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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Alasali, F; Saidi, AS; El-Naily, N; Alnaser, SW; +3 Authors

    De nos jours, le problème de coordination des relais de surintensité (OC) et de défaut à la terre (EF) est l'une des préoccupations les plus complexes et les plus difficiles de la protection de l'énergie et des opérateurs de réseau en raison de la capacité de production élevée et volatile des sources d'énergie renouvelables dans le réseau. Dans cet article, un nouveau schéma de coordination optimale dynamique basé sur une nouvelle caractéristique de déclenchement hybride a été conçu et développé pour les relais de surintensité (OCR). Compte tenu de l'impact des sources d'énergie renouvelables telles que le système photovoltaïque (PV) sur la caractéristique de défaut, ce travail présente et vérifie un nouveau déclenchement dynamique et hybride pour atteindre un temps de déclenchement minimum et améliorer les performances de coordination des relais OCR et EF en termes de sécurité, de sensibilité et de sélectivité. Le schéma dynamique et hybride proposé aidera les OCR à couvrir les événements EF, et il a été testé dans différents scénarios de défaillance par rapport à la littérature. Les systèmes de bus IEEE-9 et IEEE-33 sont mis en œuvre dans le package ETAP pour valider l'efficacité des caractéristiques hybrides proposées par rapport aux caractéristiques IEC traditionnellement bien établies. En outre, la performance de l'approche de protection avancée et dynamique proposée qui ne nécessite pas d'infrastructure de communication est étudiée pour un réseau électrique avec des centrales photovoltaïques sous différents modes de fonctionnement du réseau et de la topologie pour fournir un système de protection plus robuste. Les résultats, tels que présentés à l'aide d'un logiciel industriel (ETAP), ont montré que le nouveau schéma de déclenchement dynamique et hybride améliorait la vitesse du temps total de déclenchement de différents scénarios de panne et de localisation de plus de 50% et couvrait tous les événements EF par rapport aux schémas OCR traditionnels de la littérature. La nouvelle approche dynamique proposée présente des performances supérieures en matière de détection des défauts à haute impédance et réduit considérablement le temps de déclenchement sur le réseau de bus IEEE 33 de 47 %. Hoy en día, el problema de coordinación de relés de sobrecorriente (OC) y falla a tierra (EF) es una de las preocupaciones más complejas y desafiantes de la protección de energía y los operadores de red debido a la alta y volátil capacidad de generación de fuentes de energía renovables en la red. En este artículo, se ha diseñado y desarrollado un nuevo y dinámico esquema de coordinación óptimo basado en una novedosa característica de disparo híbrido para los relés de sobrecorriente (OCR). Teniendo en cuenta el impacto de las fuentes de energía renovables como el sistema fotovoltaico (PV) en la característica de falla, este trabajo presenta y verifica un nuevo disparo dinámico e híbrido para lograr un tiempo de disparo mínimo y mejorar el rendimiento de coordinación de los relés OCR y EF en términos de seguridad, sensibilidad y selectividad. El esquema dinámico e híbrido propuesto ayudará a los OCR a cubrir los eventos de EF, y se ha probado bajo diferentes escenarios de falla en comparación con la literatura. Los sistemas de bus IEEE-9 e IEEE-33 se implementan en el paquete eTap para validar la efectividad de las características híbridas propuestas frente a las características IEC tradicionalmente bien establecidas. Además, se investiga el rendimiento del enfoque de protección avanzada y dinámica propuesto que no requiere una infraestructura de comunicación para una red eléctrica con plantas fotovoltaicas bajo diferentes modos de operación de red y topología para proporcionar un sistema de protección más robusto. Los resultados, presentados utilizando el software Industrial (eTap), mostraron que el novedoso esquema de disparo dinámico e híbrido mejoró la velocidad del tiempo total de disparo de diferentes escenarios de falla y ubicación en más del 50% y cubre todos los eventos de EF en comparación con los esquemas tradicionales de OCR de la literatura. El novedoso enfoque dinámico propuesto tiene un rendimiento superior en la detección de fallas de alta impedancia y reduce significativamente el tiempo de disparo en la red de buses IEEE 33 en un 47%. Nowadays, the Overcurrent (OC) and Earth Fault (EF) relays coordination problem is one of the most complex and challenging concerns of power protection and network operators due to the high and volatile generation capacity of renewable energy sources in the grid. In this article, a new and dynamic optimal coordination scheme based on a novel hybrid tripping characteristic has been designed and developed for Over Current Relays (OCRs). Considering the impact of renewable energy sources such as the photovoltaic (PV) system on fault characteristic, this work presents and verifies a novel dynamic and hybrid tripping to achieve minimum tripping time and improve the OCR and EF relays coordination performance in terms of security, sensitivity, and selectivity. The proposed dynamic and hybrid scheme will help the OCRs to cover the EF events, and it has been tested under different fault scenarios compared to the literature. The IEEE-9 and IEEE-33 bus systems are implemented in the ETAP package to validate the effectiveness of the proposed hybrid characteristics against traditionally well-established IEC characteristics. Furthermore, the performance of the proposed advance and dynamic protection approach which doesn't require a communication infrastructure is investigated for a power network with PV plants under different grid operation modes and topology to provide more robustness protection system. The results, as presented using Industrial software (ETAP), showed that the novel dynamic and hybrid tripping scheme improved the speed of the total time tripping different fault scenarios and location by more than 50% and covers all EF events compared to traditional OCR schemes from the literature. The proposed novel dynamic approach has superior performance in detecting high-impedance faults and significantly reducing the tripping time on the IEEE 33 bus network by 47%. في الوقت الحاضر، تعد مشكلة تنسيق مرحلات التيار الزائد (OC) وخطأ الأرض (EF) واحدة من أكثر المخاوف تعقيدًا وصعوبة في حماية الطاقة ومشغلي الشبكات بسبب قدرة التوليد العالية والمتقلبة لمصادر الطاقة المتجددة في الشبكة. في هذه المقالة، تم تصميم وتطوير مخطط تنسيق مثالي جديد وديناميكي يعتمد على خاصية التعثر الهجين الجديدة لمرحلات التيار الزائد (OCRs). بالنظر إلى تأثير مصادر الطاقة المتجددة مثل النظام الكهروضوئي (PV) على خاصية الصدع، يقدم هذا العمل ويتحقق من التعثر الديناميكي والهجين الجديد لتحقيق الحد الأدنى من وقت التعثر وتحسين أداء تنسيق مرحلات OCR و EF من حيث الأمن والحساسية والانتقائية. سيساعد المخطط الديناميكي والهجين المقترح OCRs على تغطية أحداث EF، وقد تم اختباره في ظل سيناريوهات خطأ مختلفة مقارنة بالأدبيات. يتم تنفيذ أنظمة الحافلات IEEE -9 و IEEE -33 في حزمة ETAP للتحقق من فعالية الخصائص الهجينة المقترحة مقابل خصائص IEC الراسخة تقليديًا. علاوة على ذلك، يتم التحقيق في أداء نهج الحماية المتقدمة والديناميكية المقترح الذي لا يتطلب بنية تحتية للاتصالات لشبكة طاقة مزودة بمحطات كهروضوئية تحت أوضاع وطوبولوجيا تشغيل شبكة مختلفة لتوفير نظام حماية أكثر قوة. أظهرت النتائج، كما تم عرضها باستخدام البرمجيات الصناعية (ETAP)، أن مخطط التعثر الديناميكي والهجين الجديد حسّن سرعة إجمالي الوقت الذي يستغرقه التعثر في سيناريوهات الأعطال المختلفة والموقع بأكثر من 50 ٪ ويغطي جميع أحداث EF مقارنة بمخططات التعرف الضوئي على الحروف التقليدية من الأدبيات. يتميز النهج الديناميكي الجديد المقترح بأداء متفوق في اكتشاف الأعطال عالية المقاومة وتقليل وقت التعثر بشكل كبير على شبكة ناقل IEEE 33 بنسبة 47 ٪.

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    IEEE Access
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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    IEEE Access
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      IEEE Access
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/mb...
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    Authors: Alnaser, Sahban W.; Althaher, Sereen Z.; Long, Chao; Zhou, Yue; +1 Authors

    Technological advances in residential-scale batteries are paving the way towards self-sufficient communities to make the most use of their photovoltaic systems to support local energy consumption needs. To effectively utilize capabilities of batteries, the community can participate in the provision of short term operating reserve (STOR) services. To do so, adequate energy reserves in batteries are maintained during prescribed time windows to be utilized by electricity system operators. However, this may reduce energy sufficiency of the community. Further, the actual delivery of reserve could create distribution network congestions. To adequately understand the capability of a community to provide reserve, this work proposed a residential community energy management system formulated as a Mixed-Integer Linear Programming (MILP) model. This model aims to maximize energy sufficiency by optimal scheduling of batteries whilst considering reserve constraints. The model also maintains the aggregate power of houses within export/import limits that are defined offline using an iterative approach to ensure that the reserve provision does not breach distribution network constraints. The model is demonstrated on a residential community. The maximum committed reserve power with minimal impact on energy sufficiency is determined. Results also show that the capability of a community to provide reserve could be overestimated unless distribution network constraints are adequately considered.

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    Cranfield CERES
    Article . 2020
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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems
    Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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      International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems
      Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Muhammed Aydin; Sahban Alnaser; Sereen Althaher;

    The increasing Photovoltaic (PV) penetration in residential Low Voltage (LV) networks is likely to result in a voltage rise problem. One of the potential solutions to deal with this problem is to adopt a distribution transformer fitted with an On-Load Tap Changer (OLTC). The control of the OLTC in response to local measurements reduces the need for expensive communication channels and remote measuring devices. However, this requires developing an advanced decision-making algorithm to estimate the existence of voltage issues and define the best set point of the OLTC. This paper presents a decentralized data-driven control approach to operate the OLTC using local measurements at a distribution transformer (i.e., active power and voltage at the secondary side of the transformer). To do so, Monte Carlo simulations are utilized offline to produce a comprehensive dataset of power flows throughout the distribution transformer and customers’ voltages for different PV penetrations. By the application of the curve-fitting technique to the resulting dataset, models to estimate the maximum and the minimum customers’ voltages are defined and embedded into the control logic to manage the OLTC in real time. The application of the approach to a real UK LV feeder shows its effectiveness in improving PV hosting capacity without the need for remote monitoring elements.

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      Energies
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      Energies
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    Authors: Osama Ayadi; Sahban Alnaser; Mohammed Haj-ahmed; Hussam Khasawneh; +3 Authors

    The global lockdowns adopted by many countries to combat the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic led to a significant transformation in the teaching methods adopted in higher education institutions toward dependence on online learning systems. Although this pandemic has placed a technical and financial burden on academic institutions to facilitate the successful transition to online learning, it provides opportunities to understand the impacts of adopting new policies and strategies to improve the efficient utilization of resources and thus reduce operational costs. The detailed analyses of the changes in energy consumption can support assessing the potential savings in electricity bills with the wide-scale adoption of online learning methods in the future as a business as usual to improve and modernize the education systems. This paper provides a detailed analysis of the electrical energy consumption of the buildings within the campus of the University of Jordan. The diversity of building types on the campus (e.g., university hospital, humanities schools, scientific schools) supports the provision of more general and robust recommendations to extend the results to other institutions, particularly in developing countries. The Energy Use Intensity (EUI) per unit area and EUI per student are employed for the first time for benchmarking the energy usage in educational buildings in Jordan. Overall, the analyses show that the total electricity consumption in 2020 was significantly lower than in 2019, with a decrease of 20.8% from 27.7 GWh in 2019 to 21.9 GWh in 2020. It is also found that the most significant reduction occurred in the humanities buildings (i.e., a 39% drop in energy consumption). However, this volume of energy reduction is still relatively low, considering the absence of students. Furthermore, the hospital has an extremely high EUI value (161 kWh/m2/year) compared to the other categories (e.g., the EUI for humanities schools is 32.5 kWh//m2/year). To conclude, the electrical energy consumption data suggests that there may be significant opportunities for energy conservation in all building categories, especially in the hospital.

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    Frontiers in Built Environment
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    Authors: Rilwan Usman; Pegah Mirzania; Sahban W. Alnaser; Phil Hart; +1 Authors

    Balancing electricity demand and supply remains a significant challenge for the power systems in developing countries, such as Nigeria. In Nigeria, there is a shortage of adequate power supply, and demand-side management (DSM) plays a minor role in the power balancing mechanism with load shedding being widely used. The paper aims to review and compare various existing and emerging DSM strategies in developing countries. An extensive and systematic review was conducted to evaluate potential solutions using DSM to increase the overall energy efficiency in the Nigerian electricity market. This study found that, although the technical and economic potentials of DSM vary in developed countries, the uptakes of DSM have been severely hampered hence preventing the full exploitation and utilisation of the full potential of DSM. The initiatives of a DSM model in Nigeria and other developing countries can play a significant role in addressing demand and supply challenges but an upgrade of the energy infrastructures, a reform of the market structure and the provision of financial incentives are required to allow for wide implementations of DSM strategies in developing countries.

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    La formulation de la tarification dynamique est l'une des solutions émergentes pour guider la demande résidentielle pour les avantages du système d'alimentation en vrac.Toutefois, le calendrier de la demande résidentielle en réponse aux prix de l'énergie différenciés dans le temps pourrait provoquer des congestions dans les réseaux de distribution à la fois au prix le plus bas et aux intervalles de temps les plus élevés.Pour permettre l'adoption de la tarification dynamique, ce travail présente un nouveau cadre pour gérer les contraintes des réseaux de distribution basé sur le concept de système énergétique transactif (tes).Le cadre basé sur tes produit des incitations lors des problèmes de réseau pour débloquer la flexibilité des clients services pour reprogrammer les actifs contrôlables (par exemple, les batteries).En exécutant les systèmes de gestion de l'énergie domestique (HEMS), la flexibilité des clients pour modifier les horaires est quantifiée par rapport à un ensemble prédéfini d'incitations. Pour chaque incitation, les montants de changement de la demande nette par client sont agrégés et soumis par le biais d'agrégateurs au gestionnaire de réseau de distribution (DSO) sous la forme d'offres de production (réduction de la demande) et d'offres de demande (augmentation de la demande). Ces dernières sont cruciales pour répondre aux problèmes de réseau liés à la génération. Les courbes d'enchères en escalier des agrégateurs résultantes sont intégrées à un système avancé Modèle de flux de puissance optimal (OPF) pour identifier les offres réussies pour gérer les contraintes du réseau tout en minimisant les incitations versées aux agrégateurs. Cela permet de définir directement les incitations et les quantités sans itérations étendues entre le GRD et les agrégateurs. L'application du cadre à une alimentation urbaine de 11 kV montre son efficacité pour gérer les congestions. Cependant, les fortes variations des prix dynamiques augmentent les montants des incitations, en particulier lorsque des services de flexibilité sont demandés le soir et la nuit. La formulación de precios dinámicos es una de las soluciones emergentes para guiar la demanda residencial de los beneficios del sistema de energía a granel. Sin embargo, el programa de demanda residencial en respuesta a los precios de la energía diferenciados en el tiempo podría causar congestiones en las redes de distribución tanto en los intervalos de tiempo de precio más bajo como en los de precio más alto. Para permitir la adopción de precios dinámicos, este trabajo presenta un marco novedoso para gestionar las restricciones de las redes de distribución basado en el concepto de Sistema de Energía Transactiva (tes). El marco basado en tes produce incentivos durante los problemas de la red para desbloquear la flexibilidad de los clientes servicios para reprogramar activos controlables (por ejemplo, baterías). Al ejecutar los Sistemas de Gestión de Energía Doméstica (HEMS), la flexibilidad de los clientes para modificar los horarios se cuantifica frente a un conjunto predefinido de incentivos. Para cada incentivo, las cantidades de cambio de demanda neta por cliente se agregan y envían a través de agregadores al Operador del Sistema de Distribución (DSO) en forma de ofertas de generación (reducción de la demanda) y ofertas de demanda (aumento de la demanda). Estas últimas son cruciales para atender los problemas de red impulsados por la generación. Las curvas de licitación de escalera de los agregadores resultantes están integradas en un Modelo de flujo de energía óptimo (OPF) para identificar las ofertas exitosas para administrar las restricciones de la red y minimizar los incentivos pagados a los agregadores. Esto permite definir incentivos y cantidades directamente sin iteraciones extensas entre DSO y agregadores. La aplicación del marco a un alimentador urbano de 11kV muestra su efectividad para administrar las congestiones. Sin embargo, las variaciones en los precios dinámicos aumentan las cantidades de incentivos, particularmente cuando los servicios de flexibilidad se solicitan en intervalos de tiempo nocturnos y nocturnos. The formulation of dynamic pricing is one of the emerging solutions to guide residential demand for the benefits of the bulk power system.However, the schedule of residential demand in response to time-differentiated energy prices could cause congestions in distribution networks at both the lowest-price and highest-price time intervals.To enable the adoption of dynamic pricing, this work presents a novel framework to manage the constraints of distribution networks based on the concept of Transactive Energy System (TES).The TES-based framework produces incentives during network issues to unlock customers' flexibility services to reschedule controllable assets (e.g., batteries).By running Home Energy Management Systems (HEMS), the flexibility of customers to modify schedules are quantified against predefined set of incentives.For each incentive, the amounts of net-demand change per customer are aggregated and submitted through aggregators to the Distribution System Operator (DSO) in the forms of both generation offers (reducing demand) and demand offers (increasing demand).The latter are crucial to cater for generationdriven network issues.The resulting aggregators' staircase bidding curves are embedded to an advanced Optimal Power Flow (OPF) model to identify the successful offers to manage network constraints whilst minimizing incentives paid to aggregators.This allows defining incentives and quantities directly without extensive iterations between DSO and aggregators.The application of the framework to an urban 11kV feeder shows its effectiveness to manage congestions.However, the highly variations in dynamic prices increase the amounts of incentives particularly when flexibility services are requested at evening and night time intervals. تعد صياغة التسعير الديناميكي أحد الحلول الناشئة لتوجيه الطلب السكني على فوائد نظام الطاقة السائبة. ومع ذلك، يمكن أن يتسبب جدول الطلب السكني استجابةً لأسعار الطاقة المتباينة زمنيًا في حدوث ازدحام في شبكات التوزيع بأقل الأسعار وأعلاها على حد سواء. لتمكين اعتماد التسعير الديناميكي، يقدم هذا العمل إطارًا جديدًا لإدارة قيود شبكات التوزيع بناءً على مفهوم نظام الطاقة التفاعلي (TES). ينتج الإطار القائم على TES حوافز أثناء مشكلات الشبكة لفتح مرونة العملاء خدمات لإعادة جدولة الأصول التي يمكن التحكم فيها (على سبيل المثال، البطاريات). من خلال تشغيل أنظمة إدارة الطاقة المنزلية (HEMS)، يتم تحديد مرونة العملاء في تعديل الجداول الزمنية مقابل مجموعة محددة مسبقًا من الحوافز. لكل حافز، يتم تجميع مبالغ صافي تغيير الطلب لكل عميل وتقديمها من خلال المجمعين إلى مشغل نظام التوزيع (DSO) في أشكال كل من عروض الجيل (تقليل الطلب) وعروض الطلب (زيادة الطلب). هذه الأخيرة حاسمة لتلبية مشكلات الشبكة التي يحركها الجيل. يتم تضمين منحنيات مناقصات درج المجمعين الناتجة إلى نموذج تدفق الطاقة الأمثل (OPF) لتحديد العروض الناجحة لإدارة قيود الشبكة مع تقليل الحوافز المدفوعة للمجمعات. وهذا يسمح بتحديد الحوافز والكميات مباشرة دون تكرارات مكثفة بين DSO والمجمعات. يُظهر تطبيق الإطار على وحدة التغذية الحضرية 11 كيلو فولت فعاليته في إدارة الازدحام. ومع ذلك، فإن الاختلافات الكبيرة في الأسعار الديناميكية تزيد من كميات الحوافز خاصة عندما يتم طلب خدمات المرونة في فترات المساء والليل.

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    Authors: Mohammed A. Hajahmed; Mohammed Hawa; Laith A. Shamlawi; Sahban Alnaser; +2 Authors

    Dans cet article, un schéma de protection de sauvegarde est présenté. Le schéma proposé utilise le concept d'un réseau de capteurs sans fil basé sur la radio cognitive pour mettre en œuvre un schéma de protection sans avoir besoin de fils électriques conventionnels et/ou de fibres optiques entre les transducteurs de courant et de tension, les panneaux de commande et les disjoncteurs. Le schéma proposé utilise des canaux de spectre sans licence en appliquant des algorithmes de détection de spectre et d'allocation de fréquence qui sont utilisés dans les systèmes basés sur la radio cognitive. L'importance du schéma proposé provient de sa rentabilité par rapport à la communication Ethernet à la fois filaire et sans fil si le transfert de données et l'échange de messages se font en utilisant une communication cognitive basée sur la radio sur des distances relativement longues. Le schéma proposé utilise un réseau de communication radio cognitif pour acheminer des signaux analogiques et numériques à l'intérieur d'une sous-station. De cette façon, il économise le coût des fils de cuivre et/ou de la fibre optique qui seraient utilisés pour transmettre des signaux numériques et analogiques. En outre, il ne nécessite pas les licences de spectre coûteuses qui auraient été achetées si les communications sans fil longue distance Ethernet étaient utilisées. Pour évaluer les avantages/défis liés à l'application de la communication cognitive basée sur la radio, une modélisation détaillée et réaliste des systèmes d'alimentation et des systèmes de communication cognitifs basés sur la radio est effectuée simultanément. Le schéma proposé est simulé à l'aide de Matlab/Simulink et la performance du schéma proposé a été étudiée dans différents scénarios de communication. En este documento, se presenta un esquema de protección de respaldo. El esquema propuesto utiliza el concepto de una red de sensores inalámbricos basados en radio cognitiva para implementar un esquema de protección sin la necesidad de cables eléctricos convencionales y/o fibra óptica entre transductores de corriente y voltaje, paneles de control y disyuntores. El esquema propuesto utiliza canales de espectro sin licencia mediante la aplicación de algoritmos de detección de espectro y asignación de frecuencia que se utilizan en sistemas cognitivos basados en radio. La importancia del esquema propuesto proviene de su rentabilidad en comparación con la comunicación Ethernet tanto por cable como inalámbrica si la transferencia de datos y el intercambio de mensajes se realiza utilizando comunicación cognitiva basada en radio para distancias relativamente largas. El esquema propuesto utiliza una red de comunicación cognitiva basada en radio para transmitir señales analógicas y digitales dentro de una subestación. De esta manera, se ahorra el coste de los hilos de cobre y/o fibra óptica que se utilizarían para transmitir señales digitales y analógicas. Además, no requiere las costosas licencias de espectro que se habrían comprado si se utilizaran comunicaciones inalámbricas de larga distancia Ethernet. Para evaluar los beneficios/desafíos relacionados con la aplicación de la comunicación basada en radio cognitiva, se realiza simultáneamente un modelado detallado y realista tanto de los sistemas de energía como de los sistemas de comunicación basados en radio cognitiva. El esquema propuesto se simula utilizando MATLAB/Simulink y se investigó el rendimiento del esquema propuesto en diferentes escenarios de comunicación. In this paper, a backup protection scheme is presented. The proposed scheme uses the concept of a cognitive radio-based wireless sensor network to implement a protection scheme without the need for conventional electric wires and/or optical fiber between current and voltage transducers, control panels, and circuit breakers. The proposed scheme uses unlicensed spectrum channels by applying spectrum sensing and frequency allocation algorithms that are used in cognitive radio based systems. The importance of the proposed scheme comes from its cost effectiveness compared to the Ethernet communication both wired and wireless if the data transfer and message exchange is done using cognitive radio_based communication for relatively long distances. The proposed scheme utilizes cognitive radio-based communication network to convey analog and digital signals within a substation. In this way, it saves the cost of the copper wires and/or optical fiber that would be used to transmit digital and analog signals. Further, it does not require the expensive spectrum licenses that would have been purchased if Ethernet long-distance wireless communications are utilized. To assess the benefits/challenges related to the application of cognitive radio_based communication, a detailed and realistic modeling of both power systems and cognitive radio_based communication systems is performed simultaneously. The proposed scheme is simulated using MATLAB/Simulink and performance of the proposed scheme was investigated under different communication scenarios. في هذه الورقة، يتم تقديم مخطط حماية احتياطي. يستخدم المخطط المقترح مفهوم شبكة استشعار لاسلكية معرفية قائمة على الراديو لتنفيذ مخطط حماية دون الحاجة إلى أسلاك كهربائية تقليدية و/أو ألياف ضوئية بين محولات التيار والجهد ولوحات التحكم وقواطع الدوائر. يستخدم المخطط المقترح قنوات طيفية غير مرخصة من خلال تطبيق خوارزميات استشعار الطيف وتخصيص الترددات المستخدمة في الأنظمة القائمة على الراديو المعرفي. تأتي أهمية المخطط المقترح من فعاليته من حيث التكلفة مقارنة باتصال الإيثرنت السلكي واللاسلكي إذا تم نقل البيانات وتبادل الرسائل باستخدام الاتصال المعرفي القائم على الراديو لمسافات طويلة نسبيًا. يستخدم المخطط المقترح شبكة الاتصالات المعرفية القائمة على الراديو لنقل الإشارات التناظرية والرقمية داخل محطة فرعية. وبهذه الطريقة، فإنه يوفر تكلفة الأسلاك النحاسية و/أو الألياف الضوئية التي سيتم استخدامها لنقل الإشارات الرقمية والتناظرية. علاوة على ذلك، لا يتطلب الأمر تراخيص الطيف الترددي باهظة الثمن التي كان سيتم شراؤها إذا تم استخدام اتصالات إيثرنت اللاسلكية لمسافات طويلة. لتقييم الفوائد/التحديات المتعلقة بتطبيق الاتصال المعرفي القائم على الراديو، يتم إجراء نمذجة مفصلة وواقعية لكل من أنظمة الطاقة وأنظمة الاتصال المعرفية القائمة على الراديو في وقت واحد. تتم محاكاة المخطط المقترح باستخدام MATLAB/Simulink وتم التحقيق في أداء المخطط المقترح في ظل سيناريوهات اتصال مختلفة.

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    Authors: Quiros, J.; Ochoa, L.F.; Alnaser, S.W.; Butler, T.;

    High penetrations of domestic electric vehicles (EVs) in UK low voltage (LV) networks may result in significant technical problems. This paper proposes an implementable, centralized control algorithm, currently being trialed in 9 UK residential LV networks, that uses limited information to manage EV charging points to mitigate these technical problems. Two real UK LV networks are used to quantify the potential impacts of different EV penetration levels and to demonstrate the effectiveness of the control algorithm (using different control cycles) for simultaneous thermal and voltage management. Monte Carlo simulations (adopting 1-min resolution data) are undertaken to cater for domestic and EV demand uncertainties. Results for these LV networks show that problems may occur for EV penetrations higher than 20%. More importantly, they highlight that even for a 100% penetration and control cycles of up to 10 min, the control algorithm successfully mitigates problems on the examined LV networks. Crucially, to determine effects on the comfort of EV users, a metric is introduced and discussed. The results of different control settings are presented to analyze potential adaptations of the control strategy. Finally, a comparison with an optimization framework highlights that the proposed algorithm is as effective whilst using limited information.

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    IEEE Transactions on Power Systems
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      IEEE Transactions on Power Systems
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    Authors: Alnaser, Sahban W.; Althaher, Sereen Z.; Long, Chao; Zhou, Yue; +2 Authors

    The transition towards low-carbon energy systems requires increasing the contribution of residential Photovoltaic (PV) in the energy consumption needs (i.e., PV self-consumption). For this purpose, the adoption of PV self-consumption policies as alternatives to the current net-metering policy may support harnessing batteries to improve PV self-consumption. However, the technical impacts of PV policies on distribution networks have to be adequately assessed and mitigated. To do so, a two-stage planning framework is proposed. The first stage is an optimization approach that determines the best sizes of PV and batteries based on the adopted PV policy. The second stage assesses the impacts of the resulting sizes on distribution networks using Monte-Carlo simulations to cope with uncertainties in demand and generation. The framework is applied on real medium and low voltage distribution networks from the south of Jordan. For the net-metering, the results show that the uptake of residential PV penetration above 40% will result in voltage issues. It is also found that the adoption of batteries for the benefits of customers (i.e., reduce electricity bills) will not mitigate the PV impacts for PV penetration above 60%. Further, the results demonstrate the important role of distribution network operators to manage the uptake of batteries for the benefits of customers and distribution networks. Network operators can support customers to adopt larger sizes of batteries to achieve the desired PV self-consumption in return of controlling the batteries to solve network issues. This facilitates the uptake of 100% PV penetration and improves PV self-consumption to 50%.

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    Cranfield CERES
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    Applied Energy
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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      Applied Energy
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    This paper presents a planning framework to find the minimum storage sizes (power and energy) at multiple locations in distribution networks to reduce curtailment from renewable distributed generation (DG), specifically wind farms, while managing congestion and voltages. A two-stage iterative process is adopted in this framework. The first stage uses a multi-period AC optimal power flow (OPF) across the studied horizon to obtain initial storage sizes considering hourly wind and load profiles. The second stage adopts a high granularity minute-by-minute control driven by a mono-period bi-level AC OPF to tune the first-stage storage sizes according to the actual curtailment. Congestion and voltages are managed through the optimal control of storage (active and reactive power), on-load tap changers (OLTCs), DG power factor, and DG curtailment as last resort. The proposed storage planning framework is applied to a real 33-kV network from the North West of England over one week. The results highlight that by embedding high granularity control aspects into planning, it is possible to more accurately size storage facilities. Moreover, intelligent management of further flexibility (i.e., OLTCs, storage, and DG power factor control) can lead to much smaller storage capacities. This, however, depends on the required level of curtailment.

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    IEEE Transactions on Power Systems
    Article . 2016 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      https://doi.org/10.1109/pesgm....
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      IEEE Transactions on Power Systems
      Article . 2016 . Peer-reviewed
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16 Research products
  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Alasali, F; Saidi, AS; El-Naily, N; Alnaser, SW; +3 Authors

    De nos jours, le problème de coordination des relais de surintensité (OC) et de défaut à la terre (EF) est l'une des préoccupations les plus complexes et les plus difficiles de la protection de l'énergie et des opérateurs de réseau en raison de la capacité de production élevée et volatile des sources d'énergie renouvelables dans le réseau. Dans cet article, un nouveau schéma de coordination optimale dynamique basé sur une nouvelle caractéristique de déclenchement hybride a été conçu et développé pour les relais de surintensité (OCR). Compte tenu de l'impact des sources d'énergie renouvelables telles que le système photovoltaïque (PV) sur la caractéristique de défaut, ce travail présente et vérifie un nouveau déclenchement dynamique et hybride pour atteindre un temps de déclenchement minimum et améliorer les performances de coordination des relais OCR et EF en termes de sécurité, de sensibilité et de sélectivité. Le schéma dynamique et hybride proposé aidera les OCR à couvrir les événements EF, et il a été testé dans différents scénarios de défaillance par rapport à la littérature. Les systèmes de bus IEEE-9 et IEEE-33 sont mis en œuvre dans le package ETAP pour valider l'efficacité des caractéristiques hybrides proposées par rapport aux caractéristiques IEC traditionnellement bien établies. En outre, la performance de l'approche de protection avancée et dynamique proposée qui ne nécessite pas d'infrastructure de communication est étudiée pour un réseau électrique avec des centrales photovoltaïques sous différents modes de fonctionnement du réseau et de la topologie pour fournir un système de protection plus robuste. Les résultats, tels que présentés à l'aide d'un logiciel industriel (ETAP), ont montré que le nouveau schéma de déclenchement dynamique et hybride améliorait la vitesse du temps total de déclenchement de différents scénarios de panne et de localisation de plus de 50% et couvrait tous les événements EF par rapport aux schémas OCR traditionnels de la littérature. La nouvelle approche dynamique proposée présente des performances supérieures en matière de détection des défauts à haute impédance et réduit considérablement le temps de déclenchement sur le réseau de bus IEEE 33 de 47 %. Hoy en día, el problema de coordinación de relés de sobrecorriente (OC) y falla a tierra (EF) es una de las preocupaciones más complejas y desafiantes de la protección de energía y los operadores de red debido a la alta y volátil capacidad de generación de fuentes de energía renovables en la red. En este artículo, se ha diseñado y desarrollado un nuevo y dinámico esquema de coordinación óptimo basado en una novedosa característica de disparo híbrido para los relés de sobrecorriente (OCR). Teniendo en cuenta el impacto de las fuentes de energía renovables como el sistema fotovoltaico (PV) en la característica de falla, este trabajo presenta y verifica un nuevo disparo dinámico e híbrido para lograr un tiempo de disparo mínimo y mejorar el rendimiento de coordinación de los relés OCR y EF en términos de seguridad, sensibilidad y selectividad. El esquema dinámico e híbrido propuesto ayudará a los OCR a cubrir los eventos de EF, y se ha probado bajo diferentes escenarios de falla en comparación con la literatura. Los sistemas de bus IEEE-9 e IEEE-33 se implementan en el paquete eTap para validar la efectividad de las características híbridas propuestas frente a las características IEC tradicionalmente bien establecidas. Además, se investiga el rendimiento del enfoque de protección avanzada y dinámica propuesto que no requiere una infraestructura de comunicación para una red eléctrica con plantas fotovoltaicas bajo diferentes modos de operación de red y topología para proporcionar un sistema de protección más robusto. Los resultados, presentados utilizando el software Industrial (eTap), mostraron que el novedoso esquema de disparo dinámico e híbrido mejoró la velocidad del tiempo total de disparo de diferentes escenarios de falla y ubicación en más del 50% y cubre todos los eventos de EF en comparación con los esquemas tradicionales de OCR de la literatura. El novedoso enfoque dinámico propuesto tiene un rendimiento superior en la detección de fallas de alta impedancia y reduce significativamente el tiempo de disparo en la red de buses IEEE 33 en un 47%. Nowadays, the Overcurrent (OC) and Earth Fault (EF) relays coordination problem is one of the most complex and challenging concerns of power protection and network operators due to the high and volatile generation capacity of renewable energy sources in the grid. In this article, a new and dynamic optimal coordination scheme based on a novel hybrid tripping characteristic has been designed and developed for Over Current Relays (OCRs). Considering the impact of renewable energy sources such as the photovoltaic (PV) system on fault characteristic, this work presents and verifies a novel dynamic and hybrid tripping to achieve minimum tripping time and improve the OCR and EF relays coordination performance in terms of security, sensitivity, and selectivity. The proposed dynamic and hybrid scheme will help the OCRs to cover the EF events, and it has been tested under different fault scenarios compared to the literature. The IEEE-9 and IEEE-33 bus systems are implemented in the ETAP package to validate the effectiveness of the proposed hybrid characteristics against traditionally well-established IEC characteristics. Furthermore, the performance of the proposed advance and dynamic protection approach which doesn't require a communication infrastructure is investigated for a power network with PV plants under different grid operation modes and topology to provide more robustness protection system. The results, as presented using Industrial software (ETAP), showed that the novel dynamic and hybrid tripping scheme improved the speed of the total time tripping different fault scenarios and location by more than 50% and covers all EF events compared to traditional OCR schemes from the literature. The proposed novel dynamic approach has superior performance in detecting high-impedance faults and significantly reducing the tripping time on the IEEE 33 bus network by 47%. في الوقت الحاضر، تعد مشكلة تنسيق مرحلات التيار الزائد (OC) وخطأ الأرض (EF) واحدة من أكثر المخاوف تعقيدًا وصعوبة في حماية الطاقة ومشغلي الشبكات بسبب قدرة التوليد العالية والمتقلبة لمصادر الطاقة المتجددة في الشبكة. في هذه المقالة، تم تصميم وتطوير مخطط تنسيق مثالي جديد وديناميكي يعتمد على خاصية التعثر الهجين الجديدة لمرحلات التيار الزائد (OCRs). بالنظر إلى تأثير مصادر الطاقة المتجددة مثل النظام الكهروضوئي (PV) على خاصية الصدع، يقدم هذا العمل ويتحقق من التعثر الديناميكي والهجين الجديد لتحقيق الحد الأدنى من وقت التعثر وتحسين أداء تنسيق مرحلات OCR و EF من حيث الأمن والحساسية والانتقائية. سيساعد المخطط الديناميكي والهجين المقترح OCRs على تغطية أحداث EF، وقد تم اختباره في ظل سيناريوهات خطأ مختلفة مقارنة بالأدبيات. يتم تنفيذ أنظمة الحافلات IEEE -9 و IEEE -33 في حزمة ETAP للتحقق من فعالية الخصائص الهجينة المقترحة مقابل خصائص IEC الراسخة تقليديًا. علاوة على ذلك، يتم التحقيق في أداء نهج الحماية المتقدمة والديناميكية المقترح الذي لا يتطلب بنية تحتية للاتصالات لشبكة طاقة مزودة بمحطات كهروضوئية تحت أوضاع وطوبولوجيا تشغيل شبكة مختلفة لتوفير نظام حماية أكثر قوة. أظهرت النتائج، كما تم عرضها باستخدام البرمجيات الصناعية (ETAP)، أن مخطط التعثر الديناميكي والهجين الجديد حسّن سرعة إجمالي الوقت الذي يستغرقه التعثر في سيناريوهات الأعطال المختلفة والموقع بأكثر من 50 ٪ ويغطي جميع أحداث EF مقارنة بمخططات التعرف الضوئي على الحروف التقليدية من الأدبيات. يتميز النهج الديناميكي الجديد المقترح بأداء متفوق في اكتشاف الأعطال عالية المقاومة وتقليل وقت التعثر بشكل كبير على شبكة ناقل IEEE 33 بنسبة 47 ٪.

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    IEEE Access
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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      IEEE Access
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Alnaser, Sahban W.; Althaher, Sereen Z.; Long, Chao; Zhou, Yue; +1 Authors

    Technological advances in residential-scale batteries are paving the way towards self-sufficient communities to make the most use of their photovoltaic systems to support local energy consumption needs. To effectively utilize capabilities of batteries, the community can participate in the provision of short term operating reserve (STOR) services. To do so, adequate energy reserves in batteries are maintained during prescribed time windows to be utilized by electricity system operators. However, this may reduce energy sufficiency of the community. Further, the actual delivery of reserve could create distribution network congestions. To adequately understand the capability of a community to provide reserve, this work proposed a residential community energy management system formulated as a Mixed-Integer Linear Programming (MILP) model. This model aims to maximize energy sufficiency by optimal scheduling of batteries whilst considering reserve constraints. The model also maintains the aggregate power of houses within export/import limits that are defined offline using an iterative approach to ensure that the reserve provision does not breach distribution network constraints. The model is demonstrated on a residential community. The maximum committed reserve power with minimal impact on energy sufficiency is determined. Results also show that the capability of a community to provide reserve could be overestimated unless distribution network constraints are adequately considered.

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    Cranfield CERES
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    International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems
    Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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      Cranfield CERES
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      International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems
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    Authors: Muhammed Aydin; Sahban Alnaser; Sereen Althaher;

    The increasing Photovoltaic (PV) penetration in residential Low Voltage (LV) networks is likely to result in a voltage rise problem. One of the potential solutions to deal with this problem is to adopt a distribution transformer fitted with an On-Load Tap Changer (OLTC). The control of the OLTC in response to local measurements reduces the need for expensive communication channels and remote measuring devices. However, this requires developing an advanced decision-making algorithm to estimate the existence of voltage issues and define the best set point of the OLTC. This paper presents a decentralized data-driven control approach to operate the OLTC using local measurements at a distribution transformer (i.e., active power and voltage at the secondary side of the transformer). To do so, Monte Carlo simulations are utilized offline to produce a comprehensive dataset of power flows throughout the distribution transformer and customers’ voltages for different PV penetrations. By the application of the curve-fitting technique to the resulting dataset, models to estimate the maximum and the minimum customers’ voltages are defined and embedded into the control logic to manage the OLTC in real time. The application of the approach to a real UK LV feeder shows its effectiveness in improving PV hosting capacity without the need for remote monitoring elements.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Energiesarrow_drop_down
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      Energies
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    Authors: Osama Ayadi; Sahban Alnaser; Mohammed Haj-ahmed; Hussam Khasawneh; +3 Authors

    The global lockdowns adopted by many countries to combat the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic led to a significant transformation in the teaching methods adopted in higher education institutions toward dependence on online learning systems. Although this pandemic has placed a technical and financial burden on academic institutions to facilitate the successful transition to online learning, it provides opportunities to understand the impacts of adopting new policies and strategies to improve the efficient utilization of resources and thus reduce operational costs. The detailed analyses of the changes in energy consumption can support assessing the potential savings in electricity bills with the wide-scale adoption of online learning methods in the future as a business as usual to improve and modernize the education systems. This paper provides a detailed analysis of the electrical energy consumption of the buildings within the campus of the University of Jordan. The diversity of building types on the campus (e.g., university hospital, humanities schools, scientific schools) supports the provision of more general and robust recommendations to extend the results to other institutions, particularly in developing countries. The Energy Use Intensity (EUI) per unit area and EUI per student are employed for the first time for benchmarking the energy usage in educational buildings in Jordan. Overall, the analyses show that the total electricity consumption in 2020 was significantly lower than in 2019, with a decrease of 20.8% from 27.7 GWh in 2019 to 21.9 GWh in 2020. It is also found that the most significant reduction occurred in the humanities buildings (i.e., a 39% drop in energy consumption). However, this volume of energy reduction is still relatively low, considering the absence of students. Furthermore, the hospital has an extremely high EUI value (161 kWh/m2/year) compared to the other categories (e.g., the EUI for humanities schools is 32.5 kWh//m2/year). To conclude, the electrical energy consumption data suggests that there may be significant opportunities for energy conservation in all building categories, especially in the hospital.

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    Frontiers in Built Environment
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    Authors: Rilwan Usman; Pegah Mirzania; Sahban W. Alnaser; Phil Hart; +1 Authors

    Balancing electricity demand and supply remains a significant challenge for the power systems in developing countries, such as Nigeria. In Nigeria, there is a shortage of adequate power supply, and demand-side management (DSM) plays a minor role in the power balancing mechanism with load shedding being widely used. The paper aims to review and compare various existing and emerging DSM strategies in developing countries. An extensive and systematic review was conducted to evaluate potential solutions using DSM to increase the overall energy efficiency in the Nigerian electricity market. This study found that, although the technical and economic potentials of DSM vary in developed countries, the uptakes of DSM have been severely hampered hence preventing the full exploitation and utilisation of the full potential of DSM. The initiatives of a DSM model in Nigeria and other developing countries can play a significant role in addressing demand and supply challenges but an upgrade of the energy infrastructures, a reform of the market structure and the provision of financial incentives are required to allow for wide implementations of DSM strategies in developing countries.

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    La formulation de la tarification dynamique est l'une des solutions émergentes pour guider la demande résidentielle pour les avantages du système d'alimentation en vrac.Toutefois, le calendrier de la demande résidentielle en réponse aux prix de l'énergie différenciés dans le temps pourrait provoquer des congestions dans les réseaux de distribution à la fois au prix le plus bas et aux intervalles de temps les plus élevés.Pour permettre l'adoption de la tarification dynamique, ce travail présente un nouveau cadre pour gérer les contraintes des réseaux de distribution basé sur le concept de système énergétique transactif (tes).Le cadre basé sur tes produit des incitations lors des problèmes de réseau pour débloquer la flexibilité des clients services pour reprogrammer les actifs contrôlables (par exemple, les batteries).En exécutant les systèmes de gestion de l'énergie domestique (HEMS), la flexibilité des clients pour modifier les horaires est quantifiée par rapport à un ensemble prédéfini d'incitations. Pour chaque incitation, les montants de changement de la demande nette par client sont agrégés et soumis par le biais d'agrégateurs au gestionnaire de réseau de distribution (DSO) sous la forme d'offres de production (réduction de la demande) et d'offres de demande (augmentation de la demande). Ces dernières sont cruciales pour répondre aux problèmes de réseau liés à la génération. Les courbes d'enchères en escalier des agrégateurs résultantes sont intégrées à un système avancé Modèle de flux de puissance optimal (OPF) pour identifier les offres réussies pour gérer les contraintes du réseau tout en minimisant les incitations versées aux agrégateurs. Cela permet de définir directement les incitations et les quantités sans itérations étendues entre le GRD et les agrégateurs. L'application du cadre à une alimentation urbaine de 11 kV montre son efficacité pour gérer les congestions. Cependant, les fortes variations des prix dynamiques augmentent les montants des incitations, en particulier lorsque des services de flexibilité sont demandés le soir et la nuit. La formulación de precios dinámicos es una de las soluciones emergentes para guiar la demanda residencial de los beneficios del sistema de energía a granel. Sin embargo, el programa de demanda residencial en respuesta a los precios de la energía diferenciados en el tiempo podría causar congestiones en las redes de distribución tanto en los intervalos de tiempo de precio más bajo como en los de precio más alto. Para permitir la adopción de precios dinámicos, este trabajo presenta un marco novedoso para gestionar las restricciones de las redes de distribución basado en el concepto de Sistema de Energía Transactiva (tes). El marco basado en tes produce incentivos durante los problemas de la red para desbloquear la flexibilidad de los clientes servicios para reprogramar activos controlables (por ejemplo, baterías). Al ejecutar los Sistemas de Gestión de Energía Doméstica (HEMS), la flexibilidad de los clientes para modificar los horarios se cuantifica frente a un conjunto predefinido de incentivos. Para cada incentivo, las cantidades de cambio de demanda neta por cliente se agregan y envían a través de agregadores al Operador del Sistema de Distribución (DSO) en forma de ofertas de generación (reducción de la demanda) y ofertas de demanda (aumento de la demanda). Estas últimas son cruciales para atender los problemas de red impulsados por la generación. Las curvas de licitación de escalera de los agregadores resultantes están integradas en un Modelo de flujo de energía óptimo (OPF) para identificar las ofertas exitosas para administrar las restricciones de la red y minimizar los incentivos pagados a los agregadores. Esto permite definir incentivos y cantidades directamente sin iteraciones extensas entre DSO y agregadores. La aplicación del marco a un alimentador urbano de 11kV muestra su efectividad para administrar las congestiones. Sin embargo, las variaciones en los precios dinámicos aumentan las cantidades de incentivos, particularmente cuando los servicios de flexibilidad se solicitan en intervalos de tiempo nocturnos y nocturnos. The formulation of dynamic pricing is one of the emerging solutions to guide residential demand for the benefits of the bulk power system.However, the schedule of residential demand in response to time-differentiated energy prices could cause congestions in distribution networks at both the lowest-price and highest-price time intervals.To enable the adoption of dynamic pricing, this work presents a novel framework to manage the constraints of distribution networks based on the concept of Transactive Energy System (TES).The TES-based framework produces incentives during network issues to unlock customers' flexibility services to reschedule controllable assets (e.g., batteries).By running Home Energy Management Systems (HEMS), the flexibility of customers to modify schedules are quantified against predefined set of incentives.For each incentive, the amounts of net-demand change per customer are aggregated and submitted through aggregators to the Distribution System Operator (DSO) in the forms of both generation offers (reducing demand) and demand offers (increasing demand).The latter are crucial to cater for generationdriven network issues.The resulting aggregators' staircase bidding curves are embedded to an advanced Optimal Power Flow (OPF) model to identify the successful offers to manage network constraints whilst minimizing incentives paid to aggregators.This allows defining incentives and quantities directly without extensive iterations between DSO and aggregators.The application of the framework to an urban 11kV feeder shows its effectiveness to manage congestions.However, the highly variations in dynamic prices increase the amounts of incentives particularly when flexibility services are requested at evening and night time intervals. تعد صياغة التسعير الديناميكي أحد الحلول الناشئة لتوجيه الطلب السكني على فوائد نظام الطاقة السائبة. ومع ذلك، يمكن أن يتسبب جدول الطلب السكني استجابةً لأسعار الطاقة المتباينة زمنيًا في حدوث ازدحام في شبكات التوزيع بأقل الأسعار وأعلاها على حد سواء. لتمكين اعتماد التسعير الديناميكي، يقدم هذا العمل إطارًا جديدًا لإدارة قيود شبكات التوزيع بناءً على مفهوم نظام الطاقة التفاعلي (TES). ينتج الإطار القائم على TES حوافز أثناء مشكلات الشبكة لفتح مرونة العملاء خدمات لإعادة جدولة الأصول التي يمكن التحكم فيها (على سبيل المثال، البطاريات). من خلال تشغيل أنظمة إدارة الطاقة المنزلية (HEMS)، يتم تحديد مرونة العملاء في تعديل الجداول الزمنية مقابل مجموعة محددة مسبقًا من الحوافز. لكل حافز، يتم تجميع مبالغ صافي تغيير الطلب لكل عميل وتقديمها من خلال المجمعين إلى مشغل نظام التوزيع (DSO) في أشكال كل من عروض الجيل (تقليل الطلب) وعروض الطلب (زيادة الطلب). هذه الأخيرة حاسمة لتلبية مشكلات الشبكة التي يحركها الجيل. يتم تضمين منحنيات مناقصات درج المجمعين الناتجة إلى نموذج تدفق الطاقة الأمثل (OPF) لتحديد العروض الناجحة لإدارة قيود الشبكة مع تقليل الحوافز المدفوعة للمجمعات. وهذا يسمح بتحديد الحوافز والكميات مباشرة دون تكرارات مكثفة بين DSO والمجمعات. يُظهر تطبيق الإطار على وحدة التغذية الحضرية 11 كيلو فولت فعاليته في إدارة الازدحام. ومع ذلك، فإن الاختلافات الكبيرة في الأسعار الديناميكية تزيد من كميات الحوافز خاصة عندما يتم طلب خدمات المرونة في فترات المساء والليل.

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    Authors: Mohammed A. Hajahmed; Mohammed Hawa; Laith A. Shamlawi; Sahban Alnaser; +2 Authors

    Dans cet article, un schéma de protection de sauvegarde est présenté. Le schéma proposé utilise le concept d'un réseau de capteurs sans fil basé sur la radio cognitive pour mettre en œuvre un schéma de protection sans avoir besoin de fils électriques conventionnels et/ou de fibres optiques entre les transducteurs de courant et de tension, les panneaux de commande et les disjoncteurs. Le schéma proposé utilise des canaux de spectre sans licence en appliquant des algorithmes de détection de spectre et d'allocation de fréquence qui sont utilisés dans les systèmes basés sur la radio cognitive. L'importance du schéma proposé provient de sa rentabilité par rapport à la communication Ethernet à la fois filaire et sans fil si le transfert de données et l'échange de messages se font en utilisant une communication cognitive basée sur la radio sur des distances relativement longues. Le schéma proposé utilise un réseau de communication radio cognitif pour acheminer des signaux analogiques et numériques à l'intérieur d'une sous-station. De cette façon, il économise le coût des fils de cuivre et/ou de la fibre optique qui seraient utilisés pour transmettre des signaux numériques et analogiques. En outre, il ne nécessite pas les licences de spectre coûteuses qui auraient été achetées si les communications sans fil longue distance Ethernet étaient utilisées. Pour évaluer les avantages/défis liés à l'application de la communication cognitive basée sur la radio, une modélisation détaillée et réaliste des systèmes d'alimentation et des systèmes de communication cognitifs basés sur la radio est effectuée simultanément. Le schéma proposé est simulé à l'aide de Matlab/Simulink et la performance du schéma proposé a été étudiée dans différents scénarios de communication. En este documento, se presenta un esquema de protección de respaldo. El esquema propuesto utiliza el concepto de una red de sensores inalámbricos basados en radio cognitiva para implementar un esquema de protección sin la necesidad de cables eléctricos convencionales y/o fibra óptica entre transductores de corriente y voltaje, paneles de control y disyuntores. El esquema propuesto utiliza canales de espectro sin licencia mediante la aplicación de algoritmos de detección de espectro y asignación de frecuencia que se utilizan en sistemas cognitivos basados en radio. La importancia del esquema propuesto proviene de su rentabilidad en comparación con la comunicación Ethernet tanto por cable como inalámbrica si la transferencia de datos y el intercambio de mensajes se realiza utilizando comunicación cognitiva basada en radio para distancias relativamente largas. El esquema propuesto utiliza una red de comunicación cognitiva basada en radio para transmitir señales analógicas y digitales dentro de una subestación. De esta manera, se ahorra el coste de los hilos de cobre y/o fibra óptica que se utilizarían para transmitir señales digitales y analógicas. Además, no requiere las costosas licencias de espectro que se habrían comprado si se utilizaran comunicaciones inalámbricas de larga distancia Ethernet. Para evaluar los beneficios/desafíos relacionados con la aplicación de la comunicación basada en radio cognitiva, se realiza simultáneamente un modelado detallado y realista tanto de los sistemas de energía como de los sistemas de comunicación basados en radio cognitiva. El esquema propuesto se simula utilizando MATLAB/Simulink y se investigó el rendimiento del esquema propuesto en diferentes escenarios de comunicación. In this paper, a backup protection scheme is presented. The proposed scheme uses the concept of a cognitive radio-based wireless sensor network to implement a protection scheme without the need for conventional electric wires and/or optical fiber between current and voltage transducers, control panels, and circuit breakers. The proposed scheme uses unlicensed spectrum channels by applying spectrum sensing and frequency allocation algorithms that are used in cognitive radio based systems. The importance of the proposed scheme comes from its cost effectiveness compared to the Ethernet communication both wired and wireless if the data transfer and message exchange is done using cognitive radio_based communication for relatively long distances. The proposed scheme utilizes cognitive radio-based communication network to convey analog and digital signals within a substation. In this way, it saves the cost of the copper wires and/or optical fiber that would be used to transmit digital and analog signals. Further, it does not require the expensive spectrum licenses that would have been purchased if Ethernet long-distance wireless communications are utilized. To assess the benefits/challenges related to the application of cognitive radio_based communication, a detailed and realistic modeling of both power systems and cognitive radio_based communication systems is performed simultaneously. The proposed scheme is simulated using MATLAB/Simulink and performance of the proposed scheme was investigated under different communication scenarios. في هذه الورقة، يتم تقديم مخطط حماية احتياطي. يستخدم المخطط المقترح مفهوم شبكة استشعار لاسلكية معرفية قائمة على الراديو لتنفيذ مخطط حماية دون الحاجة إلى أسلاك كهربائية تقليدية و/أو ألياف ضوئية بين محولات التيار والجهد ولوحات التحكم وقواطع الدوائر. يستخدم المخطط المقترح قنوات طيفية غير مرخصة من خلال تطبيق خوارزميات استشعار الطيف وتخصيص الترددات المستخدمة في الأنظمة القائمة على الراديو المعرفي. تأتي أهمية المخطط المقترح من فعاليته من حيث التكلفة مقارنة باتصال الإيثرنت السلكي واللاسلكي إذا تم نقل البيانات وتبادل الرسائل باستخدام الاتصال المعرفي القائم على الراديو لمسافات طويلة نسبيًا. يستخدم المخطط المقترح شبكة الاتصالات المعرفية القائمة على الراديو لنقل الإشارات التناظرية والرقمية داخل محطة فرعية. وبهذه الطريقة، فإنه يوفر تكلفة الأسلاك النحاسية و/أو الألياف الضوئية التي سيتم استخدامها لنقل الإشارات الرقمية والتناظرية. علاوة على ذلك، لا يتطلب الأمر تراخيص الطيف الترددي باهظة الثمن التي كان سيتم شراؤها إذا تم استخدام اتصالات إيثرنت اللاسلكية لمسافات طويلة. لتقييم الفوائد/التحديات المتعلقة بتطبيق الاتصال المعرفي القائم على الراديو، يتم إجراء نمذجة مفصلة وواقعية لكل من أنظمة الطاقة وأنظمة الاتصال المعرفية القائمة على الراديو في وقت واحد. تتم محاكاة المخطط المقترح باستخدام MATLAB/Simulink وتم التحقيق في أداء المخطط المقترح في ظل سيناريوهات اتصال مختلفة.

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    Authors: Quiros, J.; Ochoa, L.F.; Alnaser, S.W.; Butler, T.;

    High penetrations of domestic electric vehicles (EVs) in UK low voltage (LV) networks may result in significant technical problems. This paper proposes an implementable, centralized control algorithm, currently being trialed in 9 UK residential LV networks, that uses limited information to manage EV charging points to mitigate these technical problems. Two real UK LV networks are used to quantify the potential impacts of different EV penetration levels and to demonstrate the effectiveness of the control algorithm (using different control cycles) for simultaneous thermal and voltage management. Monte Carlo simulations (adopting 1-min resolution data) are undertaken to cater for domestic and EV demand uncertainties. Results for these LV networks show that problems may occur for EV penetrations higher than 20%. More importantly, they highlight that even for a 100% penetration and control cycles of up to 10 min, the control algorithm successfully mitigates problems on the examined LV networks. Crucially, to determine effects on the comfort of EV users, a metric is introduced and discussed. The results of different control settings are presented to analyze potential adaptations of the control strategy. Finally, a comparison with an optimization framework highlights that the proposed algorithm is as effective whilst using limited information.

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    IEEE Transactions on Power Systems
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      IEEE Transactions on Power Systems
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    Authors: Alnaser, Sahban W.; Althaher, Sereen Z.; Long, Chao; Zhou, Yue; +2 Authors

    The transition towards low-carbon energy systems requires increasing the contribution of residential Photovoltaic (PV) in the energy consumption needs (i.e., PV self-consumption). For this purpose, the adoption of PV self-consumption policies as alternatives to the current net-metering policy may support harnessing batteries to improve PV self-consumption. However, the technical impacts of PV policies on distribution networks have to be adequately assessed and mitigated. To do so, a two-stage planning framework is proposed. The first stage is an optimization approach that determines the best sizes of PV and batteries based on the adopted PV policy. The second stage assesses the impacts of the resulting sizes on distribution networks using Monte-Carlo simulations to cope with uncertainties in demand and generation. The framework is applied on real medium and low voltage distribution networks from the south of Jordan. For the net-metering, the results show that the uptake of residential PV penetration above 40% will result in voltage issues. It is also found that the adoption of batteries for the benefits of customers (i.e., reduce electricity bills) will not mitigate the PV impacts for PV penetration above 60%. Further, the results demonstrate the important role of distribution network operators to manage the uptake of batteries for the benefits of customers and distribution networks. Network operators can support customers to adopt larger sizes of batteries to achieve the desired PV self-consumption in return of controlling the batteries to solve network issues. This facilitates the uptake of 100% PV penetration and improves PV self-consumption to 50%.

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    Cranfield CERES
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    Applied Energy
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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      Applied Energy
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    This paper presents a planning framework to find the minimum storage sizes (power and energy) at multiple locations in distribution networks to reduce curtailment from renewable distributed generation (DG), specifically wind farms, while managing congestion and voltages. A two-stage iterative process is adopted in this framework. The first stage uses a multi-period AC optimal power flow (OPF) across the studied horizon to obtain initial storage sizes considering hourly wind and load profiles. The second stage adopts a high granularity minute-by-minute control driven by a mono-period bi-level AC OPF to tune the first-stage storage sizes according to the actual curtailment. Congestion and voltages are managed through the optimal control of storage (active and reactive power), on-load tap changers (OLTCs), DG power factor, and DG curtailment as last resort. The proposed storage planning framework is applied to a real 33-kV network from the North West of England over one week. The results highlight that by embedding high granularity control aspects into planning, it is possible to more accurately size storage facilities. Moreover, intelligent management of further flexibility (i.e., OLTCs, storage, and DG power factor control) can lead to much smaller storage capacities. This, however, depends on the required level of curtailment.

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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    https://doi.org/10.1109/pesgm....
    Conference object . 2016 . Peer-reviewed
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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    IEEE Transactions on Power Systems
    Article . 2016 . Peer-reviewed
    License: IEEE Copyright
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ https://www.research...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      https://doi.org/10.1109/pesgm....
      Conference object . 2016 . Peer-reviewed
      License: STM Policy #29
      Data sources: Crossref
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      IEEE Transactions on Power Systems
      Article . 2016 . Peer-reviewed
      License: IEEE Copyright
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      This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.

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