخ التاريخي مجزأة. وتساعد جهود النمذجة على سد هذه الفجوة. نستعرض هنا العقد الماضي من الأبحاث حول نماذج تأثير تغير المناخ الزراعي والبيئي لأمريكا الوسطى. تقدم نتائج هذا الاستعراض رؤى حول الآثار المتوقعة لتغير المناخ وتقترح إجراءات السياسة التي يمكن أن تساعد في تقليل هذه الآثار. تشير النمذجة إلى التغيرات المستقبلية التي يحركها المناخ، وغالبًا ما تنخفض، في مدى ملاءمتها لمحاصيل أمريكا الوسطى. وتجدر الإشارة إلى انخفاض مدى ملاءمة القهوة، وهي محصول مركزي في الاقتصاد الإقليمي. تشير نماذج النظم الإيكولوجية إلى أن التغيرات التي يحركها المناخ من المحتمل أن تحدث في عمليات انتقال الغابات الجبلية المنخفضة والعالية الارتفاع. تشير نمذجة الضعف إلى أن أصحاب الحيازات الصغيرة في أجزاء كثيرة من المنطقة لديهم عامل ضعف واحد أو أكثر يعرضهم للخطر. يمكن توجيه سياسات التكيف الأولية بنتائج النمذجة الحالية هذه. وفي الوقت نفسه، يجري تطوير نمذجة محسنة من شأنها أن تسمح باتخاذ إجراءات سياسية تستهدف على وجه التحديد الفئات الضعيفة والمحاصيل والمواقع. نقترح أن النمذجة الأكثر قوة للاستجابات البيئية لتغير المناخ، وتحسين تمثيل المنطقة في النماذج المناخية، ومحاكاة التأثيرات المناخية على غلة المحاصيل والأمراض (خاصة صدأ أوراق البن) هي أولويات رئيسية للبحوث المستقبلية.

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    Climatic Change
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    Authors: Imbach, Pablo; Fung, Emily; Hannah, Lee; Navarro Racines, Carlos E.; +7 Authors

    CASCADE project “Ecosystem-based Adaptation for smallholder Subsistence and Coffee Farming Communities in Central America”

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  • Authors: Alpizar, Francisco; Harvey, Celia A.; Saborío-Rodríguez, Milagro; Viguera, Bárbara; +2 Authors

    The data archived here were collected as part of a household survey of smallholder coffee and basic farmers’ perceptions and adaptations to climate change. The data includes information from 860 smallholder coffee and maize/bean farmers in Guatemala, Honduras and Costa Rica. The main objective of the household survey was to explore how smallholder farmers are being affected by climate change and whether (and how) they are adapting their farm management strategies in response to climate change. The specific objectives of the household survey were: (1) To document smallholder farmer perceptions of whether (and how) the climate has changed over the past decade and to document the perceived impacts of climate change household livelihoods and production systems. (2) To characterise whether and how smallholder farmers have changed their farm management practices in response to climate change (with a special emphasis on the use of Ecosystem-based Adaptation practices). (3) To understand the reasons why agricultural households implemented particular adaptation practices and identify barriers to the use of different adaptation practices. (4) To explore the role of organisations and institutions in promoting the use of Ecosystem-based Adaptation practices; and (5) To identify opportunities for the use of EbA practices to help smallholder farmers adapt to climate change. In addition to collecting information related to the five objectives outlined above, the survey also collected basic information on smallholder farmer household demographics, socioeconomic conditions, livelihood strategies, farm and crop characteristics, and farm management strategies. The EbA practices documented in the study included the use of shade and manual weeding in coffee plots, the use of dispersed trees, mulching, fallows and minimum tillage in maize or bean fields, the use of live fences, home gardens, contour planting, windbreaks and cover crops, and the conservation of riparian forests and forest patches. In addition, we collected information on why farmers did- or did not- use certain EbA practices, the year in which they began to use individual EbA practices, and any changes they had made in these practices over the last 10 years. All surveys were conducted in person with the head of the household (in Spanish). Surveys were conducted in the field between April and September 2014. The archived dataset ‘Household survey of climate change perception and adaptation strategies of smallholder coffee and basic grain farmers in Central America’ was collected as part of the CASCADE project (Ecosystem‐based Adaptation for Smallholder Coffee and Subsistence Farmers in Central America). The CASCADE project was an interdisciplinary research project led by Conservation International and the Tropical Agricultural Research and Higher Education Center (CATIE), implemented in coordination with CIRAD, and funded by the International Climate Initiative (IKI) of the Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety (BMUB) from the German Government. The overall goal of the CASCADE project was to help vulnerable smallholder farming communities adapt to climate change by identifying and testing Ecosystem-based Adaptation (EbA) strategies that can help farmers and building local capacity to support the implementation of these strategies in smallholder farming communities. The project was developed from 2012 to 2017 in three Central American countries (Costa Rica, Honduras and Guatemala) and focused on subsistence farmers (cultivating maize and beans) and smallholder coffee farmers. Activities were conducted at regional and national scales, and in six individual landscapes (Turrialba and Los Santos in Costa Rica, Chiquimula and Acatenango in Guatemala, and Choluteca and Yoro in Honduras). The data archived here were collected as part of a household survey of smallholder coffee and basic farmers’ perceptions and adaptations to climate change. The data includes information from 860 smallholder coffee and maize/bean farmers in Guatemala, Honduras and Costa Rica.

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    Authors: Harvey, Celia A.; Martínez-Rodríguez, M. Ruth; Cárdenas, José Mario; Avelino, Jacques; +5 Authors

    This data set includes field measurements of Ecosystem-based Adaptation (EbA) practices present on 300 smallholder coffee and maize farms in Central America. The database '2_Field_Survey_Database’ includes information on: 1) characteristics of coffee and basic grains plantations (including length, width, area, distance between plants, distance between lines, plant height, planted crop varieties, surrounding land uses, etc.), and 2) characteristics of EbA practices (i.e., live fences, windbreaks, shade trees, forest fragments, riparian forests), such as the width, length and area under the practice, species composition, and surrounding land uses. The accompanying glossary '2_Field_Survey_Glossary' provides a description of all variables in the ‘2_Field_Survey_Database’ and their respective units. Sheets 1 and 2 are in Spanish; sheets 3 and 4 are in English. The file ‘2_Field_Survey_Instrument' is the field protocol used to conduct measurements of EbA practices in the field. The document is in Spanish. The related file "Metadata CASCADE WP4 datasets" gives detailed information on the project, methods, data sets and files included in the dataverse 'Characteristics and use of EbA practices by smallholder farmers in Central America'.

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    Harvard Dataverse
    Dataset . 2018
    License: CC 0
    Data sources: Datacite
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Harvard Dataversearrow_drop_down
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      Dataset . 2018
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Celia A Harvey; Sergio Vílchez Mendoza; José Mario Cárdenas; Ruth M. Martínez-Rodríguez; +1 Authors

    Introducción. En Centroamérica, los pequeños caficultores están amenazados por el aumento en las temperaturas y los cambios en los patrones de lluvia. Una estrategia para apoyar a las comunidades de pequeños agricultores a adaptarse al cambio climático es el uso de prácticas de Adaptación basada en Ecosistemas (AbE), las cuales integran la conservación, restauración y manejo sostenible de ecosistemas y biodiversidad. Sin embargo, existe poca información de cómo los productores utilizan estas prácticas. Objetivo. El objetivo de este estudio fue describir el uso de once prácticas de AbE entre pequeños agricultores de café, de cinco paisajes ubicados en Costa Rica, Honduras y Guatemala, así como comparar las características biofísicas y frecuencia de uso de las mismas entre paisajes. Materiales y métodos. La caracterización de las prácticas de AbE se realizó utilizando mapeo participativo, entrevistas, y mediciones de área y estructura y composición de la vegetación, entre julio 2014 y junio 2015. La comparación entre paisajes se realizó mediante un análisis de varianza. Resultados. Los resultados indican que muchos pequeños agricultores de café están implementando activamente el uso de prácticas AbE, entre ellas el uso de árboles de sombra en cafetales, los surcos en contorno, los huertos caseros y las cercas vivas. Sin embargo, existieron diferencias importantes entre paisajes en cuanto al uso y las características de AbE implementadas. Conclusión. Estas diferencias sugieren que los productores adaptan el uso de dichas prácticas en respuesta a los contextos sociales y biofísicos del medio en donde viven, y que existe valor en hacer intercambio de productores de diferentes regiones para compartir su conocimiento sobre estas prácticas.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Agronomía Mesoameric...arrow_drop_down
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    Agronomía Mesoamericana
    Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY NC ND
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    Agronomía Mesoamericana
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    Article . 2019
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Agronomía Mesoameric...arrow_drop_down
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      Agronomía Mesoamericana
      Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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      Agronomía Mesoamericana
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      DOAJ
      Article . 2019
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Guy M. Poppy; Sosten Chiotha; Felix Eigenbrod; Célia A. Harvey; +8 Authors

    Achieving food security in a ‘perfect storm’ scenario is a grand challenge for society. Climate change and an expanding global population act in concert to make global food security even more complex and demanding. As achieving food security and the millennium development goal (MDG) to eradicate hunger influences the attainment of other MDGs, it is imperative that we offer solutions which are complementary and do not oppose one another. Sustainable intensification of agriculture has been proposed as a way to address hunger while also minimizing further environmental impact. However, the desire to raise productivity and yields has historically led to a degraded environment, reduced biodiversity and a reduction in ecosystem services (ES), with the greatest impacts affecting the poor. This paper proposes that the ES framework coupled with a policy response framework, for example Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR), can allow food security to be delivered alongside healthy ecosystems, which provide many other valuable services to humankind. Too often, agro-ecosystems have been considered as separate from other natural ecosystems and insufficient attention has been paid to the way in which services can flow to and from the agro-ecosystem to surrounding ecosystems. Highlighting recent research in a large multi-disciplinary project (ASSETS), we illustrate the ES approach to food security using a case study from the Zomba district of Malawi.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ SEALS Digital Common...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    PubMed Central
    Other literature type . 2014
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: PubMed Central
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences
    Article . 2014 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Royal Society Data Sharing and Accessibility
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    https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/rm...
    Other literature type . 2014
    Data sources: Datacite
    https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/kh...
    Other literature type . 2014
    Data sources: Datacite
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ SEALS Digital Common...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      PubMed Central
      Other literature type . 2014
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: PubMed Central
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences
      Article . 2014 . Peer-reviewed
      License: Royal Society Data Sharing and Accessibility
      Data sources: Crossref
      https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/rm...
      Other literature type . 2014
      Data sources: Datacite
      https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/kh...
      Other literature type . 2014
      Data sources: Datacite
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: R. Rabarijohn; Zo Lalaina Rakotobe; Hery Razafimahatratra; Radhika Dave; +4 Authors

    Across the tropics, smallholder farmers already face numerous risks to agricultural production. Climate change is expected to disproportionately affect smallholder farmers and make their livelihoods even more precarious; however, there is limited information on their overall vulnerability and adaptation needs. We conducted surveys of 600 households in Madagascar to characterize the vulnerability of smallholder farmers, identify how farmers cope with risks and explore what strategies are needed to help them adapt to climate change. Malagasy farmers are particularly vulnerable to any shocks to their agricultural system owing to their high dependence on agriculture for their livelihoods, chronic food insecurity, physical isolation and lack of access to formal safety nets. Farmers are frequently exposed to pest and disease outbreaks and extreme weather events (particularly cyclones), which cause significant crop and income losses and exacerbate food insecurity. Although farmers use a variety of risk-coping strategies, these are insufficient to prevent them from remaining food insecure. Few farmers have adjusted their farming strategies in response to climate change, owing to limited resources and capacity. Urgent technical, financial and institutional support is needed to improve the agricultural production and food security of Malagasy farmers and make their livelihoods resilient to climate change.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Philosophical Transa...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    PubMed Central
    Other literature type . 2014
    License: CC BY
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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences
    Article . 2014 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Royal Society Data Sharing and Accessibility
    Data sources: Crossref
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Philosophical Transa...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      PubMed Central
      Other literature type . 2014
      License: CC BY
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences
      Article . 2014 . Peer-reviewed
      License: Royal Society Data Sharing and Accessibility
      Data sources: Crossref
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    Authors: Margaret B. Holland; Sierra Shamer; Pablo Imbach; Juan Carlos Zamora; +5 Authors

    Les impacts du changement climatique exacerbent la myriade de défis auxquels sont confrontés les petits exploitants agricoles des tropiques. Dans beaucoup de ces mêmes régions, il y a un manque de données actuelles, cohérentes et spatialement explicites, ce qui limite considérablement la capacité de localiser les communautés de petits exploitants, de cartographier leur capacité d'adaptation et de cibler les mesures d'adaptation sur ces communautés. Pour explorer la capacité d'adaptation des petits exploitants agricoles dans trois pays d'Amérique centrale pauvres en données, nous avons tiré parti des contributions d'experts grâce à des entretiens cartographiques approfondis pour localiser les paysages agricoles, identifier les systèmes agricoles des petits exploitants et caractériser les différentes composantes de la capacité d'adaptation des agriculteurs. Nous avons également utilisé cette donnée pour générer un indice de capacité d'adaptation qui permet une comparaison entre les pays et les systèmes agricoles. Nous présentons ici un aperçu de la méthode experte utilisée, suivi d'un examen de nos résultats, y compris la variation internationale des connaissances spécialisées et la caractérisation de la capacité d'adaptation des caféiculteurs de subsistance et des petits exploitants. Bien que cette approche ne remplace pas la nécessité de collecter des données régulières et cohérentes sur les systèmes agricoles (par exemple, recensement agricole), notre étude démontre une approche d'évaluation rapide pour utiliser les contributions d'experts afin de combler les principales lacunes en matière de données, de permettre des comparaisons transfrontalières et de faciliter l'identification des communautés de petits exploitants les plus vulnérables pour la planification de l'adaptation dans des environnements pauvres en données typiques des régions tropicales. L'un des avantages potentiels de l'intégration de cette approche est qu'elle facilite la prise en compte systématique de l'expérience sur le terrain et régionale dans les évaluations de la capacité d'adaptation, contribuant ainsi à la pertinence et à l'utilité des plans d'adaptation. Los impactos del cambio climático exacerban los innumerables desafíos que enfrentan los pequeños agricultores en los trópicos. En muchas de estas mismas regiones, hay una falta de datos actuales, consistentes y espacialmente explícitos, lo que limita severamente la capacidad de localizar comunidades de pequeños agricultores, mapear su capacidad de adaptación y dirigir medidas de adaptación a estas comunidades. Para explorar la capacidad de adaptación de los pequeños agricultores en tres países de América Central con pocos datos, aprovechamos las aportaciones de expertos a través de entrevistas de mapeo en profundidad para localizar paisajes agrícolas, identificar sistemas agrícolas de pequeños agricultores dentro de ellos y caracterizar diferentes componentes de la capacidad de adaptación de los agricultores. También utilizamos esta información para generar un índice de capacidad de adaptación que permite la comparación entre países y sistemas agrícolas. Aquí, presentamos una descripción general del método experto utilizado, seguido de un examen de nuestros resultados, incluida la variación entre países en el conocimiento experto y la caracterización de la capacidad de adaptación tanto para los productores de café de subsistencia como para los pequeños productores. Si bien este enfoque no reemplaza la necesidad de recopilar datos regulares y consistentes sobre los sistemas agrícolas (por ejemplo, el censo agrícola), nuestro estudio demuestra un enfoque de evaluación rápida para utilizar los aportes de expertos para llenar las lagunas de datos clave, permitir comparaciones transfronterizas y facilitar la identificación de las comunidades de pequeños agricultores más vulnerables para la planificación de la adaptación en entornos con pocos datos que son típicos de las regiones tropicales. Un beneficio potencial de incorporar este enfoque es que facilita la consideración sistemática de la experiencia regional y de campo en las evaluaciones de la capacidad de adaptación, lo que contribuye a la relevancia y utilidad de los planes de adaptación. The impacts of climate change exacerbate the myriad challenges faced by smallholder farmers in the Tropics. In many of these same regions, there is a lack of current, consistent, and spatially-explicit data, which severely limits the ability to locate smallholder communities, map their adaptive capacity, and target adaptation measures to these communities. To explore the adaptive capacity of smallholder farmers in three data-poor countries in Central America, we leveraged expert input through in-depth mapping interviews to locate agricultural landscapes, identify smallholder farming systems within them, and characterize different components of farmer adaptive capacity. We also used this input to generate an index of adaptive capacity that allows for comparison across countries and farming systems. Here, we present an overview of the expert method used, followed by an examination of our results, including the intercountry variation in expert knowledge and the characterization of adaptive capacity for both subsistence and smallholder coffee farmers. While this approach does not replace the need to collect regular and consistent data on farming systems (e.g. agricultural census), our study demonstrates a rapid assessment approach for using expert input to fill key data gaps, enable trans-boundary comparisons, and to facilitate the identification of the most vulnerable smallholder communities for adaptation planning in data-poor environments that are typical of tropical regions. One potential benefit from incorporating this approach is that it facilitates the systematic consideration of field-based and regional experience into assessments of adaptive capacity, contributing to the relevance and utility of adaptation plans. تؤدي آثار تغير المناخ إلى تفاقم التحديات التي لا تعد ولا تحصى التي يواجهها صغار المزارعين في المناطق المدارية. في العديد من هذه المناطق نفسها، هناك نقص في البيانات الحالية والمتسقة والواضحة مكانيًا، مما يحد بشدة من القدرة على تحديد مواقع مجتمعات أصحاب الحيازات الصغيرة، ورسم خرائط لقدرتها على التكيف، واستهداف تدابير التكيف لهذه المجتمعات. لاستكشاف القدرة التكيفية للمزارعين أصحاب الحيازات الصغيرة في ثلاثة بلدان فقيرة بالبيانات في أمريكا الوسطى، استفدنا من مدخلات الخبراء من خلال مقابلات رسم الخرائط المتعمقة لتحديد المناظر الطبيعية الزراعية، وتحديد أنظمة زراعة أصحاب الحيازات الصغيرة داخلها، وتوصيف المكونات المختلفة لقدرة المزارعين على التكيف. كما استخدمنا هذه المدخلات لإنشاء مؤشر للقدرة على التكيف يسمح بالمقارنة بين البلدان والنظم الزراعية. هنا، نقدم لمحة عامة عن طريقة الخبراء المستخدمة، متبوعة بفحص لنتائجنا، بما في ذلك التباين بين البلدان في معرفة الخبراء وتوصيف القدرة على التكيف لكل من مزارعي القهوة الكفافيين وصغار المزارعين. في حين أن هذا النهج لا يحل محل الحاجة إلى جمع بيانات منتظمة ومتسقة عن النظم الزراعية (مثل التعداد الزراعي)، فإن دراستنا توضح نهج تقييم سريع لاستخدام مدخلات الخبراء لسد الثغرات الرئيسية في البيانات، وتمكين المقارنات عبر الحدود، وتسهيل تحديد مجتمعات أصحاب الحيازات الصغيرة الأكثر ضعفًا لتخطيط التكيف في البيئات التي تفتقر إلى البيانات والتي هي نموذجية للمناطق المدارية. تتمثل إحدى الفوائد المحتملة من دمج هذا النهج في أنه يسهل النظر المنهجي في الخبرة الميدانية والإقليمية في تقييمات القدرة على التكيف، مما يساهم في أهمية وفائدة خطط التكيف.

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    Climatic Change
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    Authors: Celia A. Harvey; Pavel Bautista-Solis; Bruno Rapidel; Bruno Rapidel; +5 Authors

    AbstractDespite the growing interest in Ecosystem-based Adaptation, there has been little discussion of how this approach could be used to help smallholder farmers adapt to climate change, while ensuring the continued provision of ecosystem services on which farming depends. Here we provide a framework for identifying which agricultural practices could be considered ‘Ecosystem-based Adaptation’ practices, and highlight the opportunities and constraints for using these practices to help smallholder farmers adapt to climate change. We argue that these practices are (a) based on the conservation, restoration or management of biodiversity, ecosystem processes or services, and (b) improve the ability of crops and livestock to maintain crop yields under climate change and/or by buffering biophysical impacts of extreme weather events or increased temperatures. To be appropriate for smallholder farmers, these practices must also help increase their food security, increase or diversify their sources of income generation, take advantage of local or traditional knowledge, be based on local inputs, and have low implementation and labor costs. To illustrate the application of this definition, we provide some examples from smallholders’ coffee management practices in Mesoamerica. We also highlight three key obstacles that currently constrain the use of Ecosystem-based Adaptation practices (i) the need for greater understanding of their effectiveness and the factors that drive their adoption, (ii) the development supportive and integrated agriculture and climate change policies that specifically promote them as part of a broader agricultural adaptation program; and (iii) the establishment and maintaining strong and innovative extension programs for smallholder farmers. Our framework is an important starting point for identifying which Ecosystem-based Adaptation practices are appropriate for smallholder farmers and merit attention in international and national adaptation efforts.

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    Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment
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    Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment
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    Authors: Juana Munoz-Ucros; Celia A. Harvey; Inge Armbrecht; Carlos Isaza; +15 Authors

    AbstractIn Latin America, the cultivation of Arabica coffee (Coffea arabica) plays a critical role in rural livelihoods, biodiversity conservation, and sustainable development. Over the last 20 years, coffee farms and landscapes across the region have undergone rapid and profound biophysical changes in response to low coffee prices, changing climatic conditions, severe plant pathogen outbreaks, and other drivers. Although these biophysical transformations are pervasive and affect millions of rural livelihoods, there is limited information on the types, location, and extent of landscape changes and their socioeconomic and ecological consequences. Here we review the state of knowledge on the ongoing biophysical changes in coffee-growing regions, explore the potential socioeconomic and ecological impacts of these changes, and highlight key research gaps. We identify seven major land-use trends which are affecting the sustainability of coffee-growing regions across Latin America in different ways. These trends include (1) the widespread shift to disease-resistant cultivars, (2) the conventional intensification of coffee management with greater planting densities, greater use of agrochemicals and less shade, (3) the conversion of coffee to other agricultural land uses, (4) the introduction of Robusta coffee (Coffea canephora) into areas not previously cultivated with coffee, (5) the expansion of coffee into forested areas, (6) the urbanization of coffee landscapes, and (7) the increase in the area of coffee produced under voluntary sustainability standards. Our review highlights the incomplete and scattered information on the drivers, patterns, and outcomes of biophysical changes in coffee landscapes, and lays out a detailed research agenda to address these research gaps and elucidate the effects of different landscape trajectories on rural livelihoods, biodiversity conservation, and other aspects of sustainable development. A better understanding of the drivers, patterns, and consequences of changes in coffee landscapes is vital for informing the design of policies, programs, and incentives for sustainable coffee production.

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    Agronomy for Sustainable Development
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      Agronomy for Sustainable Development
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Hannah Lee; Camila I. Donatti; Célia A. Harvey; Eric J. Alfaro; +10 Authors

    Le changement climatique aura de graves répercussions sur l'agriculture, les écosystèmes et les moyens de subsistance des agriculteurs en Amérique centrale. Les petits exploitants agricoles sont particulièrement vulnérables en raison de leur dépendance à l'égard de l'agriculture et des services écosystémiques pour leurs moyens de subsistance. Il est urgent de développer des réponses d'adaptation nationales et locales pour réduire ces impacts, mais les preuves du changement climatique historique sont fragmentaires. Les efforts de modélisation aident à combler cet écart. Ici, nous passons en revue la dernière décennie de recherche sur les modèles d'impact du changement climatique agricole et écologique pour l'Amérique centrale. Les résultats de cet examen fournissent des informations sur les impacts attendus du changement climatique et suggèrent des actions politiques qui peuvent aider à minimiser ces impacts. La modélisation indique que les changements climatiques futurs, souvent en déclin, sont adaptés aux cultures d'Amérique centrale. Les baisses d'aptitude au café, culture centrale de l'économie régionale, sont remarquables. Les modèles écosystémiques suggèrent que les changements climatiques sont probables lors des transitions forestières montagnardes de basse et haute altitude. La modélisation de la vulnérabilité suggère que les petits exploitants dans de nombreuses parties de la région présentent un ou plusieurs facteurs de vulnérabilité qui les mettent en danger. Les politiques d'adaptation initiales peuvent être guidées par ces résultats de modélisation existants. Dans le même temps, une modélisation améliorée est en cours de développement qui permettra une action politique spécifiquement ciblée sur les groupes vulnérables, les cultures et les sites. Nous suggérons qu'une modélisation plus robuste des réponses écologiques au changement climatique, une meilleure représentation de la région dans les modèles climatiques et la simulation des influences climatiques sur les rendements des cultures et les maladies (en particulier la rouille des feuilles de café) sont des priorités clés pour les recherches futures. El cambio climático tendrá graves repercusiones para la agricultura, los ecosistemas y los medios de vida de los agricultores en Centroamérica. Los pequeños agricultores son particularmente vulnerables debido a su dependencia de la agricultura y los servicios ecosistémicos para su sustento. Existe una necesidad urgente de desarrollar respuestas de adaptación nacionales y locales para reducir estos impactos, sin embargo, la evidencia del cambio climático histórico es fragmentaria. Los esfuerzos de modelado ayudan a cerrar esta brecha. Aquí, revisamos la última década de investigación sobre modelos de impacto del cambio climático agrícola y ecológico para América Central. Los resultados de esta revisión proporcionan información sobre los impactos esperados del cambio climático y sugieren medidas de política que pueden ayudar a minimizar estos impactos. La modelización indica cambios futuros impulsados por el clima, a menudo disminuciones, en la idoneidad para los cultivos centroamericanos. Destacan los descensos en la idoneidad para el café, un cultivo central en la economía regional. Los modelos de ecosistemas sugieren que los cambios impulsados por el clima son probables en las transiciones de bosques montanos de baja y alta altitud. La modelización de la vulnerabilidad sugiere que los pequeños agricultores en muchas partes de la región tienen uno o más factores de vulnerabilidad que los ponen en riesgo. Las políticas de adaptación iniciales pueden guiarse por estos resultados de modelado existentes. Al mismo tiempo, se están desarrollando modelos mejorados que permitirán la acción de políticas dirigidas específicamente a grupos, cultivos y ubicaciones vulnerables. Sugerimos que un modelado más sólido de las respuestas ecológicas al cambio climático, una mejor representación de la región en los modelos climáticos y la simulación de las influencias climáticas en los rendimientos de los cultivos y las enfermedades (especialmente la roya del café) son prioridades clave para futuras investigaciones. Climate change will have serious repercussions for agriculture, ecosystems, and farmer livelihoods in Central America. Smallholder farmers are particularly vulnerable due to their reliance on agriculture and ecosystem services for their livelihoods. There is an urgent need to develop national and local adaptation responses to reduce these impacts, yet evidence from historical climate change is fragmentary. Modeling efforts help bridge this gap. Here, we review the past decade of research on agricultural and ecological climate change impact models for Central America. The results of this review provide insights into the expected impacts of climate change and suggest policy actions that can help minimize these impacts. Modeling indicates future climate-driven changes, often declines, in suitability for Central American crops. Declines in suitability for coffee, a central crop in the regional economy, are noteworthy. Ecosystem models suggest that climate-driven changes are likely at low- and high-elevation montane forest transitions. Modeling of vulnerability suggests that smallholders in many parts of the region have one or more vulnerability factors that put them at risk. Initial adaptation policies can be guided by these existing modeling results. At the same time, improved modeling is being developed that will allow policy action specifically targeted to vulnerable groups, crops, and locations. We suggest that more robust modeling of ecological responses to climate change, improved representation of the region in climate models, and simulation of climate influences on crop yields and diseases (especially coffee leaf rust) are key priorities for future research. سيكون لتغير المناخ تداعيات خطيرة على الزراعة والنظم الإيكولوجية وسبل عيش المزارعين في أمريكا الوسطى. المزارعون أصحاب الحيازات الصغيرة معرضون للخطر بشكل خاص بسبب اعتمادهم على الزراعة وخدمات النظام الإيكولوجي لكسب عيشهم. هناك حاجة ملحة لتطوير استجابات التكيف الوطنية والمحلية للحد من هذه الآثار، ومع ذلك فإن الأدلة من تغير المناخ التاريخي مجزأة. وتساعد جهود النمذجة على سد هذه الفجوة. نستعرض هنا العقد الماضي من الأبحاث حول نماذج تأثير تغير المناخ الزراعي والبيئي لأمريكا الوسطى. تقدم نتائج هذا الاستعراض رؤى حول الآثار المتوقعة لتغير المناخ وتقترح إجراءات السياسة التي يمكن أن تساعد في تقليل هذه الآثار. تشير النمذجة إلى التغيرات المستقبلية التي يحركها المناخ، وغالبًا ما تنخفض، في مدى ملاءمتها لمحاصيل أمريكا الوسطى. وتجدر الإشارة إلى انخفاض مدى ملاءمة القهوة، وهي محصول مركزي في الاقتصاد الإقليمي. تشير نماذج النظم الإيكولوجية إلى أن التغيرات التي يحركها المناخ من المحتمل أن تحدث في عمليات انتقال الغابات الجبلية المنخفضة والعالية الارتفاع. تشير نمذجة الضعف إلى أن أصحاب الحيازات الصغيرة في أجزاء كثيرة من المنطقة لديهم عامل ضعف واحد أو أكثر يعرضهم للخطر. يمكن توجيه سياسات التكيف الأولية بنتائج النمذجة الحالية هذه. وفي الوقت نفسه، يجري تطوير نمذجة محسنة من شأنها أن تسمح باتخاذ إجراءات سياسية تستهدف على وجه التحديد الفئات الضعيفة والمحاصيل والمواقع. نقترح أن النمذجة الأكثر قوة للاستجابات البيئية لتغير المناخ، وتحسين تمثيل المنطقة في النماذج المناخية، ومحاكاة التأثيرات المناخية على غلة المحاصيل والأمراض (خاصة صدأ أوراق البن) هي أولويات رئيسية للبحوث المستقبلية.

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    Climatic Change
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      Climatic Change
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/nt...
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    Authors: Imbach, Pablo; Fung, Emily; Hannah, Lee; Navarro Racines, Carlos E.; +7 Authors

    CASCADE project “Ecosystem-based Adaptation for smallholder Subsistence and Coffee Farming Communities in Central America”

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    Dataset . 2017
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  • Authors: Alpizar, Francisco; Harvey, Celia A.; Saborío-Rodríguez, Milagro; Viguera, Bárbara; +2 Authors

    The data archived here were collected as part of a household survey of smallholder coffee and basic farmers’ perceptions and adaptations to climate change. The data includes information from 860 smallholder coffee and maize/bean farmers in Guatemala, Honduras and Costa Rica. The main objective of the household survey was to explore how smallholder farmers are being affected by climate change and whether (and how) they are adapting their farm management strategies in response to climate change. The specific objectives of the household survey were: (1) To document smallholder farmer perceptions of whether (and how) the climate has changed over the past decade and to document the perceived impacts of climate change household livelihoods and production systems. (2) To characterise whether and how smallholder farmers have changed their farm management practices in response to climate change (with a special emphasis on the use of Ecosystem-based Adaptation practices). (3) To understand the reasons why agricultural households implemented particular adaptation practices and identify barriers to the use of different adaptation practices. (4) To explore the role of organisations and institutions in promoting the use of Ecosystem-based Adaptation practices; and (5) To identify opportunities for the use of EbA practices to help smallholder farmers adapt to climate change. In addition to collecting information related to the five objectives outlined above, the survey also collected basic information on smallholder farmer household demographics, socioeconomic conditions, livelihood strategies, farm and crop characteristics, and farm management strategies. The EbA practices documented in the study included the use of shade and manual weeding in coffee plots, the use of dispersed trees, mulching, fallows and minimum tillage in maize or bean fields, the use of live fences, home gardens, contour planting, windbreaks and cover crops, and the conservation of riparian forests and forest patches. In addition, we collected information on why farmers did- or did not- use certain EbA practices, the year in which they began to use individual EbA practices, and any changes they had made in these practices over the last 10 years. All surveys were conducted in person with the head of the household (in Spanish). Surveys were conducted in the field between April and September 2014. The archived dataset ‘Household survey of climate change perception and adaptation strategies of smallholder coffee and basic grain farmers in Central America’ was collected as part of the CASCADE project (Ecosystem‐based Adaptation for Smallholder Coffee and Subsistence Farmers in Central America). The CASCADE project was an interdisciplinary research project led by Conservation International and the Tropical Agricultural Research and Higher Education Center (CATIE), implemented in coordination with CIRAD, and funded by the International Climate Initiative (IKI) of the Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety (BMUB) from the German Government. The overall goal of the CASCADE project was to help vulnerable smallholder farming communities adapt to climate change by identifying and testing Ecosystem-based Adaptation (EbA) strategies that can help farmers and building local capacity to support the implementation of these strategies in smallholder farming communities. The project was developed from 2012 to 2017 in three Central American countries (Costa Rica, Honduras and Guatemala) and focused on subsistence farmers (cultivating maize and beans) and smallholder coffee farmers. Activities were conducted at regional and national scales, and in six individual landscapes (Turrialba and Los Santos in Costa Rica, Chiquimula and Acatenango in Guatemala, and Choluteca and Yoro in Honduras). The data archived here were collected as part of a household survey of smallholder coffee and basic farmers’ perceptions and adaptations to climate change. The data includes information from 860 smallholder coffee and maize/bean farmers in Guatemala, Honduras and Costa Rica.

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    Authors: Harvey, Celia A.; Martínez-Rodríguez, M. Ruth; Cárdenas, José Mario; Avelino, Jacques; +5 Authors

    This data set includes field measurements of Ecosystem-based Adaptation (EbA) practices present on 300 smallholder coffee and maize farms in Central America. The database '2_Field_Survey_Database’ includes information on: 1) characteristics of coffee and basic grains plantations (including length, width, area, distance between plants, distance between lines, plant height, planted crop varieties, surrounding land uses, etc.), and 2) characteristics of EbA practices (i.e., live fences, windbreaks, shade trees, forest fragments, riparian forests), such as the width, length and area under the practice, species composition, and surrounding land uses. The accompanying glossary '2_Field_Survey_Glossary' provides a description of all variables in the ‘2_Field_Survey_Database’ and their respective units. Sheets 1 and 2 are in Spanish; sheets 3 and 4 are in English. The file ‘2_Field_Survey_Instrument' is the field protocol used to conduct measurements of EbA practices in the field. The document is in Spanish. The related file "Metadata CASCADE WP4 datasets" gives detailed information on the project, methods, data sets and files included in the dataverse 'Characteristics and use of EbA practices by smallholder farmers in Central America'.

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    Authors: Celia A Harvey; Sergio Vílchez Mendoza; José Mario Cárdenas; Ruth M. Martínez-Rodríguez; +1 Authors

    Introducción. En Centroamérica, los pequeños caficultores están amenazados por el aumento en las temperaturas y los cambios en los patrones de lluvia. Una estrategia para apoyar a las comunidades de pequeños agricultores a adaptarse al cambio climático es el uso de prácticas de Adaptación basada en Ecosistemas (AbE), las cuales integran la conservación, restauración y manejo sostenible de ecosistemas y biodiversidad. Sin embargo, existe poca información de cómo los productores utilizan estas prácticas. Objetivo. El objetivo de este estudio fue describir el uso de once prácticas de AbE entre pequeños agricultores de café, de cinco paisajes ubicados en Costa Rica, Honduras y Guatemala, así como comparar las características biofísicas y frecuencia de uso de las mismas entre paisajes. Materiales y métodos. La caracterización de las prácticas de AbE se realizó utilizando mapeo participativo, entrevistas, y mediciones de área y estructura y composición de la vegetación, entre julio 2014 y junio 2015. La comparación entre paisajes se realizó mediante un análisis de varianza. Resultados. Los resultados indican que muchos pequeños agricultores de café están implementando activamente el uso de prácticas AbE, entre ellas el uso de árboles de sombra en cafetales, los surcos en contorno, los huertos caseros y las cercas vivas. Sin embargo, existieron diferencias importantes entre paisajes en cuanto al uso y las características de AbE implementadas. Conclusión. Estas diferencias sugieren que los productores adaptan el uso de dichas prácticas en respuesta a los contextos sociales y biofísicos del medio en donde viven, y que existe valor en hacer intercambio de productores de diferentes regiones para compartir su conocimiento sobre estas prácticas.

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