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  • Energy Research

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    Authors: Raúl Morales; Luis G. Marín; Tomislav Roje; Víctor Caquilpan; +2 Authors

    Microgrids (MGs) are sustainable solutions for rural zone electrification that use local renewable resources. However, only careful planning at the start of an MG project can ensure its future optimal operation. In this paper, a novel methodology for MG planning by using the uncertainty characterization of renewable resources and demand is presented. Additionally, a model of electricity consumption is proposed and applied in an isolated rural community. In such communities, consumption patterns typically need to be derived as model inputs because consumption measurements are not available for the planning stage. To obtain these inputs, clustering algorithms based on self-organizing maps (SOMs) and fuzzy c-means are used to classify the families of the community given sociodemographic information obtained via surveys. Subsequently, Markov chains (MCs) are employed to generate consumption patterns based on consumption measurements in some dwellings and surveys applied to the community. The nonlinearities and uncertainties associated with renewable resources and consumption are modeled by using prediction interval (PI) models. These PI models provide the required consumption and generation scenarios for deriving the optimal sizing and topological information to address the MG planning problem. The results of the robust planning approach based on scenarios are useful at the feasibility and design phases of an MG project. The proposed methodology is successfully applied to MG planning for a rural Mapuche community, where a conservative criterion was considered to minimize the investment risk. This criterion corresponds to the worst-case scenario in which the demand increases by 19.9% compared to that of the baseline scenario and a lower energy cost is obtained. However, the net present cost and operational costs increase by 14% and 11.75% compared to those of the baseline scenario, respectively. ; Railway Engineering

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Expert Systems with ...arrow_drop_down
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    Expert Systems with Applications
    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Expert Systems with ...arrow_drop_down
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      Expert Systems with Applications
      Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Alex Navas-Fonseca; Claudio Burgos-Mellado; Juan S. Gómez; Enrique Espina; +4 Authors
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    IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao IEEE Transactions on...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Claudio Burgos-Mellado; Jacqueline Llanos; Enrique Espina; Doris Sáez; +3 Authors

    Une stratégie de contrôle distribué est proposée pour partager les courants déséquilibrés dans les micro-réseaux CA triphasés isolés à trois fils (MG). Il est basé sur une nouvelle approche où, plutôt que d'analyser le MG comme un système triphasé, il est analysé comme trois sous-systèmes monophasés. La proposition utilise un schéma de baisse $Q-E$ monophasé modifié dans lequel deux actions de contrôle secondaires supplémentaires sont introduites par phase. La première action de contrôle effectue la régulation de tension, tandis que la seconde réalise le partage des composantes de courant de séquence négative entre les convertisseurs de puissance à 3 branches situés dans le MG. Ces actions de contrôle secondaire sont calculées en ligne à l'aide d'un schéma de contrôle distribué consensuel pour partager les composantes de courant de séquence négative, la régulation de tension et la régulation du déséquilibre à la tension de sortie des convertisseurs pour répondre aux normes de qualité de l'alimentation IEEE. La méthodologie proposée présente les avantages suivants par rapport à d'autres solutions de commande distribuées, telles que celles basées sur les composants symétriques ou celles basées sur la théorie de puissance conservatrice : (i) elle réalise le partage des courants déséquilibrés, induisant des déséquilibres plus faibles dans les tensions de sortie des convertisseurs que ceux des autres méthodes, et (ii) le partage des courants déséquilibrés est réalisé simultanément à la fois dans le domaine de séquence et dans le domaine a-b-c. Ce dernier est difficile à réaliser en utilisant d'autres solutions, comme cela sera démontré dans ce travail. Une validation expérimentale approfondie de l'approche distribuée proposée est fournie à l'aide d'une MG à 3 fils à l'échelle du laboratoire. Se propone una estrategia de control distribuido para compartir corrientes desequilibradas en microrredes (MG) de CA aisladas trifásicas de tres hilos. Se basa en un enfoque novedoso en el que, en lugar de analizar el MG como un sistema trifásico, se analiza como tres subsistemas monofásicos. La propuesta utiliza un esquema monofásico modificado $Q-E$ DROOP donde se introducen dos acciones de control secundarias adicionales por fase. La primera acción de control realiza la regulación de voltaje, mientras que la segunda logra el intercambio de componentes de corriente de secuencia negativa entre los convertidores de potencia de 3 patas ubicados en la MG. Estas acciones de control secundario se calculan en línea utilizando un esquema de control distribuido basado en consenso para compartir componentes de corriente de secuencia negativa, regulación de voltaje y regulación del desequilibrio en el voltaje de salida de los convertidores para cumplir con los estándares de calidad de energía del IEEE. La metodología propuesta tiene las siguientes ventajas sobre otras soluciones de control distribuido, como las basadas en los componentes simétricos o las basadas en la Teoría del Poder Conservador: (i) logra compartir corrientes desequilibradas, induciendo desequilibrios más pequeños en las tensiones de salida de los convertidores que los de otros métodos, y (ii) el reparto de las corrientes desequilibradas se realiza simultáneamente tanto en el dominio de la secuencia como en el dominio a-b-c. Esto último es difícil de lograr con otras soluciones, como se demostrará en este trabajo. Se proporciona una amplia validación experimental del enfoque distribuido propuesto utilizando un MG de 3 hilos a escala de laboratorio. A distributed control strategy is proposed to share unbalanced currents in three-phase three-wire isolated AC Microgrids (MGs). It is based on a novel approach where, rather than analysing the MG as a three-phase system, it is analysed as three single-phase subsystems. The proposal uses a modified single-phase $Q-E$ droop scheme where two additional secondary control actions are introduced per phase. The first control action performs voltage regulation, while the second one achieves the sharing of negative sequence current components between the 3-legs power converters located in the MG. These secondary control actions are calculated online using a consensus-based distributed control scheme to share negative sequence current components, voltage regulation, and regulating the imbalance at the converters' output voltage to meet the IEEE power quality standards. The proposed methodology has the following advantages over other distributed control solutions, such as those based on the symmetrical components or those based on the Conservative Power Theory: (i) it achieves sharing of unbalanced currents, inducing smaller imbalances in the converters' output voltages than those of other methods, and (ii) the sharing of the unbalanced currents is simultaneously realised in both the sequence domain and the a-b-c domain. The latter is difficult to achieve using other solutions, as will be demonstrated in this work. Extensive experimental validation of the proposed distributed approach is provided using a laboratory-scale 3-wire MG. تُقترح استراتيجية تحكم موزعة لمشاركة التيارات غير المتوازنة في شبكات التيار المتردد المجهرية المعزولة بثلاث أسلاك ثلاثية الطور (MGS). وهو يعتمد على نهج جديد حيث، بدلاً من تحليل MG كنظام ثلاثي الطور، يتم تحليله على أنه ثلاثة أنظمة فرعية أحادية الطور. يستخدم الاقتراح مخططًا معدلاً للتدلي على مرحلة واحدة حيث يتم تقديم إجراءين إضافيين للتحكم الثانوي لكل مرحلة. يقوم إجراء التحكم الأول بتنظيم الجهد، بينما يحقق الإجراء الثاني مشاركة مكونات تيار التسلسل السلبي بين محولات الطاقة ثلاثية الأرجل الموجودة في MG. يتم حساب إجراءات التحكم الثانوية هذه عبر الإنترنت باستخدام مخطط تحكم موزع قائم على الإجماع لمشاركة مكونات تيار التسلسل السلبي، وتنظيم الجهد، وتنظيم عدم التوازن في جهد خرج المحولات لتلبية معايير جودة طاقة IEEE. تتمتع المنهجية المقترحة بالمزايا التالية على حلول التحكم الموزعة الأخرى، مثل تلك القائمة على المكونات المتماثلة أو تلك القائمة على نظرية القوة المحافظة: (1) تحقق مشاركة التيارات غير المتوازنة، مما يؤدي إلى اختلالات أصغر في فولتية خرج المحولات من تلك الخاصة بالطرق الأخرى، و (2) يتم تحقيق مشاركة التيارات غير المتوازنة في وقت واحد في كل من مجال التسلسل ومجال a - b - c. من الصعب تحقيق هذا الأخير باستخدام حلول أخرى، كما سيتضح في هذا العمل. يتم توفير التحقق التجريبي المكثف للنهج الموزع المقترح باستخدام MG على نطاق مختبري بثلاثة أسلاك.

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    IEEE Access
    Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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      IEEE Access
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    Authors: Oscar Cartagena; Sebastian Parra; Diego Muñoz‐Carpintero; Luis G. Marín; +1 Authors

    Les incertitudes existantes pendant le fonctionnement des processus pourraient fortement affecter la performance des systèmes de prévision, des stratégies de contrôle et des systèmes de détection de défauts lorsqu'ils ne sont pas pris en compte dans la conception. Pour cette raison, l'étude de la quantification de l'incertitude a attiré plus d'attention parmi les chercheurs au cours des dernières décennies. De ce domaine d'étude, les intervalles de prédiction apparaissent comme l'une des techniques les plus utilisées dans la littérature pour représenter l'effet de l'incertitude sur le comportement futur du processus. Ainsi, les chercheurs se sont concentrés sur le développement d'intervalles de prédiction basés sur l'utilisation de systèmes flous et de réseaux de neurones, grâce à leur utilité pour représenter un large éventail de processus en tant qu'approximateurs universels. Dans ce travail, une revue de l'état de l'art des méthodologies de modélisation des intervalles de prédiction basées sur des systèmes flous et des réseaux de neurones est présentée. Les principales caractéristiques de chaque méthode de construction d'intervalles de prédiction sont présentées et certaines recommandations sont données pour sélectionner la méthode la plus appropriée pour des applications spécifiques. Pour illustrer les avantages de ces méthodologies, une analyse comparative de méthodes sélectionnées d'intervalles de prédiction est présentée, en utilisant une série de référence et des données réelles de la production d'énergie solaire d'un micro-réseau. Las incertidumbres existentes durante la operación de los procesos podrían afectar fuertemente el desempeño de los sistemas de pronóstico, estrategias de control y sistemas de detección de fallas cuando no se consideran en el diseño. Debido a eso, el estudio de la cuantificación de la incertidumbre ha ganado más atención entre los investigadores durante las últimas décadas. Desde este campo de estudio, los intervalos de predicción surgen como una de las técnicas más utilizadas en la literatura para representar el efecto de la incertidumbre sobre el comportamiento futuro del proceso. Así, los investigadores se han centrado en desarrollar intervalos de predicción basados en el uso de sistemas difusos y redes neuronales, gracias a su utilidad para representar una amplia gama de procesos como aproximadores universales. En este trabajo se presenta una revisión del estado del arte de las metodologías para la modelización de intervalos de predicción basadas en sistemas fuzzy y redes neuronales. Se presentan las principales características de cada método para la construcción de intervalos de predicción y se dan algunas recomendaciones para seleccionar el método más apropiado para aplicaciones específicas. Para ilustrar las ventajas de estas metodologías, se presenta un análisis comparativo de los métodos seleccionados de intervalos de predicción, utilizando una serie de referencia y datos reales de la generación de energía solar de una microrred. The existing uncertainties during the operation of processes could strongly affect the performance of forecasting systems, control strategies and fault detection systems when they are not considered in the design. Because of that, the study of uncertainty quantification has gained more attention among the researchers during past decades. From this field of study, the prediction intervals arise as one of the techniques most used in literature to represent the effect of uncertainty over the future process behavior. Thus, researchers have focused on developing prediction intervals based on the use of fuzzy systems and neural networks, thanks to their usefulness for represent a wide range of processes as universal approximators. In this work, a review of the state-of-the-art of methodologies for prediction interval modelling based on fuzzy systems and neural networks is presented. The main characteristics of each method for prediction interval construction are presented and some recommendations are given for selecting the most appropriate method for specific applications. To illustrate the advantages of these methodologies, a comparative analysis of selected methods of prediction intervals is presented, using a benchmark series and real data from solar power generation of a microgrid. يمكن أن تؤثر الشكوك الحالية أثناء تشغيل العمليات بشدة على أداء أنظمة التنبؤ واستراتيجيات التحكم وأنظمة الكشف عن الأخطاء عندما لا يتم أخذها في الاعتبار في التصميم. وبسبب ذلك، اكتسبت دراسة القياس الكمي لعدم اليقين المزيد من الاهتمام بين الباحثين خلال العقود الماضية. من هذا المجال من الدراسة، تنشأ فترات التنبؤ كواحدة من التقنيات الأكثر استخدامًا في الأدبيات لتمثيل تأثير عدم اليقين على سلوك العملية في المستقبل. وبالتالي، ركز الباحثون على تطوير فترات التنبؤ بناءً على استخدام الأنظمة الغامضة والشبكات العصبية، وذلك بفضل فائدتها في تمثيل مجموعة واسعة من العمليات كمقربات عالمية. في هذا العمل، يتم تقديم مراجعة لأحدث منهجيات نمذجة الفواصل الزمنية للتنبؤ بناءً على الأنظمة الغامضة والشبكات العصبية. يتم عرض الخصائص الرئيسية لكل طريقة لبناء الفاصل الزمني للتنبؤ ويتم تقديم بعض التوصيات لاختيار الطريقة الأنسب لتطبيقات محددة. لتوضيح مزايا هذه المنهجيات، يتم تقديم تحليل مقارن لطرق مختارة من فترات التنبؤ، باستخدام سلسلة مرجعية وبيانات حقيقية من توليد الطاقة الشمسية لشبكة صغيرة.

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  • Authors: Felipe Valencia; Doris Saez; Fernanda Avila; Claudio A. Canizares;

    Demand side management (DSM) programs aim at reducing energy consumption on the demand side, which benefits both consumers and utilities. These programs could also help maintain the critical balance between generation and demand in isolated microgrids. In this case, demand is a treated as a significant uncertainty in the context of dispatching the power resources of a microgrid. Thus, in this paper the uncertainty of consumer response to DSM signals are treated as intervals to represent the corresponding range of variation based on affine arithmetic. The total range of total grid consumption is taken as the sum of intervals in each house, using data obtained through surveys regarding usage of appliances to obtain the individual consumer intervals. The proposed affine arithmetic model is then applied to the prediction of possible range variation in a one-day ahead load forecast. Finally, the presented technique is demonstrated using data obtained in an actual microgrid deployed in Huatacondo, Chile.

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    Authors: Juan S. Gomez; Doris Saez; John W. Simpson-Porco; Roberto Cardenas;

    Distributed control schemes have transformed frequency and voltage regulation into a local task in distributed generators (DGs) rather than by a central secondary controller. A distributed scheme is based on information shared among neighboring units; thus, the microgrid performance is affected by issues induced by the communication network. This paper presents a distributed predictive control applied to the secondary level of microgrids. The model used for prediction purposes is based on droop and power transfer equations; however, communication features, such as connectivity and latency, are also included, thus making the controller tolerant to electrical and communication failures. The proposed controller considers the frequency and voltage regulation control objectives and consensus over the real and reactive power contributions from each power unit in the microgrid. The experimental and simulation results show that the proposed scheme (i) responds properly to load variations, working within operating constraints, such as generation capacity and voltage range; (ii) maintains the control objectives when a power unit is disconnected and reconnected without any user updating in the controllers; and (iii) compensates for the effects of communication issues over the microgrid dynamics.

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    Authors: Jacqueline Llanos; Daniel E. Olivares; John W. Simpson-Porco; Mehrdad Kazerani; +1 Authors

    This paper presents a novel distributed control strategy for frequency control, congestion management, and optimal dispatch (OD) in isolated microgrids. The proposed strategy drives the distributed generators (DGs) within the microgrid to a dispatch that complies with the Karush–Kuhn–Tucker (KKT) conditions of a linear optimal power flow (OPF) formulation. The controller relies on local power and frequency measurements, information from neighboring DGs, and line-flow measurements transmitted through a communications network. Extensive simulations show a good performance of the controller against sudden changes in the load, congested lines and availability of DGs in the microgrid, and the ability to successfully drive the system to an optimal economic operation.

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    Authors: Enrique Espina; Jacqueline Llanos; Claudio Burgos-Mellado; Roberto Cárdenas; +2 Authors

    L'intérêt et les efforts de recherche se concentrent de plus en plus sur l'analyse, la conception et la mise en œuvre de systèmes de contrôle distribués pour les micro-réseaux AC, DC et hybrides AC / DC. Il est affirmé que les contrôleurs distribués présentent plusieurs avantages par rapport aux schémas de contrôle centralisés, par exemple, une fiabilité, une flexibilité, une contrôlabilité, un fonctionnement au démarrage noir, une robustesse aux pannes dans les liaisons de communication, etc. améliorées. Dans ce travail, un aperçu de l'état de l'art des systèmes de contrôle coopératifs distribués pour les micro-réseaux isolés est présenté. Les protocoles de contrôle coopératif tels que le consensus linéaire, le consensus hétérogène et le consensus à temps fini sont discutés et examinés dans ce document. Les algorithmes coopératifs distribués pour les systèmes de contrôle primaire et secondaire, y compris (entre autres problèmes) l'impédance virtuelle, l'inertie synthétique, le contrôle sans affaissement, l'analyse de stabilité, le partage de déséquilibre, la régulation de la distorsion harmonique totale, sont également examinés et discutés dans cette enquête. Les systèmes de contrôle tertiaire, par exemple, pour la répartition économique de l'énergie électrique, basés sur des approches de contrôle coopératif, sont également abordés dans ce travail. Cette revue met également en évidence les problèmes existants, les défis de la recherche et les tendances futures en matière de contrôle coopératif distribué des micro-réseaux et de leurs applications futures. Existe un creciente interés y esfuerzo de investigación centrado en el análisis, diseño e implementación de sistemas de control distribuido para microrredes AC, DC e híbridas AC / DC. Se afirma que los controladores distribuidos tienen varias ventajas sobre los esquemas de control centralizados, por ejemplo, confiabilidad mejorada, flexibilidad, controlabilidad, operación de arranque en negro, robustez ante fallas en los enlaces de comunicación, etc. En este trabajo, se presenta una visión general del estado de la técnica de los sistemas de control cooperativo distribuido para microrredes aisladas. Los protocolos para el control cooperativo, como el consenso lineal, el consenso heterogéneo y el consenso de tiempo finito, se discuten y revisan en este documento. Los algoritmos cooperativos distribuidos para sistemas de control primario y secundario, que incluyen (entre otros problemas) impedancia virtual, inercia sintética, control libre de caída, análisis de estabilidad, distribución de desequilibrio, regulación de distorsión armónica total, también se revisan y discuten en esta encuesta. Los sistemas de control terciario, por ejemplo, para el despacho económico de energía eléctrica, basados en enfoques de control cooperativo, también se abordan en este trabajo. Esta revisión también destaca los problemas existentes, los desafíos de investigación y las tendencias futuras en el control cooperativo distribuido de las microrredes y sus aplicaciones futuras. There is an increasing interest and research effort focused on the analysis, design and implementation of distributed control systems for AC, DC and hybrid AC / DC microgrids. It is claimed that distributed controllers have several advantages over centralised control schemes, e.g., improved reliability, flexibility, controllability, black start operation, robustness to failure in the communication links, etc. In this work, an overview of the state-of-the-art of distributed cooperative control systems for isolated microgrids is presented. Protocols for cooperative control such as linear consensus, heterogeneous consensus and finite-time consensus are discussed and reviewed in this paper. Distributed cooperative algorithms for primary and secondary control systems, including (among others issues) virtual impedance, synthetic inertia, droop-free control, stability analysis, imbalance sharing, total harmonic distortion regulation, are also reviewed and discussed in this survey. Tertiary control systems, e.g., for economic dispatch of electric energy, based on cooperative control approaches, are also addressed in this work. This review also highlights existing issues, research challenges and future trends in distributed cooperative control of microgrids and their future applications. هناك اهتمام متزايد وجهود بحثية تركز على تحليل وتصميم وتنفيذ أنظمة التحكم الموزعة للشبكات الصغيرة AC و DC و AC / DC الهجينة. يُزعم أن وحدات التحكم الموزعة تتمتع بالعديد من المزايا على أنظمة التحكم المركزية، على سبيل المثال، تحسين الموثوقية والمرونة وإمكانية التحكم وتشغيل البداية السوداء وقوة الفشل في روابط الاتصال وما إلى ذلك. في هذا العمل، يتم تقديم نظرة عامة على أحدث أنظمة التحكم التعاونية الموزعة للشبكات الصغيرة المعزولة. تتم مناقشة ومراجعة بروتوكولات الرقابة التعاونية مثل الإجماع الخطي والإجماع غير المتجانس والإجماع محدود الوقت في هذه الورقة. كما تتم مراجعة ومناقشة الخوارزميات التعاونية الموزعة لأنظمة التحكم الأولية والثانوية، بما في ذلك (من بين أمور أخرى) المعاوقة الافتراضية، والقصور الذاتي الاصطناعي، والتحكم الخالي من التدلي، وتحليل الاستقرار، ومشاركة الاختلال، وتنظيم التشوه التوافقي الكلي، في هذا الاستطلاع. كما يتم تناول أنظمة التحكم الثلاثية، على سبيل المثال، للإرسال الاقتصادي للطاقة الكهربائية، بناءً على مناهج التحكم التعاونية، في هذا العمل. تسلط هذه المراجعة الضوء أيضًا على القضايا الحالية والتحديات البحثية والاتجاهات المستقبلية في التحكم التعاوني الموزع للشبكات الدقيقة وتطبيقاتها المستقبلية.

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      IEEE Access
      Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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      CORE
      Article . 2020
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      IEEE Access
      Article . 2020
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/zq...
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Alvaro Endo; Sebastian Parra; Oscar Cartagena; Doris Sáez; +2 Authors

    Rural communities usually settle in territories where crop self-consumption is the main source of sustenance. In this context, climate change has made these environments of crop control susceptible to water shortages, impacting crop yields. The implementation of greenhouses has been proposed to address these problems, together with strategies to optimize water and energy consumption. In this study, an energy–water management system based on a model predictive control strategy is proposed. This control strategy consists of a fuzzy optimizer used to determine the optimal consumption from isolated microgrids considering the local resources available. The proposed controller is implemented on two timescales. First, medium-term optimization over one month is used to estimate the necessary water demand required to support crop growth and a high yield. Second, short-term optimization is used to determine the optimal climate conditions inside the greenhouse for managing crop irrigation, refilling the reserve water tank, and providing ventilation. Experiments were conducted to test this approach using a case study of an isolated community. For such a case, energy consumption was reduced, and the irrigation process was optimized. The results indicated that the proposed controller is a viable alternative for implementing intelligent management systems for greenhouses.

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    Applied Sciences
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    Applied Sciences
    Article . 2023
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      Applied Sciences
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      Applied Sciences
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Alex Navas F.; Juan S. Gomez; Jacqueline Llanos; Erwin Rute; +2 Authors

    Microgrids are the cornerstone for a new model of electrical generation based on renewable resources. Commonly microgrids are controlled with a centralised hierarchical structure, which is inherited from power systems. However, a time-scale separation between traditional fast frequency restoration and slow economic dispatch may be counterproductive in the long run because the slow long-term economic dispatch increases the prediction uncertainty. In an effort to improve the economical operation of microgrids, this work proposes a distributed model predictive control strategy for the operation of isolated microgrids based on a consensus strategy that tackles both the economic dispatch and frequency restoration over the same time-scale. The proposed controller can operate without knowledge of the microgrid's topology: instead, typical local measurements and other information from neighboring generation units are required. Experimental results demonstrate that the controller is robust to load variations and communication issues, but the plug-and-play nature of the system is preserved.

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    IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid
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    CORE
    Article . 2021
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    IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid
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      IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid
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      CORE
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20 Research products
  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Raúl Morales; Luis G. Marín; Tomislav Roje; Víctor Caquilpan; +2 Authors

    Microgrids (MGs) are sustainable solutions for rural zone electrification that use local renewable resources. However, only careful planning at the start of an MG project can ensure its future optimal operation. In this paper, a novel methodology for MG planning by using the uncertainty characterization of renewable resources and demand is presented. Additionally, a model of electricity consumption is proposed and applied in an isolated rural community. In such communities, consumption patterns typically need to be derived as model inputs because consumption measurements are not available for the planning stage. To obtain these inputs, clustering algorithms based on self-organizing maps (SOMs) and fuzzy c-means are used to classify the families of the community given sociodemographic information obtained via surveys. Subsequently, Markov chains (MCs) are employed to generate consumption patterns based on consumption measurements in some dwellings and surveys applied to the community. The nonlinearities and uncertainties associated with renewable resources and consumption are modeled by using prediction interval (PI) models. These PI models provide the required consumption and generation scenarios for deriving the optimal sizing and topological information to address the MG planning problem. The results of the robust planning approach based on scenarios are useful at the feasibility and design phases of an MG project. The proposed methodology is successfully applied to MG planning for a rural Mapuche community, where a conservative criterion was considered to minimize the investment risk. This criterion corresponds to the worst-case scenario in which the demand increases by 19.9% compared to that of the baseline scenario and a lower energy cost is obtained. However, the net present cost and operational costs increase by 14% and 11.75% compared to those of the baseline scenario, respectively. ; Railway Engineering

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    Expert Systems with Applications
    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
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      Expert Systems with Applications
      Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Alex Navas-Fonseca; Claudio Burgos-Mellado; Juan S. Gómez; Enrique Espina; +4 Authors
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao IEEE Transactions on...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
    License: IEEE Copyright
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao IEEE Transactions on...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Claudio Burgos-Mellado; Jacqueline Llanos; Enrique Espina; Doris Sáez; +3 Authors

    Une stratégie de contrôle distribué est proposée pour partager les courants déséquilibrés dans les micro-réseaux CA triphasés isolés à trois fils (MG). Il est basé sur une nouvelle approche où, plutôt que d'analyser le MG comme un système triphasé, il est analysé comme trois sous-systèmes monophasés. La proposition utilise un schéma de baisse $Q-E$ monophasé modifié dans lequel deux actions de contrôle secondaires supplémentaires sont introduites par phase. La première action de contrôle effectue la régulation de tension, tandis que la seconde réalise le partage des composantes de courant de séquence négative entre les convertisseurs de puissance à 3 branches situés dans le MG. Ces actions de contrôle secondaire sont calculées en ligne à l'aide d'un schéma de contrôle distribué consensuel pour partager les composantes de courant de séquence négative, la régulation de tension et la régulation du déséquilibre à la tension de sortie des convertisseurs pour répondre aux normes de qualité de l'alimentation IEEE. La méthodologie proposée présente les avantages suivants par rapport à d'autres solutions de commande distribuées, telles que celles basées sur les composants symétriques ou celles basées sur la théorie de puissance conservatrice : (i) elle réalise le partage des courants déséquilibrés, induisant des déséquilibres plus faibles dans les tensions de sortie des convertisseurs que ceux des autres méthodes, et (ii) le partage des courants déséquilibrés est réalisé simultanément à la fois dans le domaine de séquence et dans le domaine a-b-c. Ce dernier est difficile à réaliser en utilisant d'autres solutions, comme cela sera démontré dans ce travail. Une validation expérimentale approfondie de l'approche distribuée proposée est fournie à l'aide d'une MG à 3 fils à l'échelle du laboratoire. Se propone una estrategia de control distribuido para compartir corrientes desequilibradas en microrredes (MG) de CA aisladas trifásicas de tres hilos. Se basa en un enfoque novedoso en el que, en lugar de analizar el MG como un sistema trifásico, se analiza como tres subsistemas monofásicos. La propuesta utiliza un esquema monofásico modificado $Q-E$ DROOP donde se introducen dos acciones de control secundarias adicionales por fase. La primera acción de control realiza la regulación de voltaje, mientras que la segunda logra el intercambio de componentes de corriente de secuencia negativa entre los convertidores de potencia de 3 patas ubicados en la MG. Estas acciones de control secundario se calculan en línea utilizando un esquema de control distribuido basado en consenso para compartir componentes de corriente de secuencia negativa, regulación de voltaje y regulación del desequilibrio en el voltaje de salida de los convertidores para cumplir con los estándares de calidad de energía del IEEE. La metodología propuesta tiene las siguientes ventajas sobre otras soluciones de control distribuido, como las basadas en los componentes simétricos o las basadas en la Teoría del Poder Conservador: (i) logra compartir corrientes desequilibradas, induciendo desequilibrios más pequeños en las tensiones de salida de los convertidores que los de otros métodos, y (ii) el reparto de las corrientes desequilibradas se realiza simultáneamente tanto en el dominio de la secuencia como en el dominio a-b-c. Esto último es difícil de lograr con otras soluciones, como se demostrará en este trabajo. Se proporciona una amplia validación experimental del enfoque distribuido propuesto utilizando un MG de 3 hilos a escala de laboratorio. A distributed control strategy is proposed to share unbalanced currents in three-phase three-wire isolated AC Microgrids (MGs). It is based on a novel approach where, rather than analysing the MG as a three-phase system, it is analysed as three single-phase subsystems. The proposal uses a modified single-phase $Q-E$ droop scheme where two additional secondary control actions are introduced per phase. The first control action performs voltage regulation, while the second one achieves the sharing of negative sequence current components between the 3-legs power converters located in the MG. These secondary control actions are calculated online using a consensus-based distributed control scheme to share negative sequence current components, voltage regulation, and regulating the imbalance at the converters' output voltage to meet the IEEE power quality standards. The proposed methodology has the following advantages over other distributed control solutions, such as those based on the symmetrical components or those based on the Conservative Power Theory: (i) it achieves sharing of unbalanced currents, inducing smaller imbalances in the converters' output voltages than those of other methods, and (ii) the sharing of the unbalanced currents is simultaneously realised in both the sequence domain and the a-b-c domain. The latter is difficult to achieve using other solutions, as will be demonstrated in this work. Extensive experimental validation of the proposed distributed approach is provided using a laboratory-scale 3-wire MG. تُقترح استراتيجية تحكم موزعة لمشاركة التيارات غير المتوازنة في شبكات التيار المتردد المجهرية المعزولة بثلاث أسلاك ثلاثية الطور (MGS). وهو يعتمد على نهج جديد حيث، بدلاً من تحليل MG كنظام ثلاثي الطور، يتم تحليله على أنه ثلاثة أنظمة فرعية أحادية الطور. يستخدم الاقتراح مخططًا معدلاً للتدلي على مرحلة واحدة حيث يتم تقديم إجراءين إضافيين للتحكم الثانوي لكل مرحلة. يقوم إجراء التحكم الأول بتنظيم الجهد، بينما يحقق الإجراء الثاني مشاركة مكونات تيار التسلسل السلبي بين محولات الطاقة ثلاثية الأرجل الموجودة في MG. يتم حساب إجراءات التحكم الثانوية هذه عبر الإنترنت باستخدام مخطط تحكم موزع قائم على الإجماع لمشاركة مكونات تيار التسلسل السلبي، وتنظيم الجهد، وتنظيم عدم التوازن في جهد خرج المحولات لتلبية معايير جودة طاقة IEEE. تتمتع المنهجية المقترحة بالمزايا التالية على حلول التحكم الموزعة الأخرى، مثل تلك القائمة على المكونات المتماثلة أو تلك القائمة على نظرية القوة المحافظة: (1) تحقق مشاركة التيارات غير المتوازنة، مما يؤدي إلى اختلالات أصغر في فولتية خرج المحولات من تلك الخاصة بالطرق الأخرى، و (2) يتم تحقيق مشاركة التيارات غير المتوازنة في وقت واحد في كل من مجال التسلسل ومجال a - b - c. من الصعب تحقيق هذا الأخير باستخدام حلول أخرى، كما سيتضح في هذا العمل. يتم توفير التحقق التجريبي المكثف للنهج الموزع المقترح باستخدام MG على نطاق مختبري بثلاثة أسلاك.

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    Authors: Oscar Cartagena; Sebastian Parra; Diego Muñoz‐Carpintero; Luis G. Marín; +1 Authors

    Les incertitudes existantes pendant le fonctionnement des processus pourraient fortement affecter la performance des systèmes de prévision, des stratégies de contrôle et des systèmes de détection de défauts lorsqu'ils ne sont pas pris en compte dans la conception. Pour cette raison, l'étude de la quantification de l'incertitude a attiré plus d'attention parmi les chercheurs au cours des dernières décennies. De ce domaine d'étude, les intervalles de prédiction apparaissent comme l'une des techniques les plus utilisées dans la littérature pour représenter l'effet de l'incertitude sur le comportement futur du processus. Ainsi, les chercheurs se sont concentrés sur le développement d'intervalles de prédiction basés sur l'utilisation de systèmes flous et de réseaux de neurones, grâce à leur utilité pour représenter un large éventail de processus en tant qu'approximateurs universels. Dans ce travail, une revue de l'état de l'art des méthodologies de modélisation des intervalles de prédiction basées sur des systèmes flous et des réseaux de neurones est présentée. Les principales caractéristiques de chaque méthode de construction d'intervalles de prédiction sont présentées et certaines recommandations sont données pour sélectionner la méthode la plus appropriée pour des applications spécifiques. Pour illustrer les avantages de ces méthodologies, une analyse comparative de méthodes sélectionnées d'intervalles de prédiction est présentée, en utilisant une série de référence et des données réelles de la production d'énergie solaire d'un micro-réseau. Las incertidumbres existentes durante la operación de los procesos podrían afectar fuertemente el desempeño de los sistemas de pronóstico, estrategias de control y sistemas de detección de fallas cuando no se consideran en el diseño. Debido a eso, el estudio de la cuantificación de la incertidumbre ha ganado más atención entre los investigadores durante las últimas décadas. Desde este campo de estudio, los intervalos de predicción surgen como una de las técnicas más utilizadas en la literatura para representar el efecto de la incertidumbre sobre el comportamiento futuro del proceso. Así, los investigadores se han centrado en desarrollar intervalos de predicción basados en el uso de sistemas difusos y redes neuronales, gracias a su utilidad para representar una amplia gama de procesos como aproximadores universales. En este trabajo se presenta una revisión del estado del arte de las metodologías para la modelización de intervalos de predicción basadas en sistemas fuzzy y redes neuronales. Se presentan las principales características de cada método para la construcción de intervalos de predicción y se dan algunas recomendaciones para seleccionar el método más apropiado para aplicaciones específicas. Para ilustrar las ventajas de estas metodologías, se presenta un análisis comparativo de los métodos seleccionados de intervalos de predicción, utilizando una serie de referencia y datos reales de la generación de energía solar de una microrred. The existing uncertainties during the operation of processes could strongly affect the performance of forecasting systems, control strategies and fault detection systems when they are not considered in the design. Because of that, the study of uncertainty quantification has gained more attention among the researchers during past decades. From this field of study, the prediction intervals arise as one of the techniques most used in literature to represent the effect of uncertainty over the future process behavior. Thus, researchers have focused on developing prediction intervals based on the use of fuzzy systems and neural networks, thanks to their usefulness for represent a wide range of processes as universal approximators. In this work, a review of the state-of-the-art of methodologies for prediction interval modelling based on fuzzy systems and neural networks is presented. The main characteristics of each method for prediction interval construction are presented and some recommendations are given for selecting the most appropriate method for specific applications. To illustrate the advantages of these methodologies, a comparative analysis of selected methods of prediction intervals is presented, using a benchmark series and real data from solar power generation of a microgrid. يمكن أن تؤثر الشكوك الحالية أثناء تشغيل العمليات بشدة على أداء أنظمة التنبؤ واستراتيجيات التحكم وأنظمة الكشف عن الأخطاء عندما لا يتم أخذها في الاعتبار في التصميم. وبسبب ذلك، اكتسبت دراسة القياس الكمي لعدم اليقين المزيد من الاهتمام بين الباحثين خلال العقود الماضية. من هذا المجال من الدراسة، تنشأ فترات التنبؤ كواحدة من التقنيات الأكثر استخدامًا في الأدبيات لتمثيل تأثير عدم اليقين على سلوك العملية في المستقبل. وبالتالي، ركز الباحثون على تطوير فترات التنبؤ بناءً على استخدام الأنظمة الغامضة والشبكات العصبية، وذلك بفضل فائدتها في تمثيل مجموعة واسعة من العمليات كمقربات عالمية. في هذا العمل، يتم تقديم مراجعة لأحدث منهجيات نمذجة الفواصل الزمنية للتنبؤ بناءً على الأنظمة الغامضة والشبكات العصبية. يتم عرض الخصائص الرئيسية لكل طريقة لبناء الفاصل الزمني للتنبؤ ويتم تقديم بعض التوصيات لاختيار الطريقة الأنسب لتطبيقات محددة. لتوضيح مزايا هذه المنهجيات، يتم تقديم تحليل مقارن لطرق مختارة من فترات التنبؤ، باستخدام سلسلة مرجعية وبيانات حقيقية من توليد الطاقة الشمسية لشبكة صغيرة.

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  • Authors: Felipe Valencia; Doris Saez; Fernanda Avila; Claudio A. Canizares;

    Demand side management (DSM) programs aim at reducing energy consumption on the demand side, which benefits both consumers and utilities. These programs could also help maintain the critical balance between generation and demand in isolated microgrids. In this case, demand is a treated as a significant uncertainty in the context of dispatching the power resources of a microgrid. Thus, in this paper the uncertainty of consumer response to DSM signals are treated as intervals to represent the corresponding range of variation based on affine arithmetic. The total range of total grid consumption is taken as the sum of intervals in each house, using data obtained through surveys regarding usage of appliances to obtain the individual consumer intervals. The proposed affine arithmetic model is then applied to the prediction of possible range variation in a one-day ahead load forecast. Finally, the presented technique is demonstrated using data obtained in an actual microgrid deployed in Huatacondo, Chile.

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    Authors: Juan S. Gomez; Doris Saez; John W. Simpson-Porco; Roberto Cardenas;

    Distributed control schemes have transformed frequency and voltage regulation into a local task in distributed generators (DGs) rather than by a central secondary controller. A distributed scheme is based on information shared among neighboring units; thus, the microgrid performance is affected by issues induced by the communication network. This paper presents a distributed predictive control applied to the secondary level of microgrids. The model used for prediction purposes is based on droop and power transfer equations; however, communication features, such as connectivity and latency, are also included, thus making the controller tolerant to electrical and communication failures. The proposed controller considers the frequency and voltage regulation control objectives and consensus over the real and reactive power contributions from each power unit in the microgrid. The experimental and simulation results show that the proposed scheme (i) responds properly to load variations, working within operating constraints, such as generation capacity and voltage range; (ii) maintains the control objectives when a power unit is disconnected and reconnected without any user updating in the controllers; and (iii) compensates for the effects of communication issues over the microgrid dynamics.

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    IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid
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    Authors: Jacqueline Llanos; Daniel E. Olivares; John W. Simpson-Porco; Mehrdad Kazerani; +1 Authors

    This paper presents a novel distributed control strategy for frequency control, congestion management, and optimal dispatch (OD) in isolated microgrids. The proposed strategy drives the distributed generators (DGs) within the microgrid to a dispatch that complies with the Karush–Kuhn–Tucker (KKT) conditions of a linear optimal power flow (OPF) formulation. The controller relies on local power and frequency measurements, information from neighboring DGs, and line-flow measurements transmitted through a communications network. Extensive simulations show a good performance of the controller against sudden changes in the load, congested lines and availability of DGs in the microgrid, and the ability to successfully drive the system to an optimal economic operation.

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    IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid
    Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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      IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid
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    Authors: Enrique Espina; Jacqueline Llanos; Claudio Burgos-Mellado; Roberto Cárdenas; +2 Authors

    L'intérêt et les efforts de recherche se concentrent de plus en plus sur l'analyse, la conception et la mise en œuvre de systèmes de contrôle distribués pour les micro-réseaux AC, DC et hybrides AC / DC. Il est affirmé que les contrôleurs distribués présentent plusieurs avantages par rapport aux schémas de contrôle centralisés, par exemple, une fiabilité, une flexibilité, une contrôlabilité, un fonctionnement au démarrage noir, une robustesse aux pannes dans les liaisons de communication, etc. améliorées. Dans ce travail, un aperçu de l'état de l'art des systèmes de contrôle coopératifs distribués pour les micro-réseaux isolés est présenté. Les protocoles de contrôle coopératif tels que le consensus linéaire, le consensus hétérogène et le consensus à temps fini sont discutés et examinés dans ce document. Les algorithmes coopératifs distribués pour les systèmes de contrôle primaire et secondaire, y compris (entre autres problèmes) l'impédance virtuelle, l'inertie synthétique, le contrôle sans affaissement, l'analyse de stabilité, le partage de déséquilibre, la régulation de la distorsion harmonique totale, sont également examinés et discutés dans cette enquête. Les systèmes de contrôle tertiaire, par exemple, pour la répartition économique de l'énergie électrique, basés sur des approches de contrôle coopératif, sont également abordés dans ce travail. Cette revue met également en évidence les problèmes existants, les défis de la recherche et les tendances futures en matière de contrôle coopératif distribué des micro-réseaux et de leurs applications futures. Existe un creciente interés y esfuerzo de investigación centrado en el análisis, diseño e implementación de sistemas de control distribuido para microrredes AC, DC e híbridas AC / DC. Se afirma que los controladores distribuidos tienen varias ventajas sobre los esquemas de control centralizados, por ejemplo, confiabilidad mejorada, flexibilidad, controlabilidad, operación de arranque en negro, robustez ante fallas en los enlaces de comunicación, etc. En este trabajo, se presenta una visión general del estado de la técnica de los sistemas de control cooperativo distribuido para microrredes aisladas. Los protocolos para el control cooperativo, como el consenso lineal, el consenso heterogéneo y el consenso de tiempo finito, se discuten y revisan en este documento. Los algoritmos cooperativos distribuidos para sistemas de control primario y secundario, que incluyen (entre otros problemas) impedancia virtual, inercia sintética, control libre de caída, análisis de estabilidad, distribución de desequilibrio, regulación de distorsión armónica total, también se revisan y discuten en esta encuesta. Los sistemas de control terciario, por ejemplo, para el despacho económico de energía eléctrica, basados en enfoques de control cooperativo, también se abordan en este trabajo. Esta revisión también destaca los problemas existentes, los desafíos de investigación y las tendencias futuras en el control cooperativo distribuido de las microrredes y sus aplicaciones futuras. There is an increasing interest and research effort focused on the analysis, design and implementation of distributed control systems for AC, DC and hybrid AC / DC microgrids. It is claimed that distributed controllers have several advantages over centralised control schemes, e.g., improved reliability, flexibility, controllability, black start operation, robustness to failure in the communication links, etc. In this work, an overview of the state-of-the-art of distributed cooperative control systems for isolated microgrids is presented. Protocols for cooperative control such as linear consensus, heterogeneous consensus and finite-time consensus are discussed and reviewed in this paper. Distributed cooperative algorithms for primary and secondary control systems, including (among others issues) virtual impedance, synthetic inertia, droop-free control, stability analysis, imbalance sharing, total harmonic distortion regulation, are also reviewed and discussed in this survey. Tertiary control systems, e.g., for economic dispatch of electric energy, based on cooperative control approaches, are also addressed in this work. This review also highlights existing issues, research challenges and future trends in distributed cooperative control of microgrids and their future applications. هناك اهتمام متزايد وجهود بحثية تركز على تحليل وتصميم وتنفيذ أنظمة التحكم الموزعة للشبكات الصغيرة AC و DC و AC / DC الهجينة. يُزعم أن وحدات التحكم الموزعة تتمتع بالعديد من المزايا على أنظمة التحكم المركزية، على سبيل المثال، تحسين الموثوقية والمرونة وإمكانية التحكم وتشغيل البداية السوداء وقوة الفشل في روابط الاتصال وما إلى ذلك. في هذا العمل، يتم تقديم نظرة عامة على أحدث أنظمة التحكم التعاونية الموزعة للشبكات الصغيرة المعزولة. تتم مناقشة ومراجعة بروتوكولات الرقابة التعاونية مثل الإجماع الخطي والإجماع غير المتجانس والإجماع محدود الوقت في هذه الورقة. كما تتم مراجعة ومناقشة الخوارزميات التعاونية الموزعة لأنظمة التحكم الأولية والثانوية، بما في ذلك (من بين أمور أخرى) المعاوقة الافتراضية، والقصور الذاتي الاصطناعي، والتحكم الخالي من التدلي، وتحليل الاستقرار، ومشاركة الاختلال، وتنظيم التشوه التوافقي الكلي، في هذا الاستطلاع. كما يتم تناول أنظمة التحكم الثلاثية، على سبيل المثال، للإرسال الاقتصادي للطاقة الكهربائية، بناءً على مناهج التحكم التعاونية، في هذا العمل. تسلط هذه المراجعة الضوء أيضًا على القضايا الحالية والتحديات البحثية والاتجاهات المستقبلية في التحكم التعاوني الموزع للشبكات الدقيقة وتطبيقاتها المستقبلية.

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    Authors: Alvaro Endo; Sebastian Parra; Oscar Cartagena; Doris Sáez; +2 Authors

    Rural communities usually settle in territories where crop self-consumption is the main source of sustenance. In this context, climate change has made these environments of crop control susceptible to water shortages, impacting crop yields. The implementation of greenhouses has been proposed to address these problems, together with strategies to optimize water and energy consumption. In this study, an energy–water management system based on a model predictive control strategy is proposed. This control strategy consists of a fuzzy optimizer used to determine the optimal consumption from isolated microgrids considering the local resources available. The proposed controller is implemented on two timescales. First, medium-term optimization over one month is used to estimate the necessary water demand required to support crop growth and a high yield. Second, short-term optimization is used to determine the optimal climate conditions inside the greenhouse for managing crop irrigation, refilling the reserve water tank, and providing ventilation. Experiments were conducted to test this approach using a case study of an isolated community. For such a case, energy consumption was reduced, and the irrigation process was optimized. The results indicated that the proposed controller is a viable alternative for implementing intelligent management systems for greenhouses.

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    Authors: Alex Navas F.; Juan S. Gomez; Jacqueline Llanos; Erwin Rute; +2 Authors

    Microgrids are the cornerstone for a new model of electrical generation based on renewable resources. Commonly microgrids are controlled with a centralised hierarchical structure, which is inherited from power systems. However, a time-scale separation between traditional fast frequency restoration and slow economic dispatch may be counterproductive in the long run because the slow long-term economic dispatch increases the prediction uncertainty. In an effort to improve the economical operation of microgrids, this work proposes a distributed model predictive control strategy for the operation of isolated microgrids based on a consensus strategy that tackles both the economic dispatch and frequency restoration over the same time-scale. The proposed controller can operate without knowledge of the microgrid's topology: instead, typical local measurements and other information from neighboring generation units are required. Experimental results demonstrate that the controller is robust to load variations and communication issues, but the plug-and-play nature of the system is preserved.

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