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  • Energy Research
  • 2. Zero hunger

  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Dieter Gerten; Dieter Gerten; Sibyll Schaphoff; Wolfgang Lucht; +7 Authors

    Alors que les frontières planétaires se rapprochent rapidement, l'humanité a peu de place pour une expansion supplémentaire et une intensification conventionnelle de l'agriculture, tandis qu'une population mondiale croissante élargit encore le fossé alimentaire. Il existe de nombreuses preuves qu'une meilleure gestion de l'eau à la ferme peut réduire considérablement les écarts de rendement liés à l'eau, mais son importance mondiale reste incertaine. Dans cette étude de modélisation, nous étudions systématiquement dans quelle mesure la gestion intégrée de l'eau des cultures pourrait contribuer à combler le déficit alimentaire mondial, limitée par l'hypothèse que la pression sur les ressources en eau et les terres n'augmente pas. À l'aide d'un modèle bio-/agrosphère basé sur les processus, nous simulons le potentiel d'augmentation du rendement de la productivité élevée de l'eau d'irrigation (y compris l'expansion de l'irrigation avec de l'eau ainsi économisée) et l'utilisation optimisée de l'eau de précipitation in situ (évaporation allégée du sol, infiltration améliorée, récupération de l'eau pour l'irrigation supplémentaire) sous le climat actuel et futur projeté (à partir de 20 modèles climatiques, avec et sans effets bénéfiques sur le CO2). Les résultats montrent que les améliorations de l'efficacité de l'irrigation peuvent économiser des quantités substantielles d'eau dans de nombreux bassins fluviaux (à l'échelle mondiale, 48 % de la consommation d'eau non productive dans un scénario « ambitieux ») et, si elles sont réacheminées pour irriguer les systèmes pluviaux voisins, peuvent augmenter considérablement la production de kcal (augmentation globale de 26 %). Les solutions de faible technologie pour les petits agriculteurs sur des terres agricoles limitées en eau montrent le potentiel d'augmenter les rendements pluviaux dans la même mesure. En combinaison, les stratégies de gestion intégrée de l'eau ambitieuses mais réalisables explorées dans cette étude pourraient augmenter la production mondiale de 41 % et combler l'écart de rendement lié à l'eau de 62 %. Le changement climatique sans relâche aura des effets négatifs sur les rendements des cultures dans de nombreuses régions, mais les améliorations de la gestion de l'eau analysées ici peuvent atténuer ces effets dans une large mesure. A medida que se acercan rápidamente los límites planetarios, la humanidad tiene poco espacio para una expansión adicional y una intensificación convencional de la agricultura, mientras que una población mundial en crecimiento extiende aún más la brecha alimentaria. Existe amplia evidencia de que una mejor gestión del agua en la granja puede cerrar las brechas de rendimiento relacionadas con el agua en un grado considerable, pero su importancia global sigue sin estar clara. En este estudio de modelado investigamos sistemáticamente en qué medida la gestión integrada del agua de los cultivos podría contribuir a cerrar la brecha alimentaria mundial, limitada por el supuesto de que la presión sobre los recursos hídricos y la tierra no aumenta. Utilizando un modelo de bio/agrosfera basado en procesos, simulamos el potencial de aumento del rendimiento de la productividad elevada del agua de riego (incluida la expansión del riego con el agua ahorrada) y el uso optimizado del agua de precipitación in situ (evaporación del suelo aliviada, infiltración mejorada, recolección de agua para riego suplementario) bajo el clima actual y futuro proyectado (de 20 modelos climáticos, con y sin efectos beneficiosos de CO2). Los resultados muestran que las mejoras en la eficiencia del riego pueden ahorrar cantidades sustanciales de agua en muchas cuencas fluviales (a nivel mundial, el 48% del consumo de agua no productiva en un escenario "ambicioso") y, si se redirigen para regar los sistemas de secano vecinos, pueden aumentar significativamente la producción de kcal (aumento global del 26%). Las soluciones de baja tecnología para pequeños agricultores en tierras de cultivo con agua limitada muestran el potencial de aumentar los rendimientos de secano en una medida similar. En combinación, las ambiciosas pero alcanzables estrategias de gestión integrada del agua exploradas en este estudio podrían aumentar la producción mundial en un 41% y cerrar la brecha de rendimiento relacionada con el agua en un 62%. El cambio climático sin cesar tendrá efectos adversos en los rendimientos de los cultivos en muchas regiones, pero las mejoras en la gestión del agua, como se analiza aquí, pueden amortiguar dichos efectos en un grado significativo. As planetary boundaries are rapidly being approached, humanity has little room for additional expansion and conventional intensification of agriculture, while a growing world population further spreads the food gap. Ample evidence exists that improved on-farm water management can close water-related yield gaps to a considerable degree, but its global significance remains unclear. In this modeling study we investigate systematically to what extent integrated crop water management might contribute to closing the global food gap, constrained by the assumption that pressure on water resources and land does not increase. Using a process-based bio-/agrosphere model, we simulate the yield-increasing potential of elevated irrigation water productivity (including irrigation expansion with thus saved water) and optimized use of in situ precipitation water (alleviated soil evaporation, enhanced infiltration, water harvesting for supplemental irrigation) under current and projected future climate (from 20 climate models, with and without beneficial CO2 effects). Results show that irrigation efficiency improvements can save substantial amounts of water in many river basins (globally 48% of non-productive water consumption in an 'ambitious' scenario), and if rerouted to irrigate neighboring rainfed systems, can boost kcal production significantly (26% global increase). Low-tech solutions for small-scale farmers on water-limited croplands show the potential to increase rainfed yields to a similar extent. In combination, the ambitious yet achievable integrated water management strategies explored in this study could increase global production by 41% and close the water-related yield gap by 62%. Unabated climate change will have adverse effects on crop yields in many regions, but improvements in water management as analyzed here can buffer such effects to a significant degree. مع الاقتراب السريع من حدود الكوكب، ليس لدى البشرية مجال كبير للتوسع الإضافي والتكثيف التقليدي للزراعة، في حين أن تزايد عدد سكان العالم يزيد من انتشار الفجوة الغذائية. توجد أدلة وافرة على أن تحسين إدارة المياه في المزارع يمكن أن يسد فجوات الغلة المتعلقة بالمياه إلى حد كبير، لكن أهميتها العالمية لا تزال غير واضحة. في دراسة النمذجة هذه، نبحث بشكل منهجي في مدى مساهمة الإدارة المتكاملة لمياه المحاصيل في سد الفجوة الغذائية العالمية، مقيدة بافتراض أن الضغط على الموارد المائية والأراضي لا يزداد. باستخدام نموذج بيولوجي/زراعي قائم على العمليات، نقوم بمحاكاة إمكانات زيادة الغلة لإنتاجية مياه الري المرتفعة (بما في ذلك توسيع الري بالمياه الموفرة) والاستخدام الأمثل لمياه الأمطار في الموقع (تبخر التربة المخفف، والترشيح المعزز، وجمع المياه للري التكميلي) في ظل المناخ الحالي والمستقبلي المتوقع (من 20 نموذجًا مناخيًا، مع وبدون تأثيرات مفيدة لثاني أكسيد الكربون). تظهر النتائج أن تحسينات كفاءة الري يمكن أن توفر كميات كبيرة من المياه في العديد من أحواض الأنهار (على مستوى العالم 48 ٪ من استهلاك المياه غير المنتجة في سيناريو "طموح ")، وإذا تم إعادة توجيهها لري الأنظمة البعلية المجاورة، يمكن أن تعزز إنتاج السعرات الحرارية بشكل كبير (زيادة عالمية بنسبة 26 ٪). تُظهر الحلول منخفضة التقنية لصغار المزارعين في الأراضي الزراعية محدودة المياه إمكانية زيادة المحاصيل البعلية إلى حد مماثل. مجتمعة، يمكن لاستراتيجيات الإدارة المتكاملة للمياه الطموحة والقابلة للتحقيق التي تم استكشافها في هذه الدراسة أن تزيد الإنتاج العالمي بنسبة 41 ٪ وتغلق فجوة العائد المتعلقة بالمياه بنسبة 62 ٪. سيكون لتغير المناخ المستمر آثار ضارة على غلة المحاصيل في العديد من المناطق، ولكن التحسينات في إدارة المياه كما تم تحليلها هنا يمكن أن تخفف هذه الآثار إلى حد كبير.

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    Environmental Research Letters
    Article . 2016 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
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    Environmental Research Letters
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    Environmental Research Letters
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      Environmental Research Letters
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    Authors: Rockström, Johan; Edenhofer, Ottmar; Gaertner, Juliana; DeClerck, Fabrice A.J.;

    Without a great food system transformation, the world will fail to deliver both on the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals and the Paris Climate Agreement. There are five grand challenges to be faced, by science and society, to effect that transformation.

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    Nature Food
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    Nature Food
    Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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      Nature Food
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      Nature Food
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    Authors: Shenggen Fan; Juan A Rivera; Victoria Bignet; Beatrice Crona; +40 Authors

    1. Unhealthy and unsustainably produced food poses a global risk to people and the planet. More than 820 million people have insufficient food and many more consume an unhealthy diet that contributes to premature death and morbidity. Moreover, global food production is the largest pressure caused by humans on Earth, threatening local ecosystems and the stability of the Earth system. 2. Current dietary trends, combined with projected population growth to about 10 billion by 2050, will exacerbate risks to people and planet. The global burden of non-communicable diseases is predicted to worsen and the effects of food production on greenhouse-gas emissions, nitrogen and phosphorus pollution, biodiversity loss, and water and land use will reduce the stability of the Earth system. 3. Transformation to healthy diets from sustainable food systems is necessary to achieve the UN Sustainable Development Goals and the Paris Agreement, and scientific targets for healthy diets and sustainable food production are needed to guide a Great Food Transformation. 4. Healthy diets have an appropriate caloric intake and consist of a diversity of plant-based foods, low amounts of animal source foods, unsaturated rather than saturated fats, and small amounts of refined grains, highly processed foods, and added sugars. 5. Transformation to healthy diets by 2050 will require substantial dietary shifts, including a greater than 50% reduction in global consumption of unhealthy foods, such as red meat and sugar, and a greater than 100% increase in consumption of healthy foods, such as nuts, fruits, vegetables, and legumes. However, the changes needed differ greatly by region. 6. Dietary changes from current diets to healthy diets are likely to substantially benefit human health, averting about 10·8–11·6 million deaths per year, a reduction of 19·0–23·6%. 7. With food production causing major global environmental risks, sustainable food production needs to operate within the safe operating space for food systems at all scales on Earth. Therefore, sustainable food production for about 10 billion people should use no additional land, safeguard existing biodiversity, reduce consumptive water use and manage water responsibly, substantially reduce nitrogen and phosphorus pollution, produce zero carbon dioxide emissions, and cause no further increase in methane and nitrous oxide emissions. 8. Transformation to sustainable food production by 2050 will require at least a 75% reduction of yield gaps, global redistribution of nitrogen and phosphorus fertiliser use, recycling of phosphorus, radical improvements in efficiency of fertiliser and water use, rapid implementation of agricultural mitigation options to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions, adoption of land management practices that shift agriculture from a carbon source to sink, and a fundamental shift in production priorities. 9. The scientific targets for healthy diets from sustainable food systems are intertwined with all UN Sustainable Development Goals. For example, achieving these targets will depend on providing high-quality primary health care that integrates family planning and education on healthy diets. These targets and the Sustainable Development Goals on freshwater, climate, land, oceans, and biodiversity will be achieved through strong commitment to global partnerships and actions. 10. Achieving healthy diets from sustainable food systems for everyone will require substantial shifts towards healthy dietary patterns, large reductions in food losses and waste, and major improvements in food production practices. This universal goal for all humans is within reach but will require adoption of scientific targets by all sectors to stimulate a range of actions from individuals and organisations working in all sectors and at all scales.

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    The Lancet
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    The Lancet
    Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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    The Lancet
    Article . 2019
    The Lancet
    Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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      The Lancet
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      The Lancet
      Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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      The Lancet
      Article . 2019
      The Lancet
      Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Johan Rockström; John Williams; Gretchen C. Daily; Andrew Noble; +12 Authors

    Il y a un débat en cours sur ce qui constitue l'intensification durable de l'agriculture (AID). Dans cet article, nous proposons qu'un paradigme d'intensification durable puisse être défini et traduit en un cadre opérationnel pour le développement agricole. Nous soutenons que ce paradigme doit maintenant être défini - à toutes les échelles - dans le contexte de l'augmentation rapide des changements environnementaux mondiaux dans l'Anthropocène, tout en se concentrant sur l'éradication de la pauvreté et de la faim et en contribuant au bien-être humain. Les critères et l'approche que nous proposons, pour un changement de paradigme vers une intensification durable de l'agriculture, intègrent les objectifs doubles et interdépendants de l'utilisation de pratiques durables pour répondre aux besoins humains croissants tout en contribuant à la résilience et à la durabilité des paysages, de la biosphère et du système terrestre. Les deux, à leur tour, sont nécessaires pour soutenir la viabilité future de l'agriculture. Ce changement de paradigme vise à repositionner l'agriculture mondiale de son rôle actuel de principal moteur mondial du changement environnemental mondial, à devenir un contributeur clé d'une transition mondiale vers un monde durable dans un espace opérationnel sûr sur Terre. Existe un debate en curso sobre lo que constituye la intensificación sostenible de la agricultura (SIA). En este documento, proponemos que se pueda definir un paradigma para la intensificación sostenible y traducirlo en un marco operativo para el desarrollo agrícola. Argumentamos que este paradigma ahora debe definirse, a todas las escalas, en el contexto del rápido aumento de los cambios ambientales globales en el Antropoceno, al tiempo que se centra en erradicar la pobreza y el hambre y contribuir al bienestar humano. Los criterios y el enfoque que proponemos, para un cambio de paradigma hacia la intensificación sostenible de la agricultura, integran los objetivos duales e interdependientes de utilizar prácticas sostenibles para satisfacer las crecientes necesidades humanas al tiempo que contribuyen a la resiliencia y la sostenibilidad de los paisajes, la biosfera y el sistema de la Tierra. Ambos, a su vez, son necesarios para mantener la viabilidad futura de la agricultura. Este cambio de paradigma tiene como objetivo reposicionar la agricultura mundial de su papel actual como el mayor impulsor mundial del cambio ambiental global, a convertirse en un contribuyente clave de una transición global a un mundo sostenible dentro de un espacio operativo seguro en la Tierra. There is an ongoing debate on what constitutes sustainable intensification of agriculture (SIA). In this paper, we propose that a paradigm for sustainable intensification can be defined and translated into an operational framework for agricultural development. We argue that this paradigm must now be defined—at all scales—in the context of rapidly rising global environmental changes in the Anthropocene, while focusing on eradicating poverty and hunger and contributing to human wellbeing. The criteria and approach we propose, for a paradigm shift towards sustainable intensification of agriculture, integrates the dual and interdependent goals of using sustainable practices to meet rising human needs while contributing to resilience and sustainability of landscapes, the biosphere, and the Earth system. Both of these, in turn, are required to sustain the future viability of agriculture. This paradigm shift aims at repositioning world agriculture from its current role as the world's single largest driver of global environmental change, to becoming a key contributor of a global transition to a sustainable world within a safe operating space on Earth. هناك نقاش مستمر حول ما يشكل التكثيف المستدام للزراعة. نقترح في هذه الورقة أنه يمكن تحديد نموذج للتكثيف المستدام وترجمته إلى إطار تشغيلي للتنمية الزراعية. نحن نجادل بأنه يجب الآن تحديد هذا النموذج - على جميع المستويات - في سياق التغيرات البيئية العالمية المتزايدة بسرعة في الأنثروبوسين، مع التركيز على القضاء على الفقر والجوع والمساهمة في رفاهية الإنسان. تدمج المعايير والنهج التي نقترحها، من أجل تحول نموذجي نحو التكثيف المستدام للزراعة، الأهداف المزدوجة والمترابطة لاستخدام الممارسات المستدامة لتلبية الاحتياجات البشرية المتزايدة مع المساهمة في مرونة واستدامة المناظر الطبيعية والمحيط الحيوي ونظام الأرض. وكلاهما، بدوره، مطلوب للحفاظ على الجدوى المستقبلية للزراعة. يهدف هذا التحول النموذجي إلى إعادة وضع الزراعة العالمية من دورها الحالي كأكبر محرك منفرد للتغير البيئي العالمي، إلى أن تصبح مساهماً رئيسياً في الانتقال العالمي إلى عالم مستدام ضمن مساحة عمل آمنة على الأرض.

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    AMBIO
    Article . 2016 . Peer-reviewed
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    AMBIO
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    Wageningen Staff Publications
    Article . 2017
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    https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/sc...
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    AMBIO
    Article . 2017
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      AMBIO
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      AMBIO
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      Wageningen Staff Publications
      Article . 2017
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/sc...
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      AMBIO
      Article . 2017
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    Authors: Karim C. Abbaspour; Hong Yang; Alexander J.B. Zehnder; Johan Rockström; +3 Authors

    Food security and water scarcity have become two major concerns for future human's sustainable development, particularly in the context of climate change. Here we present a comprehensive assessment of climate change impacts on the production and water use of major cereal crops on a global scale with a spatial resolution of 30 arc-minutes for the 2030s (short term) and the 2090s (long term), respectively. Our findings show that impact uncertainties are higher on larger spatial scales (e.g., global and continental) but lower on smaller spatial scales (e.g., national and grid cell). Such patterns allow decision makers and investors to take adaptive measures without being puzzled by a highly uncertain future at the global level. Short-term gains in crop production from climate change are projected for many regions, particularly in African countries, but the gains will mostly vanish and turn to losses in the long run. Irrigation dependence in crop production is projected to increase in general. However, several water poor regions will rely less heavily on irrigation, conducive to alleviating regional water scarcity. The heterogeneity of spatial patterns and the non-linearity of temporal changes of the impacts call for site-specific adaptive measures with perspectives of reducing short- and long-term risks of future food and water security. PLoS ONE, 8 (2) ISSN:1932-6203

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    PLoS ONE
    Article . 2013 . Peer-reviewed
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    PLoS ONE
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    PLoS ONE
    Article . 2013
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    Research Collection
    Article . 2013
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    Article . 2013
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      PLoS ONE
      Article . 2013 . Peer-reviewed
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      PLoS ONE
      Article . 2013
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      Article . 2013
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    Authors: Johan Rockström; Johan Rockström; Svend Christensen; Paul C. West; +37 Authors

    Food system innovations will be instrumental to achieving multiple Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). However, major innovation breakthroughs can trigger profound and disruptive changes, leading to simultaneous and interlinked reconfigurations of multiple parts of the global food system. The emergence of new technologies or social solutions, therefore, have very different impact profiles, with favourable consequences for some SDGs and unintended adverse side-effects for others. Stand-alone innovations seldom achieve positive outcomes over multiple sustainability dimensions. Instead, they should be embedded as part of systemic changes that facilitate the implementation of the SDGs. Emerging trade-offs need to be intentionally addressed to achieve true sustainability, particularly those involving social aspects like inequality in its many forms, social justice, and strong institutions, which remain challenging. Trade-offs with undesirable consequences are manageable through the development of well planned transition pathways, careful monitoring of key indicators, and through the implementation of transparent science targets at the local level. The Lancet Planetary Health, 5 (1) ISSN:2542-5196

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    The Lancet Planetary Health
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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    The Lancet Planetary Health
    Article
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    Research Collection
    Article . 2021
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    The Lancet Planetary Health
    Article . 2021
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    Research Collection
    Article . 2021
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    Wageningen Staff Publications
    Article . 2021
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    https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/pe...
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      The Lancet Planetary Health
      Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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      The Lancet Planetary Health
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      The Lancet Planetary Health
      Article . 2021
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      Wageningen Staff Publications
      Article . 2021
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/pe...
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    Authors: Louise Karlberg; Johan Rockström;

    Humanity has entered a new phase of sustainability challenges, the Anthropocene, in which human development has reached a scale where it affects vital planetary processes. Under the pressure from a quadruple squeeze-from population and development pressures, the anthropogenic climate crisis, the anthropogenic ecosystem crisis, and the risk of deleterious tipping points in the Earth system-the degrees of freedom for sustainable human exploitation of planet Earth are severely restrained. It is in this reality that a new green revolution in world food production needs to occur, to attain food security and human development over the coming decades. Global freshwater resources are, and will increasingly be, a fundamental limiting factor in feeding the world. Current water vulnerabilities in the regions in most need of large agricultural productivity improvements are projected to increase under the pressure from global environmental change. The sustainability challenge for world agriculture has to be set within the new global sustainability context. We present new proposed sustainability criteria for world agriculture, where world food production systems are transformed in order to allow humanity to stay within the safe operating space of planetary boundaries. In order to secure global resilience and thereby raise the chances of planet Earth to remain in the current desired state, conducive for human development on the long-term, these planetary boundaries need to be respected. This calls for a triply green revolution, which not only more than doubles food production in many regions of the world, but which also is environmentally sustainable, and invests in the untapped opportunities to use green water in rainfed agriculture as a key source of future productivity enhancement. To achieve such a global transformation of agriculture, there is a need for more innovative options for water interventions at the landscape scale, accounting for both green and blue water, as well as a new focus on cross-scale interactions, feed-backs and risks for unwanted regime shifts in the agro-ecological landscape.

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    AMBIO
    Article
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    AMBIO
    Article . 2010 . Peer-reviewed
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    AMBIO
    Article . 2010
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      AMBIO
      Article . 2010 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Therese Lindahl; Therese Lindahl; Tracy Van Holt; Tracy Van Holt; +17 Authors

    Food lies at the heart of both health and sustainability challenges. We use a social-ecological framework to illustrate how major changes to the volume, nutrition and safety of food systems between 1961 and today impact health and sustainability. These changes have almost halved undernutrition while doubling the proportion who are overweight. They have also resulted in reduced resilience of the biosphere, pushing four out of six analysed planetary boundaries across the safe operating space of the biosphere. Our analysis further illustrates that consumers and producers have become more distant from one another, with substantial power consolidated within a small group of key actors. Solutions include a shift from a volume-focused production system to focus on quality, nutrition, resource use efficiency, and reduced antimicrobial use. To achieve this, we need to rewire food systems in ways that enhance transparency between producers and consumers, mobilize key actors to become biosphere stewards, and re-connect people to the biosphere.

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    Environmental Research Letters
    Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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    Environmental Research Letters
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    Environmental Research Letters
    Article . 2017
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      Environmental Research Letters
      Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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      Environmental Research Letters
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      Environmental Research Letters
      Article . 2017
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    Authors: Sonja J. Vermeulen; David Tilman; David Tilman; Max Troell; +23 Authors

    The food system is a major driver of climate change, changes in land use, depletion of freshwater resources, and pollution of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems through excessive nitrogen and phosphorus inputs. Here we show that between 2010 and 2050, as a result of expected changes in population and income levels, the environmental effects of the food system could increase by 50-90% in the absence of technological changes and dedicated mitigation measures, reaching levels that are beyond the planetary boundaries that define a safe operating space for humanity. We analyse several options for reducing the environmental effects of the food system, including dietary changes towards healthier, more plant-based diets, improvements in technologies and management, and reductions in food loss and waste. We find that no single measure is enough to keep these effects within all planetary boundaries simultaneously, and that a synergistic combination of measures will be needed to sufficiently mitigate the projected increase in environmental pressures.

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    Nature
    Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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      Nature
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Ingo Fetzer; Fernando Jaramillo; Fernando Jaramillo; Johan Rockström; +2 Authors

    AbstractProjections of global warming in Africa are generally associated with increasing aridity and decreasing water availability. However, most freshwater assessments focus on single hydroclimatic indicators (e.g., runoff, precipitation, or aridity), lacking analysis on combined changes in evaporative demand, and water availability on land. There remains a high degree of uncertainty over water implications at the basin scale, in particular for the most water‐consuming sector—food production. Using the Budyko framework, we perform an assessment of future hydroclimatic change for the 50 largest African basins, finding a consistent pattern of change in four distinct regions across the two main emission scenarios corresponding to the Paris Agreement, and the business as usual. Although the Paris Agreement is likely to lead to less intense changes when compared to the business as usual, both scenarios show the same pattern of hydroclimatic shifts, suggesting a potential roadmap for hydroclimatic adaptation. We discuss the social‐ecological implications of the projected hydroclimatic shifts in the four regions and argue that climate policies need to be complemented by soil and water conservation practices to make the best use of future water resources.

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    Earth's Future
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    Earth's Future
    Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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      Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Dieter Gerten; Dieter Gerten; Sibyll Schaphoff; Wolfgang Lucht; +7 Authors

    Alors que les frontières planétaires se rapprochent rapidement, l'humanité a peu de place pour une expansion supplémentaire et une intensification conventionnelle de l'agriculture, tandis qu'une population mondiale croissante élargit encore le fossé alimentaire. Il existe de nombreuses preuves qu'une meilleure gestion de l'eau à la ferme peut réduire considérablement les écarts de rendement liés à l'eau, mais son importance mondiale reste incertaine. Dans cette étude de modélisation, nous étudions systématiquement dans quelle mesure la gestion intégrée de l'eau des cultures pourrait contribuer à combler le déficit alimentaire mondial, limitée par l'hypothèse que la pression sur les ressources en eau et les terres n'augmente pas. À l'aide d'un modèle bio-/agrosphère basé sur les processus, nous simulons le potentiel d'augmentation du rendement de la productivité élevée de l'eau d'irrigation (y compris l'expansion de l'irrigation avec de l'eau ainsi économisée) et l'utilisation optimisée de l'eau de précipitation in situ (évaporation allégée du sol, infiltration améliorée, récupération de l'eau pour l'irrigation supplémentaire) sous le climat actuel et futur projeté (à partir de 20 modèles climatiques, avec et sans effets bénéfiques sur le CO2). Les résultats montrent que les améliorations de l'efficacité de l'irrigation peuvent économiser des quantités substantielles d'eau dans de nombreux bassins fluviaux (à l'échelle mondiale, 48 % de la consommation d'eau non productive dans un scénario « ambitieux ») et, si elles sont réacheminées pour irriguer les systèmes pluviaux voisins, peuvent augmenter considérablement la production de kcal (augmentation globale de 26 %). Les solutions de faible technologie pour les petits agriculteurs sur des terres agricoles limitées en eau montrent le potentiel d'augmenter les rendements pluviaux dans la même mesure. En combinaison, les stratégies de gestion intégrée de l'eau ambitieuses mais réalisables explorées dans cette étude pourraient augmenter la production mondiale de 41 % et combler l'écart de rendement lié à l'eau de 62 %. Le changement climatique sans relâche aura des effets négatifs sur les rendements des cultures dans de nombreuses régions, mais les améliorations de la gestion de l'eau analysées ici peuvent atténuer ces effets dans une large mesure. A medida que se acercan rápidamente los límites planetarios, la humanidad tiene poco espacio para una expansión adicional y una intensificación convencional de la agricultura, mientras que una población mundial en crecimiento extiende aún más la brecha alimentaria. Existe amplia evidencia de que una mejor gestión del agua en la granja puede cerrar las brechas de rendimiento relacionadas con el agua en un grado considerable, pero su importancia global sigue sin estar clara. En este estudio de modelado investigamos sistemáticamente en qué medida la gestión integrada del agua de los cultivos podría contribuir a cerrar la brecha alimentaria mundial, limitada por el supuesto de que la presión sobre los recursos hídricos y la tierra no aumenta. Utilizando un modelo de bio/agrosfera basado en procesos, simulamos el potencial de aumento del rendimiento de la productividad elevada del agua de riego (incluida la expansión del riego con el agua ahorrada) y el uso optimizado del agua de precipitación in situ (evaporación del suelo aliviada, infiltración mejorada, recolección de agua para riego suplementario) bajo el clima actual y futuro proyectado (de 20 modelos climáticos, con y sin efectos beneficiosos de CO2). Los resultados muestran que las mejoras en la eficiencia del riego pueden ahorrar cantidades sustanciales de agua en muchas cuencas fluviales (a nivel mundial, el 48% del consumo de agua no productiva en un escenario "ambicioso") y, si se redirigen para regar los sistemas de secano vecinos, pueden aumentar significativamente la producción de kcal (aumento global del 26%). Las soluciones de baja tecnología para pequeños agricultores en tierras de cultivo con agua limitada muestran el potencial de aumentar los rendimientos de secano en una medida similar. En combinación, las ambiciosas pero alcanzables estrategias de gestión integrada del agua exploradas en este estudio podrían aumentar la producción mundial en un 41% y cerrar la brecha de rendimiento relacionada con el agua en un 62%. El cambio climático sin cesar tendrá efectos adversos en los rendimientos de los cultivos en muchas regiones, pero las mejoras en la gestión del agua, como se analiza aquí, pueden amortiguar dichos efectos en un grado significativo. As planetary boundaries are rapidly being approached, humanity has little room for additional expansion and conventional intensification of agriculture, while a growing world population further spreads the food gap. Ample evidence exists that improved on-farm water management can close water-related yield gaps to a considerable degree, but its global significance remains unclear. In this modeling study we investigate systematically to what extent integrated crop water management might contribute to closing the global food gap, constrained by the assumption that pressure on water resources and land does not increase. Using a process-based bio-/agrosphere model, we simulate the yield-increasing potential of elevated irrigation water productivity (including irrigation expansion with thus saved water) and optimized use of in situ precipitation water (alleviated soil evaporation, enhanced infiltration, water harvesting for supplemental irrigation) under current and projected future climate (from 20 climate models, with and without beneficial CO2 effects). Results show that irrigation efficiency improvements can save substantial amounts of water in many river basins (globally 48% of non-productive water consumption in an 'ambitious' scenario), and if rerouted to irrigate neighboring rainfed systems, can boost kcal production significantly (26% global increase). Low-tech solutions for small-scale farmers on water-limited croplands show the potential to increase rainfed yields to a similar extent. In combination, the ambitious yet achievable integrated water management strategies explored in this study could increase global production by 41% and close the water-related yield gap by 62%. Unabated climate change will have adverse effects on crop yields in many regions, but improvements in water management as analyzed here can buffer such effects to a significant degree. مع الاقتراب السريع من حدود الكوكب، ليس لدى البشرية مجال كبير للتوسع الإضافي والتكثيف التقليدي للزراعة، في حين أن تزايد عدد سكان العالم يزيد من انتشار الفجوة الغذائية. توجد أدلة وافرة على أن تحسين إدارة المياه في المزارع يمكن أن يسد فجوات الغلة المتعلقة بالمياه إلى حد كبير، لكن أهميتها العالمية لا تزال غير واضحة. في دراسة النمذجة هذه، نبحث بشكل منهجي في مدى مساهمة الإدارة المتكاملة لمياه المحاصيل في سد الفجوة الغذائية العالمية، مقيدة بافتراض أن الضغط على الموارد المائية والأراضي لا يزداد. باستخدام نموذج بيولوجي/زراعي قائم على العمليات، نقوم بمحاكاة إمكانات زيادة الغلة لإنتاجية مياه الري المرتفعة (بما في ذلك توسيع الري بالمياه الموفرة) والاستخدام الأمثل لمياه الأمطار في الموقع (تبخر التربة المخفف، والترشيح المعزز، وجمع المياه للري التكميلي) في ظل المناخ الحالي والمستقبلي المتوقع (من 20 نموذجًا مناخيًا، مع وبدون تأثيرات مفيدة لثاني أكسيد الكربون). تظهر النتائج أن تحسينات كفاءة الري يمكن أن توفر كميات كبيرة من المياه في العديد من أحواض الأنهار (على مستوى العالم 48 ٪ من استهلاك المياه غير المنتجة في سيناريو "طموح ")، وإذا تم إعادة توجيهها لري الأنظمة البعلية المجاورة، يمكن أن تعزز إنتاج السعرات الحرارية بشكل كبير (زيادة عالمية بنسبة 26 ٪). تُظهر الحلول منخفضة التقنية لصغار المزارعين في الأراضي الزراعية محدودة المياه إمكانية زيادة المحاصيل البعلية إلى حد مماثل. مجتمعة، يمكن لاستراتيجيات الإدارة المتكاملة للمياه الطموحة والقابلة للتحقيق التي تم استكشافها في هذه الدراسة أن تزيد الإنتاج العالمي بنسبة 41 ٪ وتغلق فجوة العائد المتعلقة بالمياه بنسبة 62 ٪. سيكون لتغير المناخ المستمر آثار ضارة على غلة المحاصيل في العديد من المناطق، ولكن التحسينات في إدارة المياه كما تم تحليلها هنا يمكن أن تخفف هذه الآثار إلى حد كبير.

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    Environmental Research Letters
    Article . 2016 . Peer-reviewed
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    Environmental Research Letters
    Article . 2016
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    Article . 2016
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      Environmental Research Letters
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      Environmental Research Letters
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    Authors: Rockström, Johan; Edenhofer, Ottmar; Gaertner, Juliana; DeClerck, Fabrice A.J.;

    Without a great food system transformation, the world will fail to deliver both on the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals and the Paris Climate Agreement. There are five grand challenges to be faced, by science and society, to effect that transformation.

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    Nature Food
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    Nature Food
    Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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      Nature Food
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      Nature Food
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    Authors: Shenggen Fan; Juan A Rivera; Victoria Bignet; Beatrice Crona; +40 Authors

    1. Unhealthy and unsustainably produced food poses a global risk to people and the planet. More than 820 million people have insufficient food and many more consume an unhealthy diet that contributes to premature death and morbidity. Moreover, global food production is the largest pressure caused by humans on Earth, threatening local ecosystems and the stability of the Earth system. 2. Current dietary trends, combined with projected population growth to about 10 billion by 2050, will exacerbate risks to people and planet. The global burden of non-communicable diseases is predicted to worsen and the effects of food production on greenhouse-gas emissions, nitrogen and phosphorus pollution, biodiversity loss, and water and land use will reduce the stability of the Earth system. 3. Transformation to healthy diets from sustainable food systems is necessary to achieve the UN Sustainable Development Goals and the Paris Agreement, and scientific targets for healthy diets and sustainable food production are needed to guide a Great Food Transformation. 4. Healthy diets have an appropriate caloric intake and consist of a diversity of plant-based foods, low amounts of animal source foods, unsaturated rather than saturated fats, and small amounts of refined grains, highly processed foods, and added sugars. 5. Transformation to healthy diets by 2050 will require substantial dietary shifts, including a greater than 50% reduction in global consumption of unhealthy foods, such as red meat and sugar, and a greater than 100% increase in consumption of healthy foods, such as nuts, fruits, vegetables, and legumes. However, the changes needed differ greatly by region. 6. Dietary changes from current diets to healthy diets are likely to substantially benefit human health, averting about 10·8–11·6 million deaths per year, a reduction of 19·0–23·6%. 7. With food production causing major global environmental risks, sustainable food production needs to operate within the safe operating space for food systems at all scales on Earth. Therefore, sustainable food production for about 10 billion people should use no additional land, safeguard existing biodiversity, reduce consumptive water use and manage water responsibly, substantially reduce nitrogen and phosphorus pollution, produce zero carbon dioxide emissions, and cause no further increase in methane and nitrous oxide emissions. 8. Transformation to sustainable food production by 2050 will require at least a 75% reduction of yield gaps, global redistribution of nitrogen and phosphorus fertiliser use, recycling of phosphorus, radical improvements in efficiency of fertiliser and water use, rapid implementation of agricultural mitigation options to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions, adoption of land management practices that shift agriculture from a carbon source to sink, and a fundamental shift in production priorities. 9. The scientific targets for healthy diets from sustainable food systems are intertwined with all UN Sustainable Development Goals. For example, achieving these targets will depend on providing high-quality primary health care that integrates family planning and education on healthy diets. These targets and the Sustainable Development Goals on freshwater, climate, land, oceans, and biodiversity will be achieved through strong commitment to global partnerships and actions. 10. Achieving healthy diets from sustainable food systems for everyone will require substantial shifts towards healthy dietary patterns, large reductions in food losses and waste, and major improvements in food production practices. This universal goal for all humans is within reach but will require adoption of scientific targets by all sectors to stimulate a range of actions from individuals and organisations working in all sectors and at all scales.

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    The Lancet
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    The Lancet
    Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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      The Lancet
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    Authors: Johan Rockström; John Williams; Gretchen C. Daily; Andrew Noble; +12 Authors

    Il y a un débat en cours sur ce qui constitue l'intensification durable de l'agriculture (AID). Dans cet article, nous proposons qu'un paradigme d'intensification durable puisse être défini et traduit en un cadre opérationnel pour le développement agricole. Nous soutenons que ce paradigme doit maintenant être défini - à toutes les échelles - dans le contexte de l'augmentation rapide des changements environnementaux mondiaux dans l'Anthropocène, tout en se concentrant sur l'éradication de la pauvreté et de la faim et en contribuant au bien-être humain. Les critères et l'approche que nous proposons, pour un changement de paradigme vers une intensification durable de l'agriculture, intègrent les objectifs doubles et interdépendants de l'utilisation de pratiques durables pour répondre aux besoins humains croissants tout en contribuant à la résilience et à la durabilité des paysages, de la biosphère et du système terrestre. Les deux, à leur tour, sont nécessaires pour soutenir la viabilité future de l'agriculture. Ce changement de paradigme vise à repositionner l'agriculture mondiale de son rôle actuel de principal moteur mondial du changement environnemental mondial, à devenir un contributeur clé d'une transition mondiale vers un monde durable dans un espace opérationnel sûr sur Terre. Existe un debate en curso sobre lo que constituye la intensificación sostenible de la agricultura (SIA). En este documento, proponemos que se pueda definir un paradigma para la intensificación sostenible y traducirlo en un marco operativo para el desarrollo agrícola. Argumentamos que este paradigma ahora debe definirse, a todas las escalas, en el contexto del rápido aumento de los cambios ambientales globales en el Antropoceno, al tiempo que se centra en erradicar la pobreza y el hambre y contribuir al bienestar humano. Los criterios y el enfoque que proponemos, para un cambio de paradigma hacia la intensificación sostenible de la agricultura, integran los objetivos duales e interdependientes de utilizar prácticas sostenibles para satisfacer las crecientes necesidades humanas al tiempo que contribuyen a la resiliencia y la sostenibilidad de los paisajes, la biosfera y el sistema de la Tierra. Ambos, a su vez, son necesarios para mantener la viabilidad futura de la agricultura. Este cambio de paradigma tiene como objetivo reposicionar la agricultura mundial de su papel actual como el mayor impulsor mundial del cambio ambiental global, a convertirse en un contribuyente clave de una transición global a un mundo sostenible dentro de un espacio operativo seguro en la Tierra. There is an ongoing debate on what constitutes sustainable intensification of agriculture (SIA). In this paper, we propose that a paradigm for sustainable intensification can be defined and translated into an operational framework for agricultural development. We argue that this paradigm must now be defined—at all scales—in the context of rapidly rising global environmental changes in the Anthropocene, while focusing on eradicating poverty and hunger and contributing to human wellbeing. The criteria and approach we propose, for a paradigm shift towards sustainable intensification of agriculture, integrates the dual and interdependent goals of using sustainable practices to meet rising human needs while contributing to resilience and sustainability of landscapes, the biosphere, and the Earth system. Both of these, in turn, are required to sustain the future viability of agriculture. This paradigm shift aims at repositioning world agriculture from its current role as the world's single largest driver of global environmental change, to becoming a key contributor of a global transition to a sustainable world within a safe operating space on Earth. هناك نقاش مستمر حول ما يشكل التكثيف المستدام للزراعة. نقترح في هذه الورقة أنه يمكن تحديد نموذج للتكثيف المستدام وترجمته إلى إطار تشغيلي للتنمية الزراعية. نحن نجادل بأنه يجب الآن تحديد هذا النموذج - على جميع المستويات - في سياق التغيرات البيئية العالمية المتزايدة بسرعة في الأنثروبوسين، مع التركيز على القضاء على الفقر والجوع والمساهمة في رفاهية الإنسان. تدمج المعايير والنهج التي نقترحها، من أجل تحول نموذجي نحو التكثيف المستدام للزراعة، الأهداف المزدوجة والمترابطة لاستخدام الممارسات المستدامة لتلبية الاحتياجات البشرية المتزايدة مع المساهمة في مرونة واستدامة المناظر الطبيعية والمحيط الحيوي ونظام الأرض. وكلاهما، بدوره، مطلوب للحفاظ على الجدوى المستقبلية للزراعة. يهدف هذا التحول النموذجي إلى إعادة وضع الزراعة العالمية من دورها الحالي كأكبر محرك منفرد للتغير البيئي العالمي، إلى أن تصبح مساهماً رئيسياً في الانتقال العالمي إلى عالم مستدام ضمن مساحة عمل آمنة على الأرض.

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    AMBIO
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    Wageningen Staff Publications
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    https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/sc...
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      AMBIO
      Article . 2016 . Peer-reviewed
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      AMBIO
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      Wageningen Staff Publications
      Article . 2017
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/sc...
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      AMBIO
      Article . 2017
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    Authors: Karim C. Abbaspour; Hong Yang; Alexander J.B. Zehnder; Johan Rockström; +3 Authors

    Food security and water scarcity have become two major concerns for future human's sustainable development, particularly in the context of climate change. Here we present a comprehensive assessment of climate change impacts on the production and water use of major cereal crops on a global scale with a spatial resolution of 30 arc-minutes for the 2030s (short term) and the 2090s (long term), respectively. Our findings show that impact uncertainties are higher on larger spatial scales (e.g., global and continental) but lower on smaller spatial scales (e.g., national and grid cell). Such patterns allow decision makers and investors to take adaptive measures without being puzzled by a highly uncertain future at the global level. Short-term gains in crop production from climate change are projected for many regions, particularly in African countries, but the gains will mostly vanish and turn to losses in the long run. Irrigation dependence in crop production is projected to increase in general. However, several water poor regions will rely less heavily on irrigation, conducive to alleviating regional water scarcity. The heterogeneity of spatial patterns and the non-linearity of temporal changes of the impacts call for site-specific adaptive measures with perspectives of reducing short- and long-term risks of future food and water security. PLoS ONE, 8 (2) ISSN:1932-6203

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    PLoS ONE
    Article . 2013 . Peer-reviewed
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    PLoS ONE
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    PLoS ONE
    Article . 2013
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    PLoS ONE
    Article . 2013
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    Research Collection
    Article . 2013
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    Research Collection
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      PLoS ONE
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      Article . 2013
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      Article . 2013
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    Authors: Johan Rockström; Johan Rockström; Svend Christensen; Paul C. West; +37 Authors

    Food system innovations will be instrumental to achieving multiple Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). However, major innovation breakthroughs can trigger profound and disruptive changes, leading to simultaneous and interlinked reconfigurations of multiple parts of the global food system. The emergence of new technologies or social solutions, therefore, have very different impact profiles, with favourable consequences for some SDGs and unintended adverse side-effects for others. Stand-alone innovations seldom achieve positive outcomes over multiple sustainability dimensions. Instead, they should be embedded as part of systemic changes that facilitate the implementation of the SDGs. Emerging trade-offs need to be intentionally addressed to achieve true sustainability, particularly those involving social aspects like inequality in its many forms, social justice, and strong institutions, which remain challenging. Trade-offs with undesirable consequences are manageable through the development of well planned transition pathways, careful monitoring of key indicators, and through the implementation of transparent science targets at the local level. The Lancet Planetary Health, 5 (1) ISSN:2542-5196

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    The Lancet Planetary Health
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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    The Lancet Planetary Health
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    The Lancet Planetary Health
    Article . 2021
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    Wageningen Staff Publications
    Article . 2021
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    https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/pe...
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    https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/46...
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      The Lancet Planetary Health
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      The Lancet Planetary Health
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/pe...
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    Authors: Louise Karlberg; Johan Rockström;

    Humanity has entered a new phase of sustainability challenges, the Anthropocene, in which human development has reached a scale where it affects vital planetary processes. Under the pressure from a quadruple squeeze-from population and development pressures, the anthropogenic climate crisis, the anthropogenic ecosystem crisis, and the risk of deleterious tipping points in the Earth system-the degrees of freedom for sustainable human exploitation of planet Earth are severely restrained. It is in this reality that a new green revolution in world food production needs to occur, to attain food security and human development over the coming decades. Global freshwater resources are, and will increasingly be, a fundamental limiting factor in feeding the world. Current water vulnerabilities in the regions in most need of large agricultural productivity improvements are projected to increase under the pressure from global environmental change. The sustainability challenge for world agriculture has to be set within the new global sustainability context. We present new proposed sustainability criteria for world agriculture, where world food production systems are transformed in order to allow humanity to stay within the safe operating space of planetary boundaries. In order to secure global resilience and thereby raise the chances of planet Earth to remain in the current desired state, conducive for human development on the long-term, these planetary boundaries need to be respected. This calls for a triply green revolution, which not only more than doubles food production in many regions of the world, but which also is environmentally sustainable, and invests in the untapped opportunities to use green water in rainfed agriculture as a key source of future productivity enhancement. To achieve such a global transformation of agriculture, there is a need for more innovative options for water interventions at the landscape scale, accounting for both green and blue water, as well as a new focus on cross-scale interactions, feed-backs and risks for unwanted regime shifts in the agro-ecological landscape.

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    AMBIO
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    AMBIO
    Article . 2010 . Peer-reviewed
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    Article . 2010
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      AMBIO
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    Authors: Therese Lindahl; Therese Lindahl; Tracy Van Holt; Tracy Van Holt; +17 Authors

    Food lies at the heart of both health and sustainability challenges. We use a social-ecological framework to illustrate how major changes to the volume, nutrition and safety of food systems between 1961 and today impact health and sustainability. These changes have almost halved undernutrition while doubling the proportion who are overweight. They have also resulted in reduced resilience of the biosphere, pushing four out of six analysed planetary boundaries across the safe operating space of the biosphere. Our analysis further illustrates that consumers and producers have become more distant from one another, with substantial power consolidated within a small group of key actors. Solutions include a shift from a volume-focused production system to focus on quality, nutrition, resource use efficiency, and reduced antimicrobial use. To achieve this, we need to rewire food systems in ways that enhance transparency between producers and consumers, mobilize key actors to become biosphere stewards, and re-connect people to the biosphere.

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    Environmental Research Letters
    Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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    Environmental Research Letters
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    Environmental Research Letters
    Article . 2017
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      Environmental Research Letters
      Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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      Environmental Research Letters
      Article . 2017
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    Authors: Sonja J. Vermeulen; David Tilman; David Tilman; Max Troell; +23 Authors

    The food system is a major driver of climate change, changes in land use, depletion of freshwater resources, and pollution of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems through excessive nitrogen and phosphorus inputs. Here we show that between 2010 and 2050, as a result of expected changes in population and income levels, the environmental effects of the food system could increase by 50-90% in the absence of technological changes and dedicated mitigation measures, reaching levels that are beyond the planetary boundaries that define a safe operating space for humanity. We analyse several options for reducing the environmental effects of the food system, including dietary changes towards healthier, more plant-based diets, improvements in technologies and management, and reductions in food loss and waste. We find that no single measure is enough to keep these effects within all planetary boundaries simultaneously, and that a synergistic combination of measures will be needed to sufficiently mitigate the projected increase in environmental pressures.

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    Nature
    Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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    Article . 2018
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    Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Ingo Fetzer; Fernando Jaramillo; Fernando Jaramillo; Johan Rockström; +2 Authors

    AbstractProjections of global warming in Africa are generally associated with increasing aridity and decreasing water availability. However, most freshwater assessments focus on single hydroclimatic indicators (e.g., runoff, precipitation, or aridity), lacking analysis on combined changes in evaporative demand, and water availability on land. There remains a high degree of uncertainty over water implications at the basin scale, in particular for the most water‐consuming sector—food production. Using the Budyko framework, we perform an assessment of future hydroclimatic change for the 50 largest African basins, finding a consistent pattern of change in four distinct regions across the two main emission scenarios corresponding to the Paris Agreement, and the business as usual. Although the Paris Agreement is likely to lead to less intense changes when compared to the business as usual, both scenarios show the same pattern of hydroclimatic shifts, suggesting a potential roadmap for hydroclimatic adaptation. We discuss the social‐ecological implications of the projected hydroclimatic shifts in the four regions and argue that climate policies need to be complemented by soil and water conservation practices to make the best use of future water resources.

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    Earth's Future
    Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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    Earth's Future
    Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
    https://dx.doi.org/10.34657/59...
    Article . 2019
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      Earth's Future
      Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
      https://dx.doi.org/10.34657/59...
      Article . 2019
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