• Energy Research
• 2016-2025close

Le micro-réseau (MG), un changement de paradigme dans les systèmes électriques de distribution conventionnels, facilite l'intégration de nombreuses ressources énergétiques renouvelables (RER), unités de stockage et charges. Le catalyseur clé de ce paradigme émergent est l'attention accrue portée au lien entre l'environnement et la durabilité énergétique. Ce nouveau concept présente diverses caractéristiques attrayantes telles que la durabilité, la fiabilité, la résilience, l'amélioration de la qualité de l'énergie, la sécurité énergétique et la libéralisation des industries de services électriques. l'intégration des unités RER et de la participation aux charges dans le MG pose divers défis à la stabilité et au fonctionnement du système. Ces défis découlent de la nature intermittente des RER en raison de leur comportement stochastique et de leur niveau accru de non-linéarité associé à la participation aux charges intelligentes. En outre, ces dernières années, le développement et le déploiement du RER dans les réseaux MG ont démontré une croissance exponentielle. Par conséquent, afin de réaliser une analyse holistique, une étude approfondie sur divers aspects du MG devrait être étudiée. À cet égard, ce document d'enquête rigoureux présente l'étude méticuleuse de divers aspects, l'évolution historique et les technologies clés habilitantes mais transdisciplinaires du MG, telles que divers composants, ressources de production, la classification des charges, l'infrastructure de communication, la gestion de l'énergie, le contrôle et l'optimisation, les modes opérationnels et divers cadres, configurations, architectures et topologies, y compris le concept émergent de MG en réseau avec des limites flexibles. Cette étude a également examiné divers systèmes de stockage et de protection dans MG, compte tenu de l'attention portée à leurs contributions à la stabilité du système. Cet examen souligne également de nombreux problèmes, défis et facteurs clés liés au développement durable du système MG. Enfin, une analyse intersectorielle globale qui comprend les systèmes cyber-physiques, la qualité de l'énergie, la gestion de l'information et des données, les systèmes de conversion, l'inertie synthétique et certaines questions de gouvernance a été fournie, ainsi que les orientations futures, la progression et les derniers développements dans le domaine de MG. Cette enquête aide donc grandement et permet aux chercheurs d'étudier et d'analyser commodément le développement et les perspectives de la technologie MG. Micro-Grid (MG), un cambio de paradigma en los sistemas de distribución de energía convencionales, facilita la integración de muchos recursos de energía renovable (RER), unidades de almacenamiento y cargas. El catalizador clave detrás de este paradigma emergente es la mayor atención al nexo de sostenibilidad del medio ambiente y la energía. Este concepto novedoso exhibe varias características atractivas como la sostenibilidad, la confiabilidad, la resiliencia, la mejora de la calidad de la energía, la seguridad energética y la liberalización de las industrias de servicios eléctricos. Sin embargo, el la integración de las unidades de RER y la participación de la carga en la MG plantea varios desafíos para la estabilidad y el funcionamiento del sistema. Estos desafíos surgen como consecuencia de la naturaleza intermitente de los RER debido a su comportamiento estocástico y al mayor nivel de no linealidad asociado con la participación de la carga inteligente. Además, en los últimos años, el desarrollo y el despliegue de RER en las redes de MG han demostrado un crecimiento exponencial. Por lo tanto, para lograr un análisis holístico, se debe investigar un estudio de revisión exhaustivo sobre varios aspectos de la MG. En este sentido, este riguroso documento de encuesta presenta el estudio meticuloso de varios aspectos, la evolución histórica y las tecnologías clave que permiten la MG, como varios componentes, recursos de generación, clasificación de carga, infraestructura de comunicación, gestión de energía, control y optimización, modos operativos y diversos marcos, configuraciones, arquitecturas y topologías, incluido el concepto emergente de MG en red con límites flexibles. Este estudio también revisó varios sistemas de almacenamiento y protección en MG, considerando la atención a sus contribuciones a la estabilidad del sistema. Esta revisión también subraya muchos problemas, desafíos y factores clave relacionados con el desarrollo sostenible del sistema MG. Por último, se ha proporcionado un análisis intersectorial integral que incluye sistemas ciberfísicos, calidad de la energía, gestión de información y datos, sistemas de conversión, inercia sintética y algunos problemas de gobernanza, junto con las direcciones futuras, la progresión y el último desarrollo en el campo de MG. Esta encuesta, por lo tanto, ayuda en gran medida y permite a los investigadores estudiar y analizar el desarrollo y la perspectiva de la tecnología MG de manera conveniente. Micro-Grid (MG), a paradigm shift in conventional distribution power systems, facilitates the integration of many Renewable Energy Resources (RERs), storage units, and loads.The key catalyst behind this emerging paradigm is the increased attention to environment-energy sustainability nexus.This novel concept exhibits various attractive features such as sustainability, reliability, resilience, improved power quality, energy security, and liberalization of electric service industries.However, the integration of RER units and load participation into the MG brings various challenges to the stability and operation of the system.These challenges arise as a consequence of the intermittent nature of RERs due to their stochastic behavior and increased level of non-linearity associated with smart load participation.Furthermore, in recent years, the development and deployment of RER in MG networks have demonstrated exponential growth.Therefore, in order to achieve a holistic analysis, a comprehensive review study about various aspects of MG should be investigated.In this regard, this rigorous survey paper presents the meticulous study of various aspects, historical evolution, and key enabling yet transdisciplinary technologies of MG, such as various components, generation resources, load classification, communication infrastructure, energy management, control and optimization, operational modes, and various frameworks, configurations, architectures, and topologies-including the emerging concept of Networked MG with flexible boundaries.This study also reviewed various storage and protection systems in MG, considering the attention to their contributions to the stability of the system.This review also underscores many key issues, challenges, and factors related to the sustainable development of the MG system.Lastly, an all-inclusive cross-sectoral analysis that includes cyber-physical systems, power quality, information and data management, conversion systems, synthetic inertia, and some governance issues has been provided, along with the future directions, progression, and latest development in the field of MG.This survey, therefore, greatly assists and enables researchers to study and analyze the development and prospect of MG technology conveniently. تسهل الشبكة الصغيرة (MG)، وهي نقلة نوعية في أنظمة طاقة التوزيع التقليدية، دمج العديد من موارد الطاقة المتجددة (RERs) ووحدات التخزين والأحمال. المحفز الرئيسي وراء هذا النموذج الناشئ هو الاهتمام المتزايد بعلاقة استدامة البيئة والطاقة. يعرض هذا المفهوم الجديد العديد من الميزات الجذابة مثل الاستدامة والموثوقية والمرونة وتحسين جودة الطاقة وأمن الطاقة وتحرير صناعات الخدمات الكهربائية. ومع ذلك، فإن إن دمج وحدات RER ومشاركة الحمل في MG يجلب تحديات مختلفة لاستقرار وتشغيل النظام. تنشأ هذه التحديات نتيجة للطبيعة المتقطعة لـ RERs بسبب سلوكها العشوائي وزيادة مستوى عدم الخطية المرتبط بمشاركة الحمل الذكية. علاوة على ذلك، في السنوات الأخيرة، أظهر تطوير ونشر RER في شبكات MG نموًا هائلاً. لذلك، من أجل تحقيق تحليل شامل، يجب التحقيق في دراسة مراجعة شاملة حول مختلف جوانب MG. في هذا الصدد، تقدم ورقة المسح الصارمة هذه دراسة دقيقة لمختلف الجوانب والتطور التاريخي والتقنيات الرئيسية التمكينية متعددة التخصصات لـ MG، مثل المكونات المختلفة وموارد التوليد وتصنيف الحمل والبنية التحتية للاتصالات وإدارة الطاقة والتحكم والتحسين والأوضاع التشغيلية ومختلف الأطر والتكوينات والبنى والطوبولوجيا - بما في ذلك المفهوم الناشئ لـ MG الشبكية ذات الحدود المرنة. كما استعرضت هذه الدراسة أنظمة التخزين والحماية المختلفة في MG، مع الأخذ في الاعتبار الاهتمام بمساهماتها في استقرار النظام. تؤكد هذه المراجعة أيضًا على العديد من القضايا والتحديات والعوامل الرئيسية المتعلقة بالتنمية المستدامة لنظام MG. وأخيرًا، تحليل شامل شامل للقطاعات يشمل الأنظمة الفيزيائية السيبرانية وجودة الطاقة وإدارة المعلومات والبيانات وأنظمة التحويل والقصور الذاتي الاصطناعي وبعض مشكلات الحوكمة، إلى جانب الاتجاهات المستقبلية والتقدم وأحدث التطورات في مجال MG. وبالتالي، فإن هذا المسح يساعد الباحثين ويمكّنهم بشكل كبير من دراسة وتحليل تطوير تكنولوجيا MG وآفاقها بشكل ملائم.

To overcome energy crises, attention is being paid to saving energy from household appliances. Traditional compressors are in need of being replaced by efficient linear compressors. This paper presents a new tubular moving magnet linear oscillating actuator (TMM-LOA) for compressor application. The proposed topology utilizes outer mover topology with separators between the mover and stator modules. The number of stator and mover modules can be increased or decreased based on the requirement. The addition of a separator avoids the flux cancellation and makes the proposed topology fault-tolerant. The design variables are optimized by using a parametric sweep, and the performance in terms of thrust force is observed. Both the static and transient analyses were performed to analyze the machine performance at various currents and stroke. Both mechanical and electrical resonance phenomena are discussed. The efficiency of the proposed TMM-LOA is calculated for one, two and three modules. Finally, the proposed topology is compared with other topologies proposed in the literature to show the superiority of the proposed design.

Slotting effect in electric machines reduces flux per pole that effect magnetic flux density distribution in the air gap which induces harmonics in magnetic flux density causing flux pulsation, that in turn generates dominant torque pulsation in the form of cogging torque and torque ripples. To overcome the abovesaid demerits, a novel outer rotor field-excited flux-switching machine (OR-FSFSM) with a combined semi-closed and open slots stator is proposed in this study. The developed OR-FEFSM offers a high-power factor, due to the utilization of the semi-closed slot for armature coils. The open slot stator structure was chosen for the field excitation coil, which effectively suppresses leakage reluctance that causes flux pulsation. Thus, the influence of torque ripples is reduced, and the average torque is improved. In order to investigate the effectiveness of the proposed OR-FEFSM, a detailed study of stator slot and rotor pole combinations are performed. Based on simplified mathematical formulation, 12S/7P (stator slot/rotor poles), 12S/11P, 12S/13P, and 12S/17P are the most feasible combinations. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) based on comprehensive electromagnetic performance is performed on each combination, and found that 12S/13P offers the highest average torque of 4.62 Nm, whereas 3.72 Nm, 2.72Nm, and 1.68 Nm average torque is offered by 12S/17P, 12S/7P, and 12S/11P, respectively. Based on the initial analysis, 12S/13P was considered for further analysis and optimized using JMAG built-in Genetic Algorithm (GA). Moreover, thermal analysis was performed, and the proposed design was compared with the conventional design.

Axial flux permanent magnet (AFPM) machines are good candidates for electric vehicle applications due to their high torque density, improved efficiency, and better flux distribution; thus, they are often used. A dual-rotor single-stator AFPM machine with four differently shaped permanent magnet (PM) rotors is investigated. The main aim of this paper is to enhance the average torque while minimizing the cogging torque and torque ripples at the expense of low PM volume. The proposed machines are analyzed in terms of flux linkage, back-EMF, cogging torque, average torque, and torque ripples. The analysis reveals that the machine with an arc-shaped PM rotor performs better than the others. In addition, the trapozoidal arc-shaped PM used in the AFPM machine outperforms the hexagonal, skew arc, and traditional trapezoidal PMs. The torque density of the trapezoidal-shaped PM machine is 40.23 (KNm/m3), while that of the hexagonal shape is 32.46 (KNm/m3), that of the skew arc shape is 39.78 (KNm/m3), and that of the arc shape is 50.38 (KNm/m3).

This paper presents a novel linear hybrid excited flux switching permanent magnet machine (LHEFSPMM) with a crooked tooth modular stator. Conventional stators are made up of a pure iron core, which results in high manufacturing costs and increased iron core losses. Using a modular stator lowers the iron volume by up to 18% compared to a conventional stator, which minimizes the core losses and reduces the machine’s overall cost. A crooked angle is introduced to improve the flux linkage between the stator pole and the mover slot. Ferrite magnets are used with parallel magnetization to reduce the cost of the machine. Two-dimensional FEA is performed to analyze and evaluate various performance parameters of the proposed machine. Geometric optimization is used to optimize the split ratio (S.R) and winding slot area (Slotarea). Genetic algorithm (GA) is applied and is used to optimize stator tooth width (STW), space between the modules (SS), crooked angle (α), and starting angle (θ). The proposed model has a high thrust density (306.61 kN/m3), lower detent force (8.4 N), and a simpler design with higher efficiency (86%). The linear modular structure makes it a good candidate for railway transportation and electric trains. Thermal analysis of the machine is performed by FEA and then the results are validated by an LPMEC model. Overall, a very good agreement is observed between both the analyses, and relative percentage error of less than 3% is achieved, which is considerable since the FEA is in 3D while 2D temperature flow is considered in the LPMEC model.

A new Single-sided Variable Flux Permanent Magnet Linear Machine with flux bridge in mover core is proposed in this paper. The flux bridge prevents the leakage flux from the mover and converts it into flux linkage, which greatly influences the performance of the machine. First, a lumped parameter model is used to find the suitable coil combination and no-load flux linkage of the proposed machine, which greatly reduces the computational time and drive storage. Secondly, the proposed machine replaces the expensive rare earth permanent magnets with ferrite magnets and provides improved flux controlling capability under variable excitation currents. Multivariable geometric optimization is utilized to optimize the leading design parameters like split ratio, stator pole width, width and height of permanent magnet, flux bridge width, the width of mover’s tooth, and stator slot depth at constant electric and magnetic loading. The optimized design increases the flux linkage by 44.11%, average thrust force by 35%, thrust force density by 35.02%, minimizes ripples in thrust force by 23%, and detent force by 87.5%. Furthermore, the results obtained by 2D analysis are verified by 3D analysis. Thermal analysis is done to set the operating limit of the proposed machine.

Saving energy from domestic appliances is a focus in the effort to combat energy challenges. Linear compressors are a more efficient alternative to the traditional compressors used in refrigerators, which account for 20–40% of all residential electricity use. This article investigates the new topology of the moving magnet (MM), dual-stator single-mover linear oscillating actuator (DSSM-LOA) for linear compressor application. Both the stators were C-shaped, with coils looped across their end sides. Two permanent magnets (PMs) that were axially magnetized were housed on the mover. The PM structural shape significantly affected its fabrication cost and magnitude of magnetic flux density (B). The DSSM-LOA makes use of axially magnetized rectangular-shaped PMs because they are inexpensive and generate high electromagnetic (EM) force density. End ferromagnetic core materials were used to improve the magnetic flux, linking from the stator to the mover. All the design parameters were optimized through parametric analysis using the finite parametric sweep method. Parameters present within the three primary parameters (length, height, and depth) that were assumed constants were optimized, and the optimal dimensions were selected based on the EM force. The investigated DSSM-LOA was contrasted with traditional LOA designs, and they showed significant improvement in EM force per ampere, generally named motor constant (MC), MC per PM mass, MC density, cogging force, and stroke. Additionally, the proposed DSSM-LOA had a simple structure and low cost, and it operated in a feasible range of strokes for linear compressor application.

Linear hybrid excited flux switching machines (LHEFSM) combine the features of permanent magnet flux switching machines (PMFSM) and field excited flux switching machines (FEFSM). Because of the widespread usage of rare-earth PM materials, their costs are steadily rising. This study proposes an LHEFSM, a dual stator LHEFSM (DSLHEFSM), and a dual mover LHEFSM (DMLHEFSM) to solve this issue. The employment of ferrite magnets rather than rare-earth PM in these suggested designs is significant. Compared to traditional designs, the proposed designs feature greater thrust force, power density, reduced normal force, and a 25% decrease in PM volume. A yokeless primary structure was used in a DSLHEFSM to minimize the volume of the mover, increasing the thrust force density. In DMLHELFSM, on the other hand, a yokeless secondary structure was used to lower the secondary volume and the machine’s total cost. Single variable optimization was used to optimize all of the proposed designs. By completing a 3D study, the electromagnetic performances acquired from the 2D analysis were confirmed. Compared to conventional designs, the average thrust force in LHEFSM, DSLHEFSM, and DMLHEFSM was enhanced by 15%, 16.8%, and 15.6%, respectively. Overall, the presented machines had a high thrust force density, a high-power density, a high no-load electromotive force, and a low normal force, allowing them to be used in long-stroke applications.