• Energy Research

The prompt expansion of IoT devices necessitates advanced security frameworks to protect data integrity, confidentiality, and availability in resource-constrained environments. Traditional security solutions are often resource-intensive for IoT devices with limited computational power and energy resources. This study addresses these inadequacies by proposing a novel approach formulated to such constraints. This study propose the Trust-Enhanced Lightweight Security Framework (?SF), integrating two novel components: the Adaptive Lightweight Encryption Algorithm (ALEA) and the Trust-Aware Data Protection Model (TADPM). ALEA employs dynamic key generation through a lightweight hash function, ensuring unique and regularly updated encryption keys based on device context and behavior. TADPM enhances this framework by continuously assessing device trustworthiness through direct interactions, aggregated feedback from neighboring devices, and contextual parameters such as location and device capabilities. Performance evaluations demonstrate that ?SF significantly enhances security and operational efficiency, reducing computational overhead by 18%, improving energy efficiency by 20%, and increasing data transmission security by 10% compared to existing solutions.

Le réseau de capteurs corporels sans fil (WBSN) peut être envisagé comme une solution rentable pour fournir des services de surveillance et de reporting dans les applications médicales et non médicales afin d'améliorer la qualité de vie. La diffusion des données des patients en temps opportun et de manière fiable est l'une des nécessités des applications de soins de santé du WBSN. Les paquets de données critiques sont très sensibles au retard. Cependant, ces paquets atteignant la destination au-delà des délais sapent les avantages de tels réseaux. Pour fournir une surveillance de la santé en temps réel, un lien adéquat (en termes de fiabilité, de stabilité et de qualité de service) doit être maintenu. Cependant, les caractéristiques distinctives du WBSN posent plusieurs défis à relever, tels que des ressources limitées, une portée de transmission et des liaisons sans fil peu fiables en termes de qualité de service, car les radios de faible puissance sont sensibles aux interférences et au bruit. Par conséquent, certaines parties du réseau connaissent un niveau important de congestion, ce qui met à rude épreuve les liaisons de communication, la bande passante disponible, l'espace tampon insuffisant, le nombre accru de collisions, les pertes de paquets et les interruptions de transmission. Par conséquent, il est important d'importer la sensibilisation à la QoS dans les décisions de routage pour améliorer les performances du WBSN. Cet article propose un protocole de routage sensible à la QoS appelé TLD-RP (Temperature, Link-reliable, and Delay-aware Routing Protocol) pour WBSN. La plupart des protocoles de routage sensibles à la température proposés pour le WBSN intègrent des métriques de routage simples ou composites (température, nombre de sauts ou énergie). Cependant, la découverte d'itinéraires optimisés a été négligée dans la plupart des études précédentes sur les exigences de QoS telles que la fiabilité, la stabilité et le retard de liaison. Compte tenu de ces limitations, le TLD-RP proposé utilise une métrique de routage composite multi-facettes en examinant attentivement les exigences critiques de QoS pour le WBAN. La conception du schéma TLD-RP proposé est centrée sur la fiabilité de la liaison, le retard de chemin et la propriété asymétrique de la liaison. Ces facteurs de conception permettent au système TLD-RP proposé de prendre des décisions plus éclairées concernant les conditions dynamiques du canal. Les liaisons optimisées satisfaisant aux exigences de QoS sont sélectionnées pour le routage des paquets de données. Les résultats de la simulation confirment l'efficacité et l'efficience de la stratégie TLD-RP proposée en améliorant les performances du WBSN ainsi que le débit, la livraison des paquets, la surcharge du réseau et la stabilité des liaisons. La Red Inalámbrica de Sensores Corporales (WBSN) se puede concebir como una solución rentable para proporcionar servicios de monitoreo e informes en aplicaciones médicas y no médicas para mejorar la calidad de vida. La diseminación de datos de pacientes de manera oportuna y confiable es una de las necesidades de las aplicaciones de atención médica de WBSN. Los paquetes de datos críticos son muy sensibles al retardo. Sin embargo, estos paquetes que llegan al destino más allá de los plazos socavan el beneficio de dichas redes. Para proporcionar un monitoreo de salud en tiempo real, se debe mantener un enlace adecuado (en términos de confiabilidad, estabilidad y QoS). Sin embargo, las características distintivas de WBSN plantean varios desafíos que deben contrarrestarse, como recursos limitados, alcance de transmisión y enlaces inalámbricos poco confiables en términos de QoS, ya que las radios de baja potencia son sensibles a la interferencia y el ruido. En consecuencia, algunas partes de la red experimentan un nivel significativo de congestión, lo que tensa los enlaces de comunicación, el ancho de banda disponible, el espacio de búfer insuficiente, el aumento del número de colisiones, las pérdidas de paquetes y la interrupción de la transmisión. Por lo tanto, importar la conciencia de QoS en las decisiones de enrutamiento es importante para mejorar el rendimiento de WBSN. Este documento propone un protocolo de enrutamiento consciente de QoS llamado TLD-RP (Protocolo de enrutamiento consciente de temperatura, enlace y retardo) para WBSN. La mayoría de los protocolos de enrutamiento sensibles a la temperatura propuestos para la WBSN incorporan métricas de enrutamiento únicas o compuestas (temperatura, conteo de saltos o energía). Sin embargo, el descubrimiento de rutas optimizadas se ha pasado por alto en la mayoría de los estudios anteriores sobre los requisitos de QoS, como la fiabilidad, la estabilidad y el retraso del enlace. Teniendo en cuenta estas limitaciones, el TLD-RP propuesto hace uso de una métrica de enrutamiento compuesta multifacética al considerar cuidadosamente los requisitos críticos de QoS para el WBAN. El diseño del esquema TLD-RP propuesto se centra en la confiabilidad del enlace, el retardo de la ruta y la propiedad asimétrica del enlace. Estos factores de diseño permiten que el esquema TLD-RP propuesto tome decisiones más informadas con respecto a las condiciones dinámicas del canal. Los enlaces optimizados que satisfacen los requisitos de QoS se seleccionan para enrutar paquetes de datos. Los resultados de la simulación confirman la efectividad y la eficacia de la estrategia TLD-RP propuesta al mejorar el rendimiento de la WBSN junto con el rendimiento, la entrega de paquetes, la sobrecarga de la red y la estabilidad del enlace. The Wireless Body Sensor Network (WBSN) can be envisioned as a cost-effective solution to provide monitoring and reporting services in medical and non-medical applications to improve quality of life. The dissemination of patient data in a timely and reliable manner is one of the necessities of healthcare applications of WBSN. The critical data packets are highly delay-sensitive. However, these packets reaching the destination beyond timelines undermine the benefit of such networks. To provide real-time health monitoring an adequate link (in terms of reliability, stability, and QoS) has to be maintained. However, the distinguishing characteristics of WBSN pose several challenges to be countered such as limited resources, transmission range, and unreliable wireless links in terms of QoS as low-power radios are sensitive to interference and noise. Consequently, some portions of the network experience a significant level of congestion thereby strain the communication links, available bandwidth, insufficient buffer space, increased number of collisions, packet losses, and transmission disruption. Therefore, importing QoS awareness in routing decisions is important to improve the performance of WBSN. This paper proposes a QoS-aware routing protocol named TLD-RP (Temperature, Link-reliable, and Delay-aware Routing Protocol) for WBSN. Most of the temperature-aware routing protocols proposed for the WBSN incorporate either single or composite routing metrics (temperature, hop count, or energy). However, optimized route discovery has been overlooked in most of the previous studies on QoS requirements such as link reliability, stability, and link delay. Keeping in view these limitations, the proposed TLD-RP makes use of a multi-facet composite routing metric by carefully considering the critical QoS requirements for the WBAN. The design of the proposed TLD-RP scheme centers on the link's reliability, path delay, and link's asymmetric property. These design factors enable the proposed TLD-RP scheme to make more informed decisions regarding dynamic channel conditions. The optimized links satisfying the QoS requirements are selected for routing data packets. The simulation results confirm the effectiveness and efficacy of the proposed TLD-RP strategy by improving WBSN performance along with throughput, packet delivery, network overhead, and link stability. يمكن تصور شبكة مستشعر الجسم اللاسلكية (WBSN) كحل فعال من حيث التكلفة لتوفير خدمات المراقبة والإبلاغ في التطبيقات الطبية وغير الطبية لتحسين نوعية الحياة. يعد نشر بيانات المرضى في الوقت المناسب وبطريقة موثوقة أحد ضرورات تطبيقات الرعاية الصحية لـ WBSN. حزم البيانات الهامة حساسة للغاية للتأخير. ومع ذلك، فإن هذه الحزم التي تصل إلى الوجهة بعد الجداول الزمنية تقوض فائدة هذه الشبكات. لتوفير المراقبة الصحية في الوقت الفعلي، يجب الحفاظ على رابط مناسب (من حيث الموثوقية والاستقرار وجودة الخدمة). ومع ذلك، فإن الخصائص المميزة لـ WBSN تشكل العديد من التحديات التي يجب مواجهتها مثل الموارد المحدودة، ونطاق الإرسال، والروابط اللاسلكية غير الموثوقة من حيث جودة الخدمة حيث أن أجهزة الراديو منخفضة الطاقة حساسة للتداخل والضوضاء. وبالتالي، تعاني بعض أجزاء الشبكة من مستوى كبير من الازدحام مما يؤدي إلى إجهاد روابط الاتصال، وعرض النطاق الترددي المتاح، وعدم كفاية المساحة العازلة، وزيادة عدد التصادمات، وفقدان الحزم، وتعطيل الإرسال. لذلك، يعد استيراد الوعي بجودة الخدمة في قرارات التوجيه أمرًا مهمًا لتحسين أداء WBSN. تقترح هذه الورقة بروتوكول توجيه مدرك لجودة الخدمة يسمى TLD - RP (بروتوكول توجيه موثوق بدرجة الحرارة والارتباط والتأخير) لـ WBSN. تتضمن معظم بروتوكولات التوجيه الواعية لدرجة الحرارة المقترحة لـ WBSN إما مقاييس توجيه مفردة أو مركبة (درجة الحرارة أو عدد القفزات أو الطاقة). ومع ذلك، تم التغاضي عن اكتشاف المسار الأمثل في معظم الدراسات السابقة حول متطلبات جودة الخدمة مثل موثوقية الارتباط والاستقرار وتأخير الارتباط. مع مراعاة هذه القيود، يستخدم TLD - RP المقترح مقياس توجيه مركب متعدد الأوجه من خلال النظر بعناية في متطلبات جودة الخدمة الحرجة لـ WBAN. يركز تصميم مخطط TLD - RP المقترح على موثوقية الرابط وتأخير المسار وخاصية الرابط غير المتماثلة. تمكّن عوامل التصميم هذه مخطط TLD - RP المقترح من اتخاذ قرارات أكثر استنارة فيما يتعلق بشروط القناة الديناميكية. يتم اختيار الروابط المحسنة التي تفي بمتطلبات جودة الخدمة لتوجيه حزم البيانات. تؤكد نتائج المحاكاة فعالية وفعالية استراتيجية TLD - RP المقترحة من خلال تحسين أداء WBSN جنبًا إلى جنب مع الإنتاجية وتسليم الحزمة والنفقات العامة للشبكة واستقرار الارتباط.

In this work, a new orchestration of Consumer to Fog to Cloud (C2F2C) based framework is proposed for efficiently managing the resources in residential buildings. C2F2C is a three layered framework consisting of cloud layer, fog layer and consumer layer. Cloud layer deals with on-demand delivery of the consumer’s demands. Resource management is intelligently done through the fog layer because it reduces the latency and enhances the reliability of cloud. Consumer layer is based on the residential users and their electricity demands from the six regions of the world. These regions are categorized on the bases of the continents. Two control parameters are considered: clusters of buildings and load requests, whereas four performance parameters are considered: Request Per Hour (RPH), Response Time (RT), Processing Time (PT) and cost in terms of Virtual Machines (VMs), Microgrids (MGs) and data transfer. These parameters are analysed by the round robin algorithm, equally spread current execution algorithm and our proposed algorithm shortest job first. Two scenarios are used in the simulations: resource allocation using MGs and resource allocation using MGs and power storage devices for checking the effectiveness of the proposed work. The simulation results of the proposed technique show that it has outperformed the previous techniques in terms of the above-mentioned parameters. There exists a tradeoff in the PT and RT as compared to cost of VM, MG and data transfer.

In wireless multimedia networks, the Internet of Things (IoT) and visual sensors are used to interpret and exchange vast data in the form of images. The digital images are subsequently delivered to cloud systems via a sink node, where they are interacted with by smart communication systems using physical devices. Visual sensors are becoming a more significant part of digital systems and can help us live in a more intelligent world. However, for IoT-based data analytics, optimizing communications overhead by balancing the usage of energy and bandwidth resources is a new research challenge. Furthermore, protecting the IoT network’s data from anonymous attackers is critical. As a result, utilizing machine learning, this study proposes a mobile edge computing model with a secured cloud (MEC-Seccloud) for a sustainable Internet of Health Things (IoHT), providing real-time quality of service (QoS) for big data analytics while maintaining the integrity of green technologies. We investigate a reinforcement learning optimization technique to enable sensor interaction by examining metaheuristic methods and optimally transferring health-related information with the interaction of mobile edges. Furthermore, two-phase encryptions are used to guarantee data concealment and to provide secured wireless connectivity with cloud networks. The proposed model has shown considerable performance for various network metrics compared with earlier studies.

With the increase in local energy generation from Renewable Energy Sources (RESs), the concept of decentralized peer-to-peer Local Energy Market (LEM) is becoming popular. In this paper, a blockchain-based LEM is investigated, where consumers and prosumers in a small community trade energy without the need for a third party. In the proposed model, a Home Energy Management (HEM) system and demurrage mechanism are introduced, which allow both the prosumers and consumers to optimize their energy consumption and to minimize electricity costs. This method also allows end-users to shift their load to off-peak hours and to use cheap energy from the LEM. The proposed solution shows how energy consumption and electricity cost are optimized using HEM and demurrage mechanism. It also provides economic benefits at both the community and end-user levels and provides sufficient energy to the LEM. The simulation results show that electricity cost is reduced up to 44.73% and 28.55% when the scheduling algorithm is applied using the Critical Peak Price (CPP) and Real-Time Price (RTP) schemes, respectively. Similarly, 65.15% and 35.09% of costs are reduced when CPP and RTP are applied with demurrage mechanism. Moreover, 51.80% and 44.37% electricity costs reduction is observed when CPP and RTP are used with both demurrage and scheduling algorithm. We also carried out security vulnerability analysis to ensure that our energy trading smart contract is secure and bug-free against the common vulnerabilities and attacks.

Internet of Things (IoT) is a developing technology for supporting heterogeneous physical objects into smart things and improving the individuals living using wireless communication systems. Recently, many smart healthcare systems are based on the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) to collect and analyze the data for infectious diseases, i.e., body fever, flu, COVID-19, shortness of breath, etc. with the least operation cost. However, the most important research challenges in such applications are storing the medical data on a secured cloud and make the disease diagnosis system more energy efficient. Additionally, the rapid explosion of IoMT technology has involved many cyber-criminals and continuous attempts to compromise medical devices with information loss and generating bogus certificates. Thus, the increase in modern technologies for healthcare applications based on IoMT, securing health data, and offering trusted communication against intruders is gaining much research attention. Therefore, this study aims to propose an energy-efficient IoT e-health model using artificial intelligence with homomorphic secret sharing, which aims to increase the maintainability of disease diagnosis systems and support trustworthy communication with the integration of the medical cloud. The proposed model is analyzed and proved its significance against relevant systems.

The Internet of Things (IoT) is an emerging technology and provides connectivity among physical objects with the support of 5G communication. In recent decades, there have been a lot of applications based on IoT technology for the sustainability of smart cities, such as farming, e-healthcare, education, smart homes, weather monitoring, etc. These applications communicate in a collaborative manner between embedded IoT devices and systematize daily routine tasks. In the literature, many solutions facilitate remote users to gather the observed data by accessing the stored information on the cloud network and lead to smart systems. However, most of the solutions raise significant research challenges regarding information sharing in mobile IoT networks and must be able to stabilize the performance of smart operations in terms of security and intelligence. Many solutions are based on 5G communication to support high user mobility and increase the connectivity among a huge number of IoT devices. However, such approaches lack user and data privacy against anonymous threats and incur resource costs. In this paper, we present a mobility support 5G architecture with real-time routing for sustainable smart cities that aims to decrease the loss of data against network disconnectivity and increase the reliability for 5G-based public healthcare networks. The proposed architecture firstly establishes a mutual relationship among the nodes and mobile sink with shared secret information and lightweight processing. Secondly, multi-secured levels are proposed to protect the interaction with smart transmission systems by increasing the trust threshold over the insecure channels. The conducted experiments are analyzed, and it is concluded that their performance significantly increases the information sustainability for mobile networks in terms of security and routing.