• Energy Research

Le gradient de diversité latitudinale (LDG) est l'un des modèles mondiaux de richesse en espèces les plus reconnus dans un large éventail de taxons. De nombreuses hypothèses ont été proposées au cours des deux derniers siècles pour expliquer le LDG, mais des tests rigoureux des facteurs de LDG ont été limités par un manque de données mondiales de haute qualité sur la richesse en espèces. Ici, nous produisons une carte à haute résolution (0,025° × 0,025°) de la richesse des espèces d'arbres locales à l'aide d'une base de données d'inventaire forestier mondial avec des informations sur les arbres individuels et des caractéristiques biophysiques locales à partir d'environ 1,3 million de placettes-échantillons. Nous quantifions ensuite les moteurs des modèles de richesse des espèces d'arbres locales à travers les latitudes. En général, la température moyenne annuelle était un prédicteur dominant de la richesse des espèces d'arbres, ce qui est le plus conforme à la théorie métabolique de la biodiversité (MTB). Cependant, le MTB a sous-estimé le LDG sous les tropiques, où la richesse élevée en espèces a également été modérée par des facteurs topographiques, pédologiques et anthropiques opérant à l'échelle locale. Étant donné que les variables locales du paysage agissent en synergie avec les facteurs bioclimatiques dans la formation du modèle mondial de LDG, nous suggérons que le MTB soit étendu pour tenir compte de la co-limitation par les conducteurs subordonnés. En examinant les facteurs du gradient latitudinal de biodiversité dans une base de données mondiale sur la richesse des espèces locales d'arbres, les auteurs montrent que la co-limitation par de multiples facteurs environnementaux et anthropiques provoque des augmentations plus importantes de la richesse avec la latitude dans les zones tropicales par rapport aux zones tempérées et boréales. El gradiente de diversidad latitudinal (LDG) es uno de los patrones globales más reconocidos de riqueza de especies que se exhiben en una amplia gama de taxones. Se han propuesto numerosas hipótesis en los últimos dos siglos para explicar la LDG, pero las pruebas rigurosas de los impulsores de las LDG se han visto limitadas por la falta de datos globales de alta calidad sobre la riqueza de especies. Aquí producimos un mapa de alta resolución (0.025° × 0.025°) de la riqueza de especies de árboles locales utilizando una base de datos de inventario forestal global con información de árboles individuales y características biofísicas locales de ~ 1.3 millones de parcelas de muestra. A continuación, cuantificamos los impulsores de los patrones de riqueza de especies arbóreas locales en todas las latitudes. En general, la temperatura media anual fue un predictor dominante de la riqueza de especies de árboles, lo que es más consistente con la teoría metabólica de la biodiversidad (MTB). Sin embargo, el MTB subestimó el LDG en los trópicos, donde la alta riqueza de especies también fue moderada por factores topográficos, del suelo y antropogénicos que operan a escala local. Dado que las variables del paisaje local operan sinérgicamente con factores bioclimáticos en la configuración del patrón global de LDG, sugerimos que el MTB se extienda para tener en cuenta la co-limitación por parte de los conductores subordinados. Al examinar los impulsores del gradiente de biodiversidad latitudinal en una base de datos global de la riqueza de especies de árboles locales, los autores muestran que la co-limitación por múltiples factores ambientales y antropogénicos causa aumentos más pronunciados en la riqueza con latitud en zonas tropicales versus templadas y boreales. The latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG) is one of the most recognized global patterns of species richness exhibited across a wide range of taxa. Numerous hypotheses have been proposed in the past two centuries to explain LDG, but rigorous tests of the drivers of LDGs have been limited by a lack of high-quality global species richness data. Here we produce a high-resolution (0.025° × 0.025°) map of local tree species richness using a global forest inventory database with individual tree information and local biophysical characteristics from ~1.3 million sample plots. We then quantify drivers of local tree species richness patterns across latitudes. Generally, annual mean temperature was a dominant predictor of tree species richness, which is most consistent with the metabolic theory of biodiversity (MTB). However, MTB underestimated LDG in the tropics, where high species richness was also moderated by topographic, soil and anthropogenic factors operating at local scales. Given that local landscape variables operate synergistically with bioclimatic factors in shaping the global LDG pattern, we suggest that MTB be extended to account for co-limitation by subordinate drivers. Examining drivers of the latitudinal biodiversity gradient in a global database of local tree species richness, the authors show that co-limitation by multiple environmental and anthropogenic factors causes steeper increases in richness with latitude in tropical versus temperate and boreal zones. يعد تدرج التنوع العرضي (LDG) أحد أكثر الأنماط العالمية المعترف بها لثراء الأنواع المعروضة عبر مجموعة واسعة من الأصناف. تم اقتراح العديد من الفرضيات في القرنين الماضيين لشرح غاز الديزل منخفض الكثافة، لكن الاختبارات الصارمة لمحركات غازات الديزل منخفض الكثافة كانت محدودة بسبب نقص بيانات ثراء الأنواع العالمية عالية الجودة. هنا ننتج خريطة عالية الدقة (0.025درجة × 0.025درجة) لثراء أنواع الأشجار المحلية باستخدام قاعدة بيانات جرد الغابات العالمية مع معلومات الأشجار الفردية والخصائص الفيزيائية الحيوية المحلية من حوالي 1.3 مليون قطعة عينة. ثم نحدد العوامل المحركة لأنماط ثراء أنواع الأشجار المحلية عبر خطوط العرض. بشكل عام، كان متوسط درجة الحرارة السنوية مؤشراً مهيمناً على ثراء أنواع الأشجار، وهو الأكثر اتساقاً مع نظرية التمثيل الغذائي للتنوع البيولوجي (MTB). ومع ذلك، قلل MTB من تقدير غاز التدهور المنخفض في المناطق المدارية، حيث كان ثراء الأنواع المرتفع معتدلاً أيضًا بسبب العوامل الطبوغرافية والتربة والعوامل البشرية المنشأ التي تعمل على المستويات المحلية. بالنظر إلى أن متغيرات المناظر الطبيعية المحلية تعمل بشكل تآزري مع العوامل المناخية الحيوية في تشكيل نمط الغازات المتدهورة عالميًا، فإننا نقترح توسيع نطاق الحد الأقصى للمناظر الطبيعية لمراعاة الحد المشترك من قبل الدوافع الثانوية. عند دراسة دوافع تدرج التنوع البيولوجي العرضي في قاعدة بيانات عالمية لثراء أنواع الأشجار المحلية، يوضح المؤلفون أن الحد المشترك من خلال عوامل بيئية وبشرية متعددة يسبب زيادات أكثر حدة في الثراء مع خط العرض في المناطق الاستوائية مقابل المناطق المعتدلة والشمالية.

AbstractData capturing multiple axes of tree size and shape, such as a tree's stem diameter, height and crown size, underpin a wide range of ecological research—from developing and testing theory on forest structure and dynamics, to estimating forest carbon stocks and their uncertainties, and integrating remote sensing imagery into forest monitoring programmes. However, these data can be surprisingly hard to come by, particularly for certain regions of the world and for specific taxonomic groups, posing a real barrier to progress in these fields. To overcome this challenge, we developed the Tallo database, a collection of 498,838 georeferenced and taxonomically standardized records of individual trees for which stem diameter, height and/or crown radius have been measured. These data were collected at 61,856 globally distributed sites, spanning all major forested and non‐forested biomes. The majority of trees in the database are identified to species (88%), and collectively Tallo includes data for 5163 species distributed across 1453 genera and 187 plant families. The database is publicly archived under a CC‐BY 4.0 licence and can be access from: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6637599. To demonstrate its value, here we present three case studies that highlight how the Tallo database can be used to address a range of theoretical and applied questions in ecology—from testing the predictions of metabolic scaling theory, to exploring the limits of tree allometric plasticity along environmental gradients and modelling global variation in maximum attainable tree height. In doing so, we provide a key resource for field ecologists, remote sensing researchers and the modelling community working together to better understand the role that trees play in regulating the terrestrial carbon cycle.

Wood density profiles revealed significant differences in wood formation along a precipitation gradient in the Congo Basin. The response of trees to climate change varies depending on leaf phenology properties. Tropical forests face increasing pressures due to climate change and yet, the response of trees to varying climate conditions remains poorly understood. In the present study, we aim to fill some gaps by comparing the leaf phenology and the pith-to-bark wood anatomical variability of 13 common tree species of the Democratic Republic of Congo among three sites presenting contrasted rainfall regimes. We measured pith-to-bark density profiles on which we applied wavelet analyses to extract three descriptors, which we further used as proxies to describe and compare wood anatomical variability. They describe the growth periodicity, regularity and the amplitude of variations of the anatomical patterns. Our results show that evergreen species tend to have significantly higher anatomical variability where rainfall seasonality is more pronounced. Deciduous species, in spite of shedding leaves for longer periods in drier sites, did not show significant differences in their anatomical variability. The analyses of density profiles and phenology records suggest that the seasonality of precipitation influences both leaf phenology and cambial activity. The high intra-site variability in phenology and anatomy suggests that site-related micro-climate conditions also influence cambial activity.

Quantifying carbon dynamics in forests is critical for understanding their role in long-term climate regulation1-4. Yet little is known about tree longevity in tropical forests3,5-8, a factor that is vital for estimating carbon persistence3,4. Here we calculate mean carbon age (the period that carbon is fixed in trees7) in different strata of African tropical forests using (1) growth-ring records with a unique timestamp accurately demarcating 66 years of growth in one site and (2) measurements of diameter increments from the African Tropical Rainforest Observation Network (23 sites). We find that in spite of their much smaller size, in understory trees mean carbon age (74 years) is greater than in sub-canopy (54 years) and canopy (57 years) trees and similar to carbon age in emergent trees (66 years). The remarkable carbon longevity in the understory results from slow and aperiodic growth as an adaptation to limited resource availability9-11. Our analysis also reveals that while the understory represents a small share (11%) of the carbon stock12,13, it contributes disproportionally to the forest carbon sink (20%). We conclude that accounting for the diversity of carbon age and carbon sequestration among different forest strata is critical for effective conservation management14-16 and for accurate modelling of carbon cycling4.

We explore whether a growth-ring analysis can produce additional information about carbon budgets in tropical forests. Such forests are characterized by a high number of species and by trees that rarely have anatomically distinct annual growth rings, which hampers the application of dendrochronological tools in carbon balance assessments in the tropics. We use forest inventory data and archived annual diameter measurements from the Luki Biosphere Reserve in the southwestern margin of the Congo Basin forest massif. In addition, dated wood data are available from the same location thanks to tag nail traces that allow for the measurement of growth increments over a period of 66 years. We find that precise increment measurements based on dated wood are advisable for small subsets of many less abundant species and for functional species groups characterized by slow growth. The dated wood approach shows that many understory trees with non-periodical rings remain in a steady state for long periods of time. These results suggest a dated wood approach is advisable for studies of growth trajectories of individual trees that might be of importance for carbon assessments in degraded forests.