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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Jeffrey Low; Alan M. Friedlander; Nur Fadli; Tsai Min Sin; +91 Authors

    Without drastic efforts to reduce carbon emissions and mitigate globalized stressors, tropical coral reefs are in jeopardy. Strategic conservation and management requires identification of the environmental and socioeconomic factors driving the persistence of scleractinian coral assemblages—the foundation species of coral reef ecosystems. Here, we compiled coral abundance data from 2,584 Indo-Pacific reefs to evaluate the influence of 21 climate, social and environmental drivers on the ecology of reef coral assemblages. Higher abundances of framework-building corals were typically associated with: weaker thermal disturbances and longer intervals for potential recovery; slower human population growth; reduced access by human settlements and markets; and less nearby agriculture. We therefore propose a framework of three management strategies (protect, recover or transform) by considering: (1) if reefs were above or below a proposed threshold of >10% cover of the coral taxa important for structural complexity and carbonate production; and (2) reef exposure to severe thermal stress during the 2014–2017 global coral bleaching event. Our findings can guide urgent management efforts for coral reefs, by identifying key threats across multiple scales and strategic policy priorities that might sustain a network of functioning reefs in the Indo-Pacific to avoid ecosystem collapse.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Lancaster EPrintsarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Horizon / Pleins textes
    Other literature type . 2019
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Nature Ecology & Evolution
    Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Springer Nature TDM
    Data sources: Crossref
    UNC Dataverse
    Article . 2019
    Data sources: Datacite
    Digital.CSIC
    Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
    Data sources: Digital.CSIC
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Pressey, Bob; McCaulay, Douglas J.; Morgan, Lance; Possingham, Hugh; +3 Authors
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Naturearrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Nature
    Article
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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Nature
    Article . 2014 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Springer Nature TDM
    Data sources: Crossref
    Nature
    Article . 2014
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Naturearrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Nature
      Article . 2014 . Peer-reviewed
      License: Springer Nature TDM
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      Nature
      Article . 2014
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Michelle J. Paddack; Tim R. McClanahan; Joseph Maina; Stuart Campbell; +17 Authors

    La gestion des récifs coralliens pour la résilience au changement climatique est un concept populaire, mais il a été difficile à mettre en œuvre car les preuves scientifiques empiriques n'ont pas été évaluées ou ne sont parfois pas favorables à la théorie, ce qui conduit à l'incertitude lors de l'examen des méthodes et de l'identification des récifs prioritaires. Nous avons demandé à des experts et examiné la littérature scientifique pour obtenir des conseils sur les multiples facteurs physiques et biologiques qui affectent la capacité des récifs coralliens à résister et à se remettre des perturbations climatiques. Onze facteurs clés pour éclairer les décisions basées sur la mise à l'échelle des preuves scientifiques et la faisabilité de la quantification des facteurs ont été identifiés. Les facteurs importants pour la résistance et la récupération, qui sont des composantes importantes de la résilience, n'étaient pas fortement liés et devraient être évalués de manière indépendante. L'abondance d'espèces coralliennes résistantes (tolérantes à la chaleur) et la variabilité des températures passées ont été perçues comme offrant la plus grande résistance au changement climatique, tandis que les taux de recrutement des coraux et l'abondance des macroalgues ont été les plus influents dans le processus de rétablissement. Sur la base des 11 facteurs clés, nous avons testé un cadre fondé sur des données probantes pour la résilience au changement climatique dans une aire marine protégée indonésienne. Les résultats suggèrent que notre cadre pondéré par les preuves a amélioré les méthodes non pondérées existantes en termes de caractérisation de la résilience et de distinction des sites prioritaires. L'évaluation soutient le concept selon lequel, malgré une grande complexité écologique, relativement peu de variables fortes peuvent être importantes pour influencer la dynamique des écosystèmes. Il s'agit de la première évaluation rigoureuse des facteurs favorisant la résilience des récifs coralliens en fonction de leur importance perçue, des preuves empiriques et de la faisabilité de la mesure. Il y avait peu de différences entre les perceptions des scientifiques de l'importance des facteurs et les preuves scientifiques trouvées dans les publications de revues, mais d'autres études d'impact avant et après seront nécessaires pour tester pleinement la validité de tous les facteurs. Les méthodes ici augmenteront la faisabilité et la défensibilité d'inclure des mesures clés de résilience dans les évaluations des récifs coralliens, ainsi que de réduire les coûts. Adaptation, aires marines protégées, établissement des priorités, résistance, récupération. La gestión de los arrecifes de coral para la resiliencia al cambio climático es un concepto popular, pero ha sido difícil de implementar porque la evidencia científica empírica no se ha evaluado o, a veces, no respalda la teoría, lo que genera incertidumbre al considerar los métodos e identificar los arrecifes prioritarios. Pedimos a expertos y revisamos la literatura científica para obtener orientación sobre los múltiples factores físicos y biológicos que afectan la capacidad de los arrecifes de coral para resistir y recuperarse de las perturbaciones climáticas. Se identificaron once factores clave para informar las decisiones basadas en la evidencia científica a escala y la viabilidad de cuantificar los factores. Los factores importantes para la resistencia y la recuperación, que son componentes importantes de la resiliencia, no estaban fuertemente relacionados y deben evaluarse de forma independiente. Se percibió que la abundancia de especies de coral resistentes (tolerantes al calor) y la variabilidad de la temperatura pasada proporcionaban la mayor resistencia al cambio climático, mientras que las tasas de reclutamiento de coral y la abundancia de macroalgas fueron las más influyentes en el proceso de recuperación. Con base en los 11 factores clave, probamos un marco basado en evidencia para la resiliencia al cambio climático en un área marina protegida de Indonesia. Los resultados sugieren que nuestro marco ponderado por la evidencia mejoró los métodos no ponderados existentes en términos de caracterizar la resiliencia y distinguir los sitios prioritarios. La evaluación respalda el concepto de que, a pesar de la alta complejidad ecológica, relativamente pocas variables fuertes pueden ser importantes para influir en la dinámica de los ecosistemas. Esta es la primera evaluación rigurosa de los factores que promueven la resiliencia de los arrecifes de coral en función de su importancia percibida, la evidencia empírica y la viabilidad de la medición. Hubo pocas diferencias entre las percepciones de los científicos sobre la importancia de los factores y la evidencia científica que se encuentra en las publicaciones de revistas, pero se requerirán más estudios antes y después del impacto para probar completamente la validez de todos los factores. Los métodos aquí mencionados aumentarán la viabilidad y la defendibilidad de incluir métricas clave de resiliencia en las evaluaciones de los arrecifes de coral, así como reducirán los costos. Adaptación, áreas marinas protegidas, priorización, resistencia, recuperación. Managing coral reefs for resilience to climate change is a popular concept but has been difficult to implement because the empirical scientific evidence has either not been evaluated or is sometimes unsupportive of theory, which leads to uncertainty when considering methods and identifying priority reefs. We asked experts and reviewed the scientific literature for guidance on the multiple physical and biological factors that affect the ability of coral reefs to resist and recover from climate disturbance. Eleven key factors to inform decisions based on scaling scientific evidence and the achievability of quantifying the factors were identified. Factors important to resistance and recovery, which are important components of resilience, were not strongly related, and should be assessed independently. The abundance of resistant (heat-tolerant) coral species and past temperature variability were perceived to provide the greatest resistance to climate change, while coral recruitment rates, and macroalgae abundance were most influential in the recovery process. Based on the 11 key factors, we tested an evidence-based framework for climate change resilience in an Indonesian marine protected area. The results suggest our evidence-weighted framework improved upon existing un-weighted methods in terms of characterizing resilience and distinguishing priority sites. The evaluation supports the concept that, despite high ecological complexity, relatively few strong variables can be important in influencing ecosystem dynamics. This is the first rigorous assessment of factors promoting coral reef resilience based on their perceived importance, empirical evidence, and feasibility of measurement. There were few differences between scientists' perceptions of factor importance and the scientific evidence found in journal publications but more before and after impact studies will be required to fully test the validity of all the factors. The methods here will increase the feasibility and defensibility of including key resilience metrics in evaluations of coral reefs, as well as reduce costs. Adaptation, marine protected areas, priority setting, resistance, recovery. تعد إدارة الشعاب المرجانية من أجل المرونة في مواجهة تغير المناخ مفهومًا شائعًا ولكن كان من الصعب تنفيذه لأن الأدلة العلمية التجريبية إما لم يتم تقييمها أو أنها في بعض الأحيان غير داعمة للنظرية، مما يؤدي إلى عدم اليقين عند النظر في الأساليب وتحديد الشعاب المرجانية ذات الأولوية. طلبنا من الخبراء وراجعنا الأدبيات العلمية للحصول على إرشادات حول العوامل الفيزيائية والبيولوجية المتعددة التي تؤثر على قدرة الشعاب المرجانية على المقاومة والتعافي من اضطرابات المناخ. تم تحديد أحد عشر عاملاً رئيسياً لتوجيه القرارات بناءً على قياس الأدلة العلمية وإمكانية تحقيق القياس الكمي للعوامل. لم تكن العوامل المهمة للمقاومة والتعافي، والتي تعد مكونات مهمة للمرونة، مرتبطة ارتباطًا وثيقًا، ويجب تقييمها بشكل مستقل. كان يُنظر إلى وفرة الأنواع المرجانية المقاومة (المقاومة للحرارة) وتقلب درجات الحرارة في الماضي على أنها توفر أكبر مقاومة لتغير المناخ، في حين كانت معدلات تجنيد المرجان ووفرة الطحالب الكلية أكثر تأثيرًا في عملية التعافي. استنادًا إلى العوامل الرئيسية الأحد عشر، اختبرنا إطارًا قائمًا على الأدلة لمرونة تغير المناخ في منطقة محمية بحرية إندونيسية. تشير النتائج إلى أن إطارنا المرجح بالأدلة قد تحسن على الأساليب غير المرجحة الحالية من حيث توصيف المرونة وتمييز المواقع ذات الأولوية. يدعم التقييم المفهوم القائل بأنه على الرغم من التعقيد البيئي الكبير، إلا أن عددًا قليلاً نسبيًا من المتغيرات القوية يمكن أن يكون مهمًا في التأثير على ديناميكيات النظام الإيكولوجي. هذا هو أول تقييم دقيق للعوامل التي تعزز مرونة الشعاب المرجانية بناءً على أهميتها المتصورة والأدلة التجريبية وجدوى القياس. كانت هناك اختلافات قليلة بين تصورات العلماء لأهمية العوامل والأدلة العلمية الموجودة في منشورات المجلات ولكن ستكون هناك حاجة إلى المزيد قبل دراسات التأثير وبعدها لاختبار صحة جميع العوامل بشكل كامل. ستزيد الطرق هنا من الجدوى وإمكانية الدفاع عن تضمين مقاييس المرونة الرئيسية في تقييمات الشعاب المرجانية، بالإضافة إلى تقليل التكاليف. التكيف، والمناطق البحرية المحمية، وتحديد الأولويات، والمقاومة، والتعافي.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ James Cook Universit...arrow_drop_down
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    PLoS ONE
    Article . 2012 . Peer-reviewed
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    Article . 2013
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    https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/0f...
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ James Cook Universit...arrow_drop_down
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      Article . 2012 . Peer-reviewed
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      PLoS ONE
      Article . 2012
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/0f...
      Other literature type . 2012
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    Authors: David S. Wilcove; Morgan W. Tingley; Emily S. Darling;

    As species adapt to a changing climate, so too must humans adapt to a new conservation landscape. Classical frameworks have distinguished between fine‐ and coarse‐filter conservation strategies, focusing on conserving either the species or the landscapes, respectively, that together define extant biodiversity. Adapting this framework for climate change, conservationists are using fine‐filter strategies to assess species vulnerability and prioritize the most vulnerable species for conservation actions. Coarse‐filter strategies seek to conserve either key sites as determined by natural elements unaffected by climate change, or sites with low climate velocity that are expected to be refugia for climate‐displaced species. Novel approaches combine coarse‐ and fine‐scale approaches—for example, prioritizing species within pretargeted landscapes—and accommodate the difficult reality of multiple interacting stressors. By taking a diversified approach to conservation actions and decisions, conservationists can hedge against uncertainty, take advantage of new methods and information, and tailor actions to the unique needs and limitations of places, thereby ensuring that the biodiversity show will go on.

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    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
    Article . 2014 . Peer-reviewed
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      Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
      Article . 2014 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Cote, Isabelle; Darling, Emily;

    Resilience is usually defined as the capacity of an ecosystem to absorb disturbance without shifting to an alternative state and losing function and services [1]–[3]. The concept therefore encompasses two separate processes: resistance—the magnitude of disturbance that causes a change in structure—and recovery—the speed of return to the original structure [4],[5]—which are fundamentally different but rarely distinguished. Yet, resilience has become a central concept in the management of natural ecosystems [6],[7]. Many current management actions aim to alleviate local stressors in an effort to increase ecosystem resilience to global climate change [8],[9]. Such a management philosophy is premised on the belief that eliminating local drivers of ecological change will increase the ability of an ecosystem to resist future climate disturbances, its ability to recover from such disturbances, or both [2],[6]. Measuring resilience is fraught with difficulties [1],[3]. Nevertheless, assessing changes in resilience as a result of management action is critical because there is general agreement for the existence of a strong link between resilience and sustainability [10]. Successfully increasing the resilience of natural systems may therefore have important implications for human welfare in the face of global climate change. In this Perspective, we will argue that the expectation of increased resilience of natural communities to climate change through the reduction of local stressors may be fundamentally incorrect, and that resilience-focused management may, in fact, result in greater vulnerability to climate impacts. We illustrate our argument using coral reefs as a model. Coral reefs are in an ecological crisis due to climate change and the ever-increasing magnitude of human impacts on these biodiverse habitats [11],[12]. These impacts stem from a multiplicity of local stressors, such as fishing, eutrophication, and sedimentation. It is therefore not surprising that the concept of resilience—to climate change in particular—is perhaps more strongly advocated as an underpinning of management for coral reefs than for any other ecosystem [9],. Marine reserves or no-take areas, the most popular form of spatial management for coral reef conservation, are widely thought to have the potential to increase coral reef resilience [11],[13],[14],[17]. But do they really?

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    PLoS Biology
    Article . 2010 . Peer-reviewed
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    PLoS Biology
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    PLoS Biology
    Article . 2010
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    Other literature type . 2010
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    PLoS Biology
    Article . 2010
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      PLoS Biology
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      Article . 2010
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      Other literature type . 2010
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      PLoS Biology
      Article . 2010
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    Authors: Schindler, Daniel E.; Knowlton, Nancy; Webster, Michael S.; Colton, Madhavi A.; +3 Authors

    Many conservation strategies identify a narrow subset of genotypes, species, or geographic locations that are predicted to be favored under different scenarios of future climate change. However, a focus on predicted winners, which might not prove to be correct, risks undervaluing the balance of biological diversity from which climate-change winners could otherwise emerge. Drawing on ecology, evolutionary biology, and portfolio theory, we propose a conservation approach designed to promote adaptation that is less dependent on uncertain predictions about the identity of winners and losers. By designing actions to facilitate numerous opportunities for selection across biological and environmental conditions, we can allow nature to pick the winners and increase the probability that ecosystems continue to provide services to humans and other species.

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    Trends in Ecology & Evolution
    Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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    https://dx.doi.org/10.7282/t3n...
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Trends in Ecology & Evolution
      Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Tim R. McClanahan; Emily S. Darling; Maria Beger; Helen Fox; +10 Authors

    AbstractIdentifying locations of refugia from the thermal stresses of climate change for coral reefs and better managing them is one of the key recommendations for climate change adaptation. We review and summarize approximately 30 years of applied research focused on identifying climate refugia to prioritize the conservation actions for coral reefs under rapid climate change. We found that currently proposed climate refugia and the locations predicted to avoid future coral losses are highly reliant on excess heat metrics, such as degree heating weeks. However, many existing alternative environmental, ecological, and life‐history variables could be used to identify other types of refugia that lead to the desired diversified portfolio for coral reef conservation. To improve conservation priorities for coral reefs, there is a need to evaluate and validate the predictions of climate refugia with long‐term field data on coral abundance, diversity, and functioning. There is also the need to identify and safeguard locations displaying resistance toprolonged exposure to heat waves and the ability to recover quickly after thermal exposure. We recommend using more metrics to identify a portfolio of potential refugia sites for coral reefs that can avoid, resist, and recover from exposure to high ocean temperatures and the consequences of climate change, thereby shifting past efforts focused on avoidance to a diversified risk‐spreading portfolio that can be used to improve strategic coral reef conservation in a rapidly warming climate.

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    Conservation Biology
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      Conservation Biology
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Stephanie D’agata; Emily S. Darling; Emily S. Darling;

    Sustainable fisheries must ultimately reduce poverty while maintaining ecosystem productivity. On coral reefs, managing for 'concave' trophic pyramids might be a win-win for people and ecosystems, by providing higher-value fisheries and maintaining important ecological functions.

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    Current Biology
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    Current Biology
    Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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      Current Biology
      Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Suárez-Castro Af; Suárez-Castro Af; Gabby N. Ahmadia; Emily S. Darling; +5 Authors

    AbstractAs human activities on the world's oceans intensify, mapping human pressure is essential to develop appropriate conservation strategies and prioritize investments with limited resources. Here, we map six human (nonclimatic) pressures on coral reefs using the latest quantitative data on fishing, water pollution (nitrogen and sediments), coastal population, industrial development, and tourism. Using a percentile approach to rank different stressors, we identify the top‐ranked local pressure and estimate a cumulative pressure index for 54,596 global coral reef pixels at 0.05° (∼5 km) resolution. We find that coral reefs are exposed to multiple intense local pressures: fishing and water pollution (nutrients and sediments) are the most common top‐ranked pressures worldwide (in 30.8% and 32.3% of reef cells, respectively), although each pressure was ranked as a top pressure in some locations. We also find that local pressures are similar inside and outside a proposed global portfolio of coral reef climate refugia, suggesting that even potential climate refugia have high levels of local human pressure that require effective management. Our findings and datasets provide the best available information that can ensure local pressures are effectively managed across the world's coral reefs.

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    Conservation Letters
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
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    Conservation Letters
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    https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.0...
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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    https://archimer.ifremer.fr/do...
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    Conservation Letters
    Article . 2022
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      Conservation Letters
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      https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.0...
      Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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      Conservation Letters
      Article . 2022
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  • Authors: Tim R. McClanahan; Joseph Maina; Emily S. Darling; Stéphanie D 'agata; +14 Authors

    Les prévisions pour l'avenir des récifs coralliens sont largement basées sur l'exposition thermique et tiennent mal compte de la variation géographique de la sensibilité biologique et de la résistance au stress thermique. Sur la base du rapport entre l'exposition thermique et la sensibilité, la variabilité géographique de la résistance corallienne a été estimée lors de l'événement de blanchiment mondial de 2016. L'exposition a été estimée comme une chaleur estivale excédentaire cumulative (CTA) historique et un indice multivarié de la SST, de la lumière et du débit d'eau (CE). La sensibilité du site a été estimée pour 226 sites à l'aide d'observations de blanchiment coordonnées. La résistance du site a été évaluée par 128 modèles possibles pour les influences de la géographie, de la variation historique de la SST, de la couverture corallienne et du nombre de coraux.La plupart des facteurs étaient statistiquement significatifs, mais le facteur le plus fort était la géographie - Triangle corallien ayant une résistance plus élevée que les sites du Triangle non corallien. Par conséquent, les futures prévisions de stress thermique devront tenir compte des fortes différences géographiques d'acclimation/adaptation. Las predicciones para el futuro de los arrecifes de coral se basan en gran medida en la exposición térmica y explican mal la variación geográfica en la sensibilidad biológica y la resistencia al estrés térmico. Sobre la base de la relación entre la exposición térmica y la sensibilidad, se estimó la variabilidad geográfica de la resistencia de los corales durante el evento de blanqueo global de 2016. La exposición se estimó como el exceso acumulado histórico de calor de verano (CTA) y un índice multivariante de SST, luz y flujo de agua (CE). La sensibilidad del sitio se estimó para 226 sitios utilizando observaciones de blanqueo coordinadas. La resistencia del sitio se evaluó mediante 128 modelos posibles para las influencias de la geografía, la variación histórica de SST, la cobertura de coral y el número de géneros de corales. La mayoría de los factores fueron estadísticamente significativos, pero el factor más fuerte fue la geografía: el triángulo coral que tiene una mayor resistencia que los sitios del triángulo no coral. En consecuencia, las predicciones futuras del estrés térmico deberán tener en cuenta las fuertes diferencias geográficas en la aclimatación/adaptación. Predictions for the future of coral reef are largely based on thermal exposure and poorly account for geographic variation in biological sensitivity and resistance to thermal stress.Based on the ratio of thermal exposure and sensitivity, geographic variability of coral resistance was estimated during the 2016 global-bleaching event.Exposure was estimated as historical cumulative excess summer heat (CTA) and a multivariate index of SST, light, and water flow (CE).Site sensitivity was estimated for 226 sites using coordinated bleaching observations.Site resistance was evaluated by 128 possible models for the influences of geography, historical SST variation, coral cover, and number of coral genera.Most factors were statistically significant but the strongest factor was geography -Coral Triangle having higher resistance than non-Coral Triangle sites.Consequently, future predictions of thermal stress will need to account for strong geographic differences in acclimation/adaptation. تستند التنبؤات بمستقبل الشعاب المرجانية إلى حد كبير إلى التعرض الحراري وتفسر بشكل سيئ التباين الجغرافي في الحساسية البيولوجية ومقاومة الإجهاد الحراري. استنادًا إلى نسبة التعرض الحراري والحساسية، تم تقدير التباين الجغرافي لمقاومة الشعاب المرجانية خلال حدث التبييض العالمي لعام 2016. تم تقدير التعرض على أنه حرارة صيفية تراكمية تاريخية (CTA) ومؤشر متعدد المتغيرات لـ SST والضوء وتدفق المياه (CE). تم تقدير حساسية الموقع لـ 226 موقعًا باستخدام ملاحظات تبييض منسقة. تم تقييم مقاومة الموقع من خلال 128 نموذجًا محتملًا لتأثيرات الجغرافيا، وتباين SST التاريخي، والغطاء المرجاني، وعدد الأجناس المرجانية. كانت معظم العوامل ذات دلالة إحصائية ولكن العامل الأقوى كان الجغرافيا - المثلث الصدفي الذي يتمتع بمقاومة أعلى من مواقع المثلث غير المرجاني. وبالتالي، ستحتاج التنبؤات المستقبلية للإجهاد الحراري إلى مراعاة الاختلافات الجغرافية القوية في التأقلم/التكيف.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Jeffrey Low; Alan M. Friedlander; Nur Fadli; Tsai Min Sin; +91 Authors

    Without drastic efforts to reduce carbon emissions and mitigate globalized stressors, tropical coral reefs are in jeopardy. Strategic conservation and management requires identification of the environmental and socioeconomic factors driving the persistence of scleractinian coral assemblages—the foundation species of coral reef ecosystems. Here, we compiled coral abundance data from 2,584 Indo-Pacific reefs to evaluate the influence of 21 climate, social and environmental drivers on the ecology of reef coral assemblages. Higher abundances of framework-building corals were typically associated with: weaker thermal disturbances and longer intervals for potential recovery; slower human population growth; reduced access by human settlements and markets; and less nearby agriculture. We therefore propose a framework of three management strategies (protect, recover or transform) by considering: (1) if reefs were above or below a proposed threshold of >10% cover of the coral taxa important for structural complexity and carbonate production; and (2) reef exposure to severe thermal stress during the 2014–2017 global coral bleaching event. Our findings can guide urgent management efforts for coral reefs, by identifying key threats across multiple scales and strategic policy priorities that might sustain a network of functioning reefs in the Indo-Pacific to avoid ecosystem collapse.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Lancaster EPrintsarrow_drop_down
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Horizon / Pleins textes
    Other literature type . 2019
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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Nature Ecology & Evolution
    Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Springer Nature TDM
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    UNC Dataverse
    Article . 2019
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    Digital.CSIC
    Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Pressey, Bob; McCaulay, Douglas J.; Morgan, Lance; Possingham, Hugh; +3 Authors
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Naturearrow_drop_down
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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Nature
    Article . 2014 . Peer-reviewed
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    Nature
    Article . 2014
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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      Article . 2014
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Michelle J. Paddack; Tim R. McClanahan; Joseph Maina; Stuart Campbell; +17 Authors

    La gestion des récifs coralliens pour la résilience au changement climatique est un concept populaire, mais il a été difficile à mettre en œuvre car les preuves scientifiques empiriques n'ont pas été évaluées ou ne sont parfois pas favorables à la théorie, ce qui conduit à l'incertitude lors de l'examen des méthodes et de l'identification des récifs prioritaires. Nous avons demandé à des experts et examiné la littérature scientifique pour obtenir des conseils sur les multiples facteurs physiques et biologiques qui affectent la capacité des récifs coralliens à résister et à se remettre des perturbations climatiques. Onze facteurs clés pour éclairer les décisions basées sur la mise à l'échelle des preuves scientifiques et la faisabilité de la quantification des facteurs ont été identifiés. Les facteurs importants pour la résistance et la récupération, qui sont des composantes importantes de la résilience, n'étaient pas fortement liés et devraient être évalués de manière indépendante. L'abondance d'espèces coralliennes résistantes (tolérantes à la chaleur) et la variabilité des températures passées ont été perçues comme offrant la plus grande résistance au changement climatique, tandis que les taux de recrutement des coraux et l'abondance des macroalgues ont été les plus influents dans le processus de rétablissement. Sur la base des 11 facteurs clés, nous avons testé un cadre fondé sur des données probantes pour la résilience au changement climatique dans une aire marine protégée indonésienne. Les résultats suggèrent que notre cadre pondéré par les preuves a amélioré les méthodes non pondérées existantes en termes de caractérisation de la résilience et de distinction des sites prioritaires. L'évaluation soutient le concept selon lequel, malgré une grande complexité écologique, relativement peu de variables fortes peuvent être importantes pour influencer la dynamique des écosystèmes. Il s'agit de la première évaluation rigoureuse des facteurs favorisant la résilience des récifs coralliens en fonction de leur importance perçue, des preuves empiriques et de la faisabilité de la mesure. Il y avait peu de différences entre les perceptions des scientifiques de l'importance des facteurs et les preuves scientifiques trouvées dans les publications de revues, mais d'autres études d'impact avant et après seront nécessaires pour tester pleinement la validité de tous les facteurs. Les méthodes ici augmenteront la faisabilité et la défensibilité d'inclure des mesures clés de résilience dans les évaluations des récifs coralliens, ainsi que de réduire les coûts. Adaptation, aires marines protégées, établissement des priorités, résistance, récupération. La gestión de los arrecifes de coral para la resiliencia al cambio climático es un concepto popular, pero ha sido difícil de implementar porque la evidencia científica empírica no se ha evaluado o, a veces, no respalda la teoría, lo que genera incertidumbre al considerar los métodos e identificar los arrecifes prioritarios. Pedimos a expertos y revisamos la literatura científica para obtener orientación sobre los múltiples factores físicos y biológicos que afectan la capacidad de los arrecifes de coral para resistir y recuperarse de las perturbaciones climáticas. Se identificaron once factores clave para informar las decisiones basadas en la evidencia científica a escala y la viabilidad de cuantificar los factores. Los factores importantes para la resistencia y la recuperación, que son componentes importantes de la resiliencia, no estaban fuertemente relacionados y deben evaluarse de forma independiente. Se percibió que la abundancia de especies de coral resistentes (tolerantes al calor) y la variabilidad de la temperatura pasada proporcionaban la mayor resistencia al cambio climático, mientras que las tasas de reclutamiento de coral y la abundancia de macroalgas fueron las más influyentes en el proceso de recuperación. Con base en los 11 factores clave, probamos un marco basado en evidencia para la resiliencia al cambio climático en un área marina protegida de Indonesia. Los resultados sugieren que nuestro marco ponderado por la evidencia mejoró los métodos no ponderados existentes en términos de caracterizar la resiliencia y distinguir los sitios prioritarios. La evaluación respalda el concepto de que, a pesar de la alta complejidad ecológica, relativamente pocas variables fuertes pueden ser importantes para influir en la dinámica de los ecosistemas. Esta es la primera evaluación rigurosa de los factores que promueven la resiliencia de los arrecifes de coral en función de su importancia percibida, la evidencia empírica y la viabilidad de la medición. Hubo pocas diferencias entre las percepciones de los científicos sobre la importancia de los factores y la evidencia científica que se encuentra en las publicaciones de revistas, pero se requerirán más estudios antes y después del impacto para probar completamente la validez de todos los factores. Los métodos aquí mencionados aumentarán la viabilidad y la defendibilidad de incluir métricas clave de resiliencia en las evaluaciones de los arrecifes de coral, así como reducirán los costos. Adaptación, áreas marinas protegidas, priorización, resistencia, recuperación. Managing coral reefs for resilience to climate change is a popular concept but has been difficult to implement because the empirical scientific evidence has either not been evaluated or is sometimes unsupportive of theory, which leads to uncertainty when considering methods and identifying priority reefs. We asked experts and reviewed the scientific literature for guidance on the multiple physical and biological factors that affect the ability of coral reefs to resist and recover from climate disturbance. Eleven key factors to inform decisions based on scaling scientific evidence and the achievability of quantifying the factors were identified. Factors important to resistance and recovery, which are important components of resilience, were not strongly related, and should be assessed independently. The abundance of resistant (heat-tolerant) coral species and past temperature variability were perceived to provide the greatest resistance to climate change, while coral recruitment rates, and macroalgae abundance were most influential in the recovery process. Based on the 11 key factors, we tested an evidence-based framework for climate change resilience in an Indonesian marine protected area. The results suggest our evidence-weighted framework improved upon existing un-weighted methods in terms of characterizing resilience and distinguishing priority sites. The evaluation supports the concept that, despite high ecological complexity, relatively few strong variables can be important in influencing ecosystem dynamics. This is the first rigorous assessment of factors promoting coral reef resilience based on their perceived importance, empirical evidence, and feasibility of measurement. There were few differences between scientists' perceptions of factor importance and the scientific evidence found in journal publications but more before and after impact studies will be required to fully test the validity of all the factors. The methods here will increase the feasibility and defensibility of including key resilience metrics in evaluations of coral reefs, as well as reduce costs. Adaptation, marine protected areas, priority setting, resistance, recovery. تعد إدارة الشعاب المرجانية من أجل المرونة في مواجهة تغير المناخ مفهومًا شائعًا ولكن كان من الصعب تنفيذه لأن الأدلة العلمية التجريبية إما لم يتم تقييمها أو أنها في بعض الأحيان غير داعمة للنظرية، مما يؤدي إلى عدم اليقين عند النظر في الأساليب وتحديد الشعاب المرجانية ذات الأولوية. طلبنا من الخبراء وراجعنا الأدبيات العلمية للحصول على إرشادات حول العوامل الفيزيائية والبيولوجية المتعددة التي تؤثر على قدرة الشعاب المرجانية على المقاومة والتعافي من اضطرابات المناخ. تم تحديد أحد عشر عاملاً رئيسياً لتوجيه القرارات بناءً على قياس الأدلة العلمية وإمكانية تحقيق القياس الكمي للعوامل. لم تكن العوامل المهمة للمقاومة والتعافي، والتي تعد مكونات مهمة للمرونة، مرتبطة ارتباطًا وثيقًا، ويجب تقييمها بشكل مستقل. كان يُنظر إلى وفرة الأنواع المرجانية المقاومة (المقاومة للحرارة) وتقلب درجات الحرارة في الماضي على أنها توفر أكبر مقاومة لتغير المناخ، في حين كانت معدلات تجنيد المرجان ووفرة الطحالب الكلية أكثر تأثيرًا في عملية التعافي. استنادًا إلى العوامل الرئيسية الأحد عشر، اختبرنا إطارًا قائمًا على الأدلة لمرونة تغير المناخ في منطقة محمية بحرية إندونيسية. تشير النتائج إلى أن إطارنا المرجح بالأدلة قد تحسن على الأساليب غير المرجحة الحالية من حيث توصيف المرونة وتمييز المواقع ذات الأولوية. يدعم التقييم المفهوم القائل بأنه على الرغم من التعقيد البيئي الكبير، إلا أن عددًا قليلاً نسبيًا من المتغيرات القوية يمكن أن يكون مهمًا في التأثير على ديناميكيات النظام الإيكولوجي. هذا هو أول تقييم دقيق للعوامل التي تعزز مرونة الشعاب المرجانية بناءً على أهميتها المتصورة والأدلة التجريبية وجدوى القياس. كانت هناك اختلافات قليلة بين تصورات العلماء لأهمية العوامل والأدلة العلمية الموجودة في منشورات المجلات ولكن ستكون هناك حاجة إلى المزيد قبل دراسات التأثير وبعدها لاختبار صحة جميع العوامل بشكل كامل. ستزيد الطرق هنا من الجدوى وإمكانية الدفاع عن تضمين مقاييس المرونة الرئيسية في تقييمات الشعاب المرجانية، بالإضافة إلى تقليل التكاليف. التكيف، والمناطق البحرية المحمية، وتحديد الأولويات، والمقاومة، والتعافي.

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    Authors: David S. Wilcove; Morgan W. Tingley; Emily S. Darling;

    As species adapt to a changing climate, so too must humans adapt to a new conservation landscape. Classical frameworks have distinguished between fine‐ and coarse‐filter conservation strategies, focusing on conserving either the species or the landscapes, respectively, that together define extant biodiversity. Adapting this framework for climate change, conservationists are using fine‐filter strategies to assess species vulnerability and prioritize the most vulnerable species for conservation actions. Coarse‐filter strategies seek to conserve either key sites as determined by natural elements unaffected by climate change, or sites with low climate velocity that are expected to be refugia for climate‐displaced species. Novel approaches combine coarse‐ and fine‐scale approaches—for example, prioritizing species within pretargeted landscapes—and accommodate the difficult reality of multiple interacting stressors. By taking a diversified approach to conservation actions and decisions, conservationists can hedge against uncertainty, take advantage of new methods and information, and tailor actions to the unique needs and limitations of places, thereby ensuring that the biodiversity show will go on.

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    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
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    Authors: Cote, Isabelle; Darling, Emily;

    Resilience is usually defined as the capacity of an ecosystem to absorb disturbance without shifting to an alternative state and losing function and services [1]–[3]. The concept therefore encompasses two separate processes: resistance—the magnitude of disturbance that causes a change in structure—and recovery—the speed of return to the original structure [4],[5]—which are fundamentally different but rarely distinguished. Yet, resilience has become a central concept in the management of natural ecosystems [6],[7]. Many current management actions aim to alleviate local stressors in an effort to increase ecosystem resilience to global climate change [8],[9]. Such a management philosophy is premised on the belief that eliminating local drivers of ecological change will increase the ability of an ecosystem to resist future climate disturbances, its ability to recover from such disturbances, or both [2],[6]. Measuring resilience is fraught with difficulties [1],[3]. Nevertheless, assessing changes in resilience as a result of management action is critical because there is general agreement for the existence of a strong link between resilience and sustainability [10]. Successfully increasing the resilience of natural systems may therefore have important implications for human welfare in the face of global climate change. In this Perspective, we will argue that the expectation of increased resilience of natural communities to climate change through the reduction of local stressors may be fundamentally incorrect, and that resilience-focused management may, in fact, result in greater vulnerability to climate impacts. We illustrate our argument using coral reefs as a model. Coral reefs are in an ecological crisis due to climate change and the ever-increasing magnitude of human impacts on these biodiverse habitats [11],[12]. These impacts stem from a multiplicity of local stressors, such as fishing, eutrophication, and sedimentation. It is therefore not surprising that the concept of resilience—to climate change in particular—is perhaps more strongly advocated as an underpinning of management for coral reefs than for any other ecosystem [9],. Marine reserves or no-take areas, the most popular form of spatial management for coral reef conservation, are widely thought to have the potential to increase coral reef resilience [11],[13],[14],[17]. But do they really?

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      Article . 2010 . Peer-reviewed
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      PLoS Biology
      Article . 2010
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      PubMed Central
      Other literature type . 2010
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      PLoS Biology
      Article . 2010
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Schindler, Daniel E.; Knowlton, Nancy; Webster, Michael S.; Colton, Madhavi A.; +3 Authors

    Many conservation strategies identify a narrow subset of genotypes, species, or geographic locations that are predicted to be favored under different scenarios of future climate change. However, a focus on predicted winners, which might not prove to be correct, risks undervaluing the balance of biological diversity from which climate-change winners could otherwise emerge. Drawing on ecology, evolutionary biology, and portfolio theory, we propose a conservation approach designed to promote adaptation that is less dependent on uncertain predictions about the identity of winners and losers. By designing actions to facilitate numerous opportunities for selection across biological and environmental conditions, we can allow nature to pick the winners and increase the probability that ecosystems continue to provide services to humans and other species.

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    Trends in Ecology & Evolution
    Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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    https://dx.doi.org/10.7282/t3n...
    Other literature type . 2017
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      Trends in Ecology & Evolution
      Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Tim R. McClanahan; Emily S. Darling; Maria Beger; Helen Fox; +10 Authors

    AbstractIdentifying locations of refugia from the thermal stresses of climate change for coral reefs and better managing them is one of the key recommendations for climate change adaptation. We review and summarize approximately 30 years of applied research focused on identifying climate refugia to prioritize the conservation actions for coral reefs under rapid climate change. We found that currently proposed climate refugia and the locations predicted to avoid future coral losses are highly reliant on excess heat metrics, such as degree heating weeks. However, many existing alternative environmental, ecological, and life‐history variables could be used to identify other types of refugia that lead to the desired diversified portfolio for coral reef conservation. To improve conservation priorities for coral reefs, there is a need to evaluate and validate the predictions of climate refugia with long‐term field data on coral abundance, diversity, and functioning. There is also the need to identify and safeguard locations displaying resistance toprolonged exposure to heat waves and the ability to recover quickly after thermal exposure. We recommend using more metrics to identify a portfolio of potential refugia sites for coral reefs that can avoid, resist, and recover from exposure to high ocean temperatures and the consequences of climate change, thereby shifting past efforts focused on avoidance to a diversified risk‐spreading portfolio that can be used to improve strategic coral reef conservation in a rapidly warming climate.

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    Conservation Biology
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/vf...
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      Conservation Biology
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Stephanie D’agata; Emily S. Darling; Emily S. Darling;

    Sustainable fisheries must ultimately reduce poverty while maintaining ecosystem productivity. On coral reefs, managing for 'concave' trophic pyramids might be a win-win for people and ecosystems, by providing higher-value fisheries and maintaining important ecological functions.

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    Current Biology
    Article
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    Current Biology
    Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Elsevier Non-Commercial
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      Current Biology
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      Current Biology
      Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
      License: Elsevier Non-Commercial
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Suárez-Castro Af; Suárez-Castro Af; Gabby N. Ahmadia; Emily S. Darling; +5 Authors

    AbstractAs human activities on the world's oceans intensify, mapping human pressure is essential to develop appropriate conservation strategies and prioritize investments with limited resources. Here, we map six human (nonclimatic) pressures on coral reefs using the latest quantitative data on fishing, water pollution (nitrogen and sediments), coastal population, industrial development, and tourism. Using a percentile approach to rank different stressors, we identify the top‐ranked local pressure and estimate a cumulative pressure index for 54,596 global coral reef pixels at 0.05° (∼5 km) resolution. We find that coral reefs are exposed to multiple intense local pressures: fishing and water pollution (nutrients and sediments) are the most common top‐ranked pressures worldwide (in 30.8% and 32.3% of reef cells, respectively), although each pressure was ranked as a top pressure in some locations. We also find that local pressures are similar inside and outside a proposed global portfolio of coral reef climate refugia, suggesting that even potential climate refugia have high levels of local human pressure that require effective management. Our findings and datasets provide the best available information that can ensure local pressures are effectively managed across the world's coral reefs.

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    Conservation Letters
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
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    Conservation Letters
    Article
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    https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.0...
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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    https://archimer.ifremer.fr/do...
    Article
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    Conservation Letters
    Article . 2022
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      Conservation Letters
      Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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      https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.0...
      Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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  • Authors: Tim R. McClanahan; Joseph Maina; Emily S. Darling; Stéphanie D 'agata; +14 Authors

    Les prévisions pour l'avenir des récifs coralliens sont largement basées sur l'exposition thermique et tiennent mal compte de la variation géographique de la sensibilité biologique et de la résistance au stress thermique. Sur la base du rapport entre l'exposition thermique et la sensibilité, la variabilité géographique de la résistance corallienne a été estimée lors de l'événement de blanchiment mondial de 2016. L'exposition a été estimée comme une chaleur estivale excédentaire cumulative (CTA) historique et un indice multivarié de la SST, de la lumière et du débit d'eau (CE). La sensibilité du site a été estimée pour 226 sites à l'aide d'observations de blanchiment coordonnées. La résistance du site a été évaluée par 128 modèles possibles pour les influences de la géographie, de la variation historique de la SST, de la couverture corallienne et du nombre de coraux.La plupart des facteurs étaient statistiquement significatifs, mais le facteur le plus fort était la géographie - Triangle corallien ayant une résistance plus élevée que les sites du Triangle non corallien. Par conséquent, les futures prévisions de stress thermique devront tenir compte des fortes différences géographiques d'acclimation/adaptation. Las predicciones para el futuro de los arrecifes de coral se basan en gran medida en la exposición térmica y explican mal la variación geográfica en la sensibilidad biológica y la resistencia al estrés térmico. Sobre la base de la relación entre la exposición térmica y la sensibilidad, se estimó la variabilidad geográfica de la resistencia de los corales durante el evento de blanqueo global de 2016. La exposición se estimó como el exceso acumulado histórico de calor de verano (CTA) y un índice multivariante de SST, luz y flujo de agua (CE). La sensibilidad del sitio se estimó para 226 sitios utilizando observaciones de blanqueo coordinadas. La resistencia del sitio se evaluó mediante 128 modelos posibles para las influencias de la geografía, la variación histórica de SST, la cobertura de coral y el número de géneros de corales. La mayoría de los factores fueron estadísticamente significativos, pero el factor más fuerte fue la geografía: el triángulo coral que tiene una mayor resistencia que los sitios del triángulo no coral. En consecuencia, las predicciones futuras del estrés térmico deberán tener en cuenta las fuertes diferencias geográficas en la aclimatación/adaptación. Predictions for the future of coral reef are largely based on thermal exposure and poorly account for geographic variation in biological sensitivity and resistance to thermal stress.Based on the ratio of thermal exposure and sensitivity, geographic variability of coral resistance was estimated during the 2016 global-bleaching event.Exposure was estimated as historical cumulative excess summer heat (CTA) and a multivariate index of SST, light, and water flow (CE).Site sensitivity was estimated for 226 sites using coordinated bleaching observations.Site resistance was evaluated by 128 possible models for the influences of geography, historical SST variation, coral cover, and number of coral genera.Most factors were statistically significant but the strongest factor was geography -Coral Triangle having higher resistance than non-Coral Triangle sites.Consequently, future predictions of thermal stress will need to account for strong geographic differences in acclimation/adaptation. تستند التنبؤات بمستقبل الشعاب المرجانية إلى حد كبير إلى التعرض الحراري وتفسر بشكل سيئ التباين الجغرافي في الحساسية البيولوجية ومقاومة الإجهاد الحراري. استنادًا إلى نسبة التعرض الحراري والحساسية، تم تقدير التباين الجغرافي لمقاومة الشعاب المرجانية خلال حدث التبييض العالمي لعام 2016. تم تقدير التعرض على أنه حرارة صيفية تراكمية تاريخية (CTA) ومؤشر متعدد المتغيرات لـ SST والضوء وتدفق المياه (CE). تم تقدير حساسية الموقع لـ 226 موقعًا باستخدام ملاحظات تبييض منسقة. تم تقييم مقاومة الموقع من خلال 128 نموذجًا محتملًا لتأثيرات الجغرافيا، وتباين SST التاريخي، والغطاء المرجاني، وعدد الأجناس المرجانية. كانت معظم العوامل ذات دلالة إحصائية ولكن العامل الأقوى كان الجغرافيا - المثلث الصدفي الذي يتمتع بمقاومة أعلى من مواقع المثلث غير المرجاني. وبالتالي، ستحتاج التنبؤات المستقبلية للإجهاد الحراري إلى مراعاة الاختلافات الجغرافية القوية في التأقلم/التكيف.

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