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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Michael F. Zaeh; S. Braunreuther; R. Daub; T. Stadler;

    AbstractSafety is compulsory in today’s production lines. Those lines often use laser material processing applications. The highest risk for the operator or a bystander of a laser application is the exposure to the direct beam. With the present laser beam intensities, an accident at least causes sudden blindness or severe burns. Even if the process works correctly, which means the beam is always oriented towards the workpiece, the scattered and reflected parts of the laser beam still can be powerful enough to cause serious harm. The state-of-the-art safety measures are passive laser safety cabins around the application. Because of the high intensities and the low beam divergence of the highly brilliant laser beam sources, they cannot guarantee a safe use of these laser applications. An option is to use active laser safety barriers that react to an impinging laser beam on its surface.A new approach to guarantee laser safety is to monitor the system and watch for incidents, to ensure that the laser spot never reaches the safety barrier. Assuming that accidents with the direct laser beam cannot occur, the passive safety measures still have to withstand the reflected laser radiation.In this paper a theoretical model is presented with which the energy distribution in a hemisphere above a deep-welding-process can be calculated. The model was calibrated and validated with intensity measurements during a welding process. The results of the measurement can be used to develop a process-tailored safety cabin. Because of the increased mobility such a system increases the flexibility of the production cell. Furthermore, the costs for laser-safety may be decreased significantly.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Physics Procediaarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Physics Procedia
    Article . 2010 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY NC ND
    Data sources: Crossref
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Physics Procedia
    Article
    Data sources: UnpayWall
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Physics Procedia
    Article . 2010
    License: CC BY NC ND
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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    You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.
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    citations2
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Physics Procediaarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Physics Procedia
      Article . 2010 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY NC ND
      Data sources: Crossref
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Physics Procedia
      Article
      Data sources: UnpayWall
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Physics Procedia
      Article . 2010
      License: CC BY NC ND
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      addClaim

      This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.

      You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.
  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Michael F. Zaeh; S. Braunreuther; R. Daub; T. Stadler;

    AbstractSafety is compulsory in today’s production lines. Those lines often use laser material processing applications. The highest risk for the operator or a bystander of a laser application is the exposure to the direct beam. With the present laser beam intensities, an accident at least causes sudden blindness or severe burns. Even if the process works correctly, which means the beam is always oriented towards the workpiece, the scattered and reflected parts of the laser beam still can be powerful enough to cause serious harm. The state-of-the-art safety measures are passive laser safety cabins around the application. Because of the high intensities and the low beam divergence of the highly brilliant laser beam sources, they cannot guarantee a safe use of these laser applications. An option is to use active laser safety barriers that react to an impinging laser beam on its surface.A new approach to guarantee laser safety is to monitor the system and watch for incidents, to ensure that the laser spot never reaches the safety barrier. Assuming that accidents with the direct laser beam cannot occur, the passive safety measures still have to withstand the reflected laser radiation.In this paper a theoretical model is presented with which the energy distribution in a hemisphere above a deep-welding-process can be calculated. The model was calibrated and validated with intensity measurements during a welding process. The results of the measurement can be used to develop a process-tailored safety cabin. Because of the increased mobility such a system increases the flexibility of the production cell. Furthermore, the costs for laser-safety may be decreased significantly.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Physics Procediaarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Physics Procedia
    Article . 2010 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY NC ND
    Data sources: Crossref
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Physics Procedia
    Article
    Data sources: UnpayWall
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Physics Procedia
    Article . 2010
    License: CC BY NC ND
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    addClaim

    This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.

    You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.
    2
    citations2
    popularityAverage
    influenceAverage
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    BIP!Powered by BIP!
    more_vert
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Physics Procediaarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Physics Procedia
      Article . 2010 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY NC ND
      Data sources: Crossref
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Physics Procedia
      Article
      Data sources: UnpayWall
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Physics Procedia
      Article . 2010
      License: CC BY NC ND
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      addClaim

      This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.

      You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.
  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Sajedeh Haghi; Armin Summer; Philipp Bauerschmidt; Rüdiger Daub;

    Following the introduction of Industry 4.0 and the development of information technologies, manufacturing companies have been undergoing a profound transformation. This transformation envisions the realization of the smart factory as a fully connected, flexible production system regulated by data. Digitalization and collection of the critical parameters are the vital prerequisites for this vision. Electrode manufacturing is regarded as the core phase in the battery cell production, having most of the properties determining the electrochemical performance of the battery cell established in this phase. There are a high number of parameters involved in electrode manufacturing. The digitalization of these parameters is associated with a considerable amount of effort and costs. Introducing a tailored digitalization concept provides the first step toward smart battery cell production. The tailored digitalization concept is based on the importance of the parameters from the quality management perspective and their complexity with regard to digitalization. The prioritization of parameters enables a successive quality‐oriented digitalization strategy. The concept is built on a two‐step literature‐based and expert‐based approach. The results include a comprehensive list of parameters and their prioritization for digitalization and integration in a tracking and tracing concept.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Energy Technologyarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Energy Technology
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Crossref
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    MediaTUM
    Article . 2021
    Data sources: MediaTUM
    addClaim

    This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.

    You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.
    Access Routes
    Green
    hybrid
    13
    citations13
    popularityTop 10%
    influenceAverage
    impulseTop 10%
    BIP!Powered by BIP!
    more_vert
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Energy Technologyarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Energy Technology
      Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: Crossref
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      MediaTUM
      Article . 2021
      Data sources: MediaTUM
      addClaim

      This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.

      You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.
  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Sajedeh Haghi; Armin Summer; Philipp Bauerschmidt; Rüdiger Daub;

    Following the introduction of Industry 4.0 and the development of information technologies, manufacturing companies have been undergoing a profound transformation. This transformation envisions the realization of the smart factory as a fully connected, flexible production system regulated by data. Digitalization and collection of the critical parameters are the vital prerequisites for this vision. Electrode manufacturing is regarded as the core phase in the battery cell production, having most of the properties determining the electrochemical performance of the battery cell established in this phase. There are a high number of parameters involved in electrode manufacturing. The digitalization of these parameters is associated with a considerable amount of effort and costs. Introducing a tailored digitalization concept provides the first step toward smart battery cell production. The tailored digitalization concept is based on the importance of the parameters from the quality management perspective and their complexity with regard to digitalization. The prioritization of parameters enables a successive quality‐oriented digitalization strategy. The concept is built on a two‐step literature‐based and expert‐based approach. The results include a comprehensive list of parameters and their prioritization for digitalization and integration in a tracking and tracing concept.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Energy Technologyarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Energy Technology
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Crossref
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    MediaTUM
    Article . 2021
    Data sources: MediaTUM
    addClaim

    This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.

    You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.
    Access Routes
    Green
    hybrid
    13
    citations13
    popularityTop 10%
    influenceAverage
    impulseTop 10%
    BIP!Powered by BIP!
    more_vert
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Energy Technologyarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Energy Technology
      Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: Crossref
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      MediaTUM
      Article . 2021
      Data sources: MediaTUM
      addClaim

      This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.

      You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.
  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Sandro Stock; Jonas Böhm; Manuel Ank; Philipp Rath; +2 Authors

    Formation is among the most time-intensive process steps during lithium-ion battery production due to complex electrochemical reactions. To reduce production costs, fast formation strategies are required that do not diminish the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) and thus the cell quality. In this work, a novel approach to optimize formation based on inline gas analysis is presented. Critical potential ranges for SEI formation are revealed by coupling impedance analysis with gas volume measurement using a pouch cell with a gold wire reference electrode and a cell expansion bracket. Based on the gas evolution profile of 4Ah NMC/graphite pouch cells, two formation strategies were derived that reduce the processing time from approx. 53.3h to 5.3h and 2.4h. A comprehensive end-of-line (EOL) test, which included a 72h calendar aging, C/3 capacity determination as well as EIS and DCIR measurements at 80%, 50%, and 20% SOC, showed no significant decrease in cell quality. The subsequent cycle life test revealed an 11.5% reduced mean cycle life for the 5.3h formation protocol, and a 6.6% increased cycle life for the 2.4h formation protocol, in relation to a common three-cycle reference protocol. Finally, early cycle life prediction was performed to enable a rapid evaluation of the cell quality using the first 50 cycles from cycle life testing only. A mean test accuracy of 7.4% was achieved when using multiple input features from the EOL test and early cycling. The results highlight the great potential of data-driven approaches to optimize formation strategies and accelerate process development in battery production.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Journal of Power Sou...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Journal of Power Sources
    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY NC
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      Journal of Power Sources
      Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Sandro Stock; Jonas Böhm; Manuel Ank; Philipp Rath; +2 Authors

    Formation is among the most time-intensive process steps during lithium-ion battery production due to complex electrochemical reactions. To reduce production costs, fast formation strategies are required that do not diminish the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) and thus the cell quality. In this work, a novel approach to optimize formation based on inline gas analysis is presented. Critical potential ranges for SEI formation are revealed by coupling impedance analysis with gas volume measurement using a pouch cell with a gold wire reference electrode and a cell expansion bracket. Based on the gas evolution profile of 4Ah NMC/graphite pouch cells, two formation strategies were derived that reduce the processing time from approx. 53.3h to 5.3h and 2.4h. A comprehensive end-of-line (EOL) test, which included a 72h calendar aging, C/3 capacity determination as well as EIS and DCIR measurements at 80%, 50%, and 20% SOC, showed no significant decrease in cell quality. The subsequent cycle life test revealed an 11.5% reduced mean cycle life for the 5.3h formation protocol, and a 6.6% increased cycle life for the 2.4h formation protocol, in relation to a common three-cycle reference protocol. Finally, early cycle life prediction was performed to enable a rapid evaluation of the cell quality using the first 50 cycles from cycle life testing only. A mean test accuracy of 7.4% was achieved when using multiple input features from the EOL test and early cycling. The results highlight the great potential of data-driven approaches to optimize formation strategies and accelerate process development in battery production.

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    Journal of Power Sources
    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
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      Journal of Power Sources
      Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Sajedeh Haghi; Yao Chen; Annika Molzberger; Rüdiger Daub;

    AbstractElectrode manufacturing, as the core of battery cell production, is a complex process chain with a large number of interrelated parameters. An in‐depth understanding of the processes, their relevant parameters, and the resulting effects on intermediate and final product properties can accelerate the transition toward quality‐oriented, efficient battery cell production. Given the complexity of the process chain, data‐driven models have emerged as promising solutions for analyzing the existing interdependencies. The accuracy and effectiveness of these models significantly depend on the quality and comprehensiveness of the underlying data. With a low‐quality dataset, there is an increased risk of drawing inaccurate conclusions or generating misleading results. This article aimed to demonstrate a use case for the evaluation and enhancement of historical datasets to provide a statistically robust foundation for the development of machine learning models. The study was based on pilot‐scale anode manufacturing and covered variations in the coating, drying, and calendering processes. The key intermediate product and process parameters were used to predict two primary target variables: adhesion strength and discharge capacity at different C‐rates. To gain a better understanding of the analyzed interdependencies, explainable machine learning methods were adopted.

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    Batteries & Supercaps
    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
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      Batteries & Supercaps
      Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Sajedeh Haghi; Yao Chen; Annika Molzberger; Rüdiger Daub;

    AbstractElectrode manufacturing, as the core of battery cell production, is a complex process chain with a large number of interrelated parameters. An in‐depth understanding of the processes, their relevant parameters, and the resulting effects on intermediate and final product properties can accelerate the transition toward quality‐oriented, efficient battery cell production. Given the complexity of the process chain, data‐driven models have emerged as promising solutions for analyzing the existing interdependencies. The accuracy and effectiveness of these models significantly depend on the quality and comprehensiveness of the underlying data. With a low‐quality dataset, there is an increased risk of drawing inaccurate conclusions or generating misleading results. This article aimed to demonstrate a use case for the evaluation and enhancement of historical datasets to provide a statistically robust foundation for the development of machine learning models. The study was based on pilot‐scale anode manufacturing and covered variations in the coating, drying, and calendering processes. The key intermediate product and process parameters were used to predict two primary target variables: adhesion strength and discharge capacity at different C‐rates. To gain a better understanding of the analyzed interdependencies, explainable machine learning methods were adopted.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Batteries & Supercap...arrow_drop_down
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    Batteries & Supercaps
    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
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      Batteries & Supercaps
      Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Jan Hagemeister; Florian J. Günter; Thomas Rinner; Franziska Zhu; +2 Authors

    In order to meet consumer demands for electric transportation, the energy density of lithium-ion batteries (LIB) must be improved. Therefore, a trend to increase the overall size of the individual cell and to decrease the share of inactive materials is needed. The process of electrolyte filling involves the injection of electrolyte liquid into the cell, as well as the absorption of the electrolyte into the pores of the electrodes and the separator, which is known as wetting. The trend towards larger-format LIB challenges the electrolyte filling due to an increase in wetting distance for the electrolyte as well as a decrease in the void volume of the cell. The optimization of the process via numerical simulation promises to reduce costs and ensure quality during battery production. The two models developed in this study are based on a commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) program to study the effect of process parameters, such as pressure and temperature, on the filling process. The results were verified with neutron radiography images of the dosing process and a feasibility study for a wetting simulation is shown. For all simulations, specific recommendations are provided to set up the electrolyte filling process, based on which factors generate the greatest improvement.

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    Batteries
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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    Batteries
    Article . 2022
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    MediaTUM
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      Batteries
      Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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      Batteries
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    Authors: Jan Hagemeister; Florian J. Günter; Thomas Rinner; Franziska Zhu; +2 Authors

    In order to meet consumer demands for electric transportation, the energy density of lithium-ion batteries (LIB) must be improved. Therefore, a trend to increase the overall size of the individual cell and to decrease the share of inactive materials is needed. The process of electrolyte filling involves the injection of electrolyte liquid into the cell, as well as the absorption of the electrolyte into the pores of the electrodes and the separator, which is known as wetting. The trend towards larger-format LIB challenges the electrolyte filling due to an increase in wetting distance for the electrolyte as well as a decrease in the void volume of the cell. The optimization of the process via numerical simulation promises to reduce costs and ensure quality during battery production. The two models developed in this study are based on a commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) program to study the effect of process parameters, such as pressure and temperature, on the filling process. The results were verified with neutron radiography images of the dosing process and a feasibility study for a wetting simulation is shown. For all simulations, specific recommendations are provided to set up the electrolyte filling process, based on which factors generate the greatest improvement.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Batteriesarrow_drop_down
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    Batteries
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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    Batteries
    Article . 2022
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    MediaTUM
    Article . 2021
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      Batteries
      Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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      Batteries
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    Authors: Sandro Stock; Felix Diller; Jonas Böhm; Lucas Hille; +3 Authors

    Improving the energy density of lithium-ion batteries advances the use of novel electrode materials having a high specific capacity, such as nickel-rich cathodes and silicon-containing anodes. These materials exhibit a high level of gas evolution during formation, which poses a safety hazard during operation. Analyzing the gas volume and the gassing duration is thus crucial to assess material properties and determining suitable formation procedures. This paper presents a novel method for evaluating both gassing and swelling simultaneously to determine the operando gas evolution of pouch cells with volume resolutions below 1 μl. Dual 1D dilatometry is performed using a cell expansion bracket which applies a quasi-constant force on the cell, thus providing reproducible formation conditions. The method was validated using the immersion bath measurement method and NCM/graphite pouch cells were compared to high-energy NCA/silicon-graphite pouch cells. Silicon-containing cells exhibited gas evolution higher by a factor of seven over ten successive cycles, thus demonstrating the challenges of high-silicon anodes. The concurrent dilation analysis further revealed a constant thickness increase over the formation, indicating continuous SEI growth and lithium loss. Consequently, the method can be used to select an ideal degassing time and to adjust the formation protocols with respect to gas evolution.

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    Journal of The Electrochemical Society
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      Journal of The Electrochemical Society
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Sandro Stock; Felix Diller; Jonas Böhm; Lucas Hille; +3 Authors

    Improving the energy density of lithium-ion batteries advances the use of novel electrode materials having a high specific capacity, such as nickel-rich cathodes and silicon-containing anodes. These materials exhibit a high level of gas evolution during formation, which poses a safety hazard during operation. Analyzing the gas volume and the gassing duration is thus crucial to assess material properties and determining suitable formation procedures. This paper presents a novel method for evaluating both gassing and swelling simultaneously to determine the operando gas evolution of pouch cells with volume resolutions below 1 μl. Dual 1D dilatometry is performed using a cell expansion bracket which applies a quasi-constant force on the cell, thus providing reproducible formation conditions. The method was validated using the immersion bath measurement method and NCM/graphite pouch cells were compared to high-energy NCA/silicon-graphite pouch cells. Silicon-containing cells exhibited gas evolution higher by a factor of seven over ten successive cycles, thus demonstrating the challenges of high-silicon anodes. The concurrent dilation analysis further revealed a constant thickness increase over the formation, indicating continuous SEI growth and lithium loss. Consequently, the method can be used to select an ideal degassing time and to adjust the formation protocols with respect to gas evolution.

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    Journal of The Electrochemical Society
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      Journal of The Electrochemical Society
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    Authors: Célestine Singer; Lorenz Kopp; Milot Aruqaj; Rüdiger Daub;

    Sulfide‐based all‐solid‐state batteries are a promising future cell concept to enhance energy densities and create an advantage in safety aspects in comparison to conventional lithium–ion batteries. To guarantee a high performance of the cells, a pronounced interfacial contact between the single components and a homogeneous microstructure is essential to reduce ionic resistances and enhance mechanical stability. To produce sheets on a large scale, established processes such as mixing, coating, drying, and calendering can be applied. The drying process is the most energy consuming and cost‐intensive process with major influence on the component's microstructure and mechanical properties. As the latter is of particular importance for industry‐relevant manufacturing, this research study focuses on the influence of process and product parameters on prevailing microstructural phenomena and adhesion strength of sulfidic composite cathodes and separators. Results show that the microstructure is changed at temperatures above 50 °C, leading to a significant loss of adhesion strength.

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    Energy Technology
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      Energy Technology
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    Authors: Célestine Singer; Lorenz Kopp; Milot Aruqaj; Rüdiger Daub;

    Sulfide‐based all‐solid‐state batteries are a promising future cell concept to enhance energy densities and create an advantage in safety aspects in comparison to conventional lithium–ion batteries. To guarantee a high performance of the cells, a pronounced interfacial contact between the single components and a homogeneous microstructure is essential to reduce ionic resistances and enhance mechanical stability. To produce sheets on a large scale, established processes such as mixing, coating, drying, and calendering can be applied. The drying process is the most energy consuming and cost‐intensive process with major influence on the component's microstructure and mechanical properties. As the latter is of particular importance for industry‐relevant manufacturing, this research study focuses on the influence of process and product parameters on prevailing microstructural phenomena and adhesion strength of sulfidic composite cathodes and separators. Results show that the microstructure is changed at temperatures above 50 °C, leading to a significant loss of adhesion strength.

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    Energy Technology
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      Energy Technology
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  • Authors: Töpper, Hans-Christoph; Lechner, Maximilian; Kupec, Moritz; Daub, Rüdiger;

    All-solid-state batteries possess multiple advantages compared to already established battery technologies. Therefore, they are emerging as promising candidates for the sustainable storage of energy and acceleration of electrification in multiple fields. Despite the rapidly growing interest and vast material and cell design research activities, all-solid-state batteries are still in their infancy stage. Both market entry and full exploitation of the storage potential now mainly depend on the development of production technology empowering the large-scale breakthrough. Thereby, the selection of suitable manufacturing routes and development of production processes resulting from the novel components and materials plays a key role. To provide a better understanding and a systematic approach for the analysis of all-solid-state battery production, a holistic Matlab-based SimEvents factory simulation model is presented in this work. It enables the modeling and simulation of all-solid-state battery production scenarios consisting of a certain material choice, process steps, sequence, process parameters, storage capacity, and boundary conditions such as throughput, downtime, and scrap rate. An algorithm automatically performs the evaluation and comparison of the scenarios regarding production-related KPIs such as ramp-up time, capacity utilization, circulating stock, and storage load. In addition, the highly complex and nonlinear dependencies specific for all-solid-state battery production, as well as bottlenecks between the processes, are quantified. As a result, the factory model enables the optimization of manufacturing routes and production processes depending on the product design at a very early stage and the low-level maturity of this new energy storage technology.

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  • Authors: Töpper, Hans-Christoph; Lechner, Maximilian; Kupec, Moritz; Daub, Rüdiger;

    All-solid-state batteries possess multiple advantages compared to already established battery technologies. Therefore, they are emerging as promising candidates for the sustainable storage of energy and acceleration of electrification in multiple fields. Despite the rapidly growing interest and vast material and cell design research activities, all-solid-state batteries are still in their infancy stage. Both market entry and full exploitation of the storage potential now mainly depend on the development of production technology empowering the large-scale breakthrough. Thereby, the selection of suitable manufacturing routes and development of production processes resulting from the novel components and materials plays a key role. To provide a better understanding and a systematic approach for the analysis of all-solid-state battery production, a holistic Matlab-based SimEvents factory simulation model is presented in this work. It enables the modeling and simulation of all-solid-state battery production scenarios consisting of a certain material choice, process steps, sequence, process parameters, storage capacity, and boundary conditions such as throughput, downtime, and scrap rate. An algorithm automatically performs the evaluation and comparison of the scenarios regarding production-related KPIs such as ramp-up time, capacity utilization, circulating stock, and storage load. In addition, the highly complex and nonlinear dependencies specific for all-solid-state battery production, as well as bottlenecks between the processes, are quantified. As a result, the factory model enables the optimization of manufacturing routes and production processes depending on the product design at a very early stage and the low-level maturity of this new energy storage technology.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Sajedeh Haghi; Josef Keilhofer; Nico Schwarz; Pengdan He; +1 Authors

    AbstractBattery cell production is a key contributor to achieving a net‐zero future. A comprehensive understanding of the various process steps and their interdependencies is essential for speeding up the commercialization of newly developed materials and optimizing production processes. While several approaches have been employed to analyze and understand the complexity of the process chain and its interdependencies – ranging from expert‐ and simulation‐based to data‐driven – the latter holds significant potential for real‐time application. This is particularly relevant for inline process control and optimization. To streamline the development and implementation of data‐driven models, a holistic framework that encompasses all necessary steps – from identification of relevant parameters and generation of data to development of models – is imperative. This article aims to address this objective by presenting a comprehensive and systematic methodology, demonstrated for efficient cross‐process analysis in electrode manufacturing. Through the combined utilization of design of experiments methods, data‐driven models, and explainable machine learning methods, the interdependencies between production parameters and the physical, mechanical, and electrochemical characteristics of the electrodes were uncovered. These actionable insights are essential for enabling informed decision‐making, facilitating the selection of appropriate process parameters, and ultimately optimizing the production process.

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    Batteries & Supercaps
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      Batteries & Supercaps
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    Authors: Sajedeh Haghi; Josef Keilhofer; Nico Schwarz; Pengdan He; +1 Authors

    AbstractBattery cell production is a key contributor to achieving a net‐zero future. A comprehensive understanding of the various process steps and their interdependencies is essential for speeding up the commercialization of newly developed materials and optimizing production processes. While several approaches have been employed to analyze and understand the complexity of the process chain and its interdependencies – ranging from expert‐ and simulation‐based to data‐driven – the latter holds significant potential for real‐time application. This is particularly relevant for inline process control and optimization. To streamline the development and implementation of data‐driven models, a holistic framework that encompasses all necessary steps – from identification of relevant parameters and generation of data to development of models – is imperative. This article aims to address this objective by presenting a comprehensive and systematic methodology, demonstrated for efficient cross‐process analysis in electrode manufacturing. Through the combined utilization of design of experiments methods, data‐driven models, and explainable machine learning methods, the interdependencies between production parameters and the physical, mechanical, and electrochemical characteristics of the electrodes were uncovered. These actionable insights are essential for enabling informed decision‐making, facilitating the selection of appropriate process parameters, and ultimately optimizing the production process.

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    Batteries & Supercaps
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      Batteries & Supercaps
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Manuel Ank; Alessandro Sommer; Kareem Abo Gamra; Jan Schöberl; +12 Authors

    Battery research depends upon up-to-date information on the cell characteristics found in current electric vehicles, which is exacerbated by the deployment of novel formats and architectures. This necessitates open access to cell characterization data. Therefore, this study examines the architecture and performance of first-generation Tesla 4680 cells in detail, both by electrical characterization and thermal investigations at cell-level and by disassembling one cell down to the material level including a three-electrode analysis. The cell teardown reveals the complex cell architecture with electrode disks of hexagonal symmetry as well as an electrode winding consisting of a double-sided and homogeneously coated cathode and anode, two separators and no mandrel. A solvent-free anode fabrication and coating process can be derived. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy as well as differential voltage, incremental capacity and three-electrode analysis confirm a NMC811 cathode and a pure graphite anode without silicon. On cell-level, energy densities of 622.4 Wh/L and 232.5 Wh/kg were determined while characteristic state-of-charge dependencies regarding resistance and impedance behavior are revealed using hybrid pulse power characterization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. A comparatively high surface temperature of ∼70 °C is observed when charging at 2C without active cooling. All measurement data of this characterization study are provided as open source.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Journal of The Elect...arrow_drop_down
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    Journal of The Electrochemical Society
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Journal of The Elect...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Journal of The Electrochemical Society
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Manuel Ank; Alessandro Sommer; Kareem Abo Gamra; Jan Schöberl; +12 Authors

    Battery research depends upon up-to-date information on the cell characteristics found in current electric vehicles, which is exacerbated by the deployment of novel formats and architectures. This necessitates open access to cell characterization data. Therefore, this study examines the architecture and performance of first-generation Tesla 4680 cells in detail, both by electrical characterization and thermal investigations at cell-level and by disassembling one cell down to the material level including a three-electrode analysis. The cell teardown reveals the complex cell architecture with electrode disks of hexagonal symmetry as well as an electrode winding consisting of a double-sided and homogeneously coated cathode and anode, two separators and no mandrel. A solvent-free anode fabrication and coating process can be derived. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy as well as differential voltage, incremental capacity and three-electrode analysis confirm a NMC811 cathode and a pure graphite anode without silicon. On cell-level, energy densities of 622.4 Wh/L and 232.5 Wh/kg were determined while characteristic state-of-charge dependencies regarding resistance and impedance behavior are revealed using hybrid pulse power characterization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. A comparatively high surface temperature of ∼70 °C is observed when charging at 2C without active cooling. All measurement data of this characterization study are provided as open source.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Journal of The Elect...arrow_drop_down
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    Journal of The Electrochemical Society
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
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      Journal of The Electrochemical Society
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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26 Research products
  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Michael F. Zaeh; S. Braunreuther; R. Daub; T. Stadler;

    AbstractSafety is compulsory in today’s production lines. Those lines often use laser material processing applications. The highest risk for the operator or a bystander of a laser application is the exposure to the direct beam. With the present laser beam intensities, an accident at least causes sudden blindness or severe burns. Even if the process works correctly, which means the beam is always oriented towards the workpiece, the scattered and reflected parts of the laser beam still can be powerful enough to cause serious harm. The state-of-the-art safety measures are passive laser safety cabins around the application. Because of the high intensities and the low beam divergence of the highly brilliant laser beam sources, they cannot guarantee a safe use of these laser applications. An option is to use active laser safety barriers that react to an impinging laser beam on its surface.A new approach to guarantee laser safety is to monitor the system and watch for incidents, to ensure that the laser spot never reaches the safety barrier. Assuming that accidents with the direct laser beam cannot occur, the passive safety measures still have to withstand the reflected laser radiation.In this paper a theoretical model is presented with which the energy distribution in a hemisphere above a deep-welding-process can be calculated. The model was calibrated and validated with intensity measurements during a welding process. The results of the measurement can be used to develop a process-tailored safety cabin. Because of the increased mobility such a system increases the flexibility of the production cell. Furthermore, the costs for laser-safety may be decreased significantly.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Physics Procediaarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Physics Procedia
    Article . 2010 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY NC ND
    Data sources: Crossref
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Physics Procedia
    Article
    Data sources: UnpayWall
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Physics Procedia
    Article . 2010
    License: CC BY NC ND
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Physics Procediaarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Physics Procedia
      Article . 2010 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY NC ND
      Data sources: Crossref
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Physics Procedia
      Article
      Data sources: UnpayWall
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Physics Procedia
      Article . 2010
      License: CC BY NC ND
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Michael F. Zaeh; S. Braunreuther; R. Daub; T. Stadler;

    AbstractSafety is compulsory in today’s production lines. Those lines often use laser material processing applications. The highest risk for the operator or a bystander of a laser application is the exposure to the direct beam. With the present laser beam intensities, an accident at least causes sudden blindness or severe burns. Even if the process works correctly, which means the beam is always oriented towards the workpiece, the scattered and reflected parts of the laser beam still can be powerful enough to cause serious harm. The state-of-the-art safety measures are passive laser safety cabins around the application. Because of the high intensities and the low beam divergence of the highly brilliant laser beam sources, they cannot guarantee a safe use of these laser applications. An option is to use active laser safety barriers that react to an impinging laser beam on its surface.A new approach to guarantee laser safety is to monitor the system and watch for incidents, to ensure that the laser spot never reaches the safety barrier. Assuming that accidents with the direct laser beam cannot occur, the passive safety measures still have to withstand the reflected laser radiation.In this paper a theoretical model is presented with which the energy distribution in a hemisphere above a deep-welding-process can be calculated. The model was calibrated and validated with intensity measurements during a welding process. The results of the measurement can be used to develop a process-tailored safety cabin. Because of the increased mobility such a system increases the flexibility of the production cell. Furthermore, the costs for laser-safety may be decreased significantly.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Physics Procediaarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Physics Procedia
    Article . 2010 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY NC ND
    Data sources: Crossref
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Physics Procedia
    Article
    Data sources: UnpayWall
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Physics Procedia
    Article . 2010
    License: CC BY NC ND
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Physics Procediaarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Physics Procedia
      Article . 2010 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY NC ND
      Data sources: Crossref
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Physics Procedia
      Article
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Physics Procedia
      Article . 2010
      License: CC BY NC ND
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Sajedeh Haghi; Armin Summer; Philipp Bauerschmidt; Rüdiger Daub;

    Following the introduction of Industry 4.0 and the development of information technologies, manufacturing companies have been undergoing a profound transformation. This transformation envisions the realization of the smart factory as a fully connected, flexible production system regulated by data. Digitalization and collection of the critical parameters are the vital prerequisites for this vision. Electrode manufacturing is regarded as the core phase in the battery cell production, having most of the properties determining the electrochemical performance of the battery cell established in this phase. There are a high number of parameters involved in electrode manufacturing. The digitalization of these parameters is associated with a considerable amount of effort and costs. Introducing a tailored digitalization concept provides the first step toward smart battery cell production. The tailored digitalization concept is based on the importance of the parameters from the quality management perspective and their complexity with regard to digitalization. The prioritization of parameters enables a successive quality‐oriented digitalization strategy. The concept is built on a two‐step literature‐based and expert‐based approach. The results include a comprehensive list of parameters and their prioritization for digitalization and integration in a tracking and tracing concept.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Energy Technologyarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Energy Technology
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Crossref
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    MediaTUM
    Article . 2021
    Data sources: MediaTUM
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    Access Routes
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Energy Technologyarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Energy Technology
      Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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      MediaTUM
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    Authors: Sajedeh Haghi; Armin Summer; Philipp Bauerschmidt; Rüdiger Daub;

    Following the introduction of Industry 4.0 and the development of information technologies, manufacturing companies have been undergoing a profound transformation. This transformation envisions the realization of the smart factory as a fully connected, flexible production system regulated by data. Digitalization and collection of the critical parameters are the vital prerequisites for this vision. Electrode manufacturing is regarded as the core phase in the battery cell production, having most of the properties determining the electrochemical performance of the battery cell established in this phase. There are a high number of parameters involved in electrode manufacturing. The digitalization of these parameters is associated with a considerable amount of effort and costs. Introducing a tailored digitalization concept provides the first step toward smart battery cell production. The tailored digitalization concept is based on the importance of the parameters from the quality management perspective and their complexity with regard to digitalization. The prioritization of parameters enables a successive quality‐oriented digitalization strategy. The concept is built on a two‐step literature‐based and expert‐based approach. The results include a comprehensive list of parameters and their prioritization for digitalization and integration in a tracking and tracing concept.

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    Energy Technology
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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      Energy Technology
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    Authors: Sandro Stock; Jonas Böhm; Manuel Ank; Philipp Rath; +2 Authors

    Formation is among the most time-intensive process steps during lithium-ion battery production due to complex electrochemical reactions. To reduce production costs, fast formation strategies are required that do not diminish the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) and thus the cell quality. In this work, a novel approach to optimize formation based on inline gas analysis is presented. Critical potential ranges for SEI formation are revealed by coupling impedance analysis with gas volume measurement using a pouch cell with a gold wire reference electrode and a cell expansion bracket. Based on the gas evolution profile of 4Ah NMC/graphite pouch cells, two formation strategies were derived that reduce the processing time from approx. 53.3h to 5.3h and 2.4h. A comprehensive end-of-line (EOL) test, which included a 72h calendar aging, C/3 capacity determination as well as EIS and DCIR measurements at 80%, 50%, and 20% SOC, showed no significant decrease in cell quality. The subsequent cycle life test revealed an 11.5% reduced mean cycle life for the 5.3h formation protocol, and a 6.6% increased cycle life for the 2.4h formation protocol, in relation to a common three-cycle reference protocol. Finally, early cycle life prediction was performed to enable a rapid evaluation of the cell quality using the first 50 cycles from cycle life testing only. A mean test accuracy of 7.4% was achieved when using multiple input features from the EOL test and early cycling. The results highlight the great potential of data-driven approaches to optimize formation strategies and accelerate process development in battery production.

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    Journal of Power Sources
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      Journal of Power Sources
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    Authors: Sandro Stock; Jonas Böhm; Manuel Ank; Philipp Rath; +2 Authors

    Formation is among the most time-intensive process steps during lithium-ion battery production due to complex electrochemical reactions. To reduce production costs, fast formation strategies are required that do not diminish the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) and thus the cell quality. In this work, a novel approach to optimize formation based on inline gas analysis is presented. Critical potential ranges for SEI formation are revealed by coupling impedance analysis with gas volume measurement using a pouch cell with a gold wire reference electrode and a cell expansion bracket. Based on the gas evolution profile of 4Ah NMC/graphite pouch cells, two formation strategies were derived that reduce the processing time from approx. 53.3h to 5.3h and 2.4h. A comprehensive end-of-line (EOL) test, which included a 72h calendar aging, C/3 capacity determination as well as EIS and DCIR measurements at 80%, 50%, and 20% SOC, showed no significant decrease in cell quality. The subsequent cycle life test revealed an 11.5% reduced mean cycle life for the 5.3h formation protocol, and a 6.6% increased cycle life for the 2.4h formation protocol, in relation to a common three-cycle reference protocol. Finally, early cycle life prediction was performed to enable a rapid evaluation of the cell quality using the first 50 cycles from cycle life testing only. A mean test accuracy of 7.4% was achieved when using multiple input features from the EOL test and early cycling. The results highlight the great potential of data-driven approaches to optimize formation strategies and accelerate process development in battery production.

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    Journal of Power Sources
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      Journal of Power Sources
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    Authors: Sajedeh Haghi; Yao Chen; Annika Molzberger; Rüdiger Daub;

    AbstractElectrode manufacturing, as the core of battery cell production, is a complex process chain with a large number of interrelated parameters. An in‐depth understanding of the processes, their relevant parameters, and the resulting effects on intermediate and final product properties can accelerate the transition toward quality‐oriented, efficient battery cell production. Given the complexity of the process chain, data‐driven models have emerged as promising solutions for analyzing the existing interdependencies. The accuracy and effectiveness of these models significantly depend on the quality and comprehensiveness of the underlying data. With a low‐quality dataset, there is an increased risk of drawing inaccurate conclusions or generating misleading results. This article aimed to demonstrate a use case for the evaluation and enhancement of historical datasets to provide a statistically robust foundation for the development of machine learning models. The study was based on pilot‐scale anode manufacturing and covered variations in the coating, drying, and calendering processes. The key intermediate product and process parameters were used to predict two primary target variables: adhesion strength and discharge capacity at different C‐rates. To gain a better understanding of the analyzed interdependencies, explainable machine learning methods were adopted.

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    Batteries & Supercaps
    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
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      Batteries & Supercaps
      Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Sajedeh Haghi; Yao Chen; Annika Molzberger; Rüdiger Daub;

    AbstractElectrode manufacturing, as the core of battery cell production, is a complex process chain with a large number of interrelated parameters. An in‐depth understanding of the processes, their relevant parameters, and the resulting effects on intermediate and final product properties can accelerate the transition toward quality‐oriented, efficient battery cell production. Given the complexity of the process chain, data‐driven models have emerged as promising solutions for analyzing the existing interdependencies. The accuracy and effectiveness of these models significantly depend on the quality and comprehensiveness of the underlying data. With a low‐quality dataset, there is an increased risk of drawing inaccurate conclusions or generating misleading results. This article aimed to demonstrate a use case for the evaluation and enhancement of historical datasets to provide a statistically robust foundation for the development of machine learning models. The study was based on pilot‐scale anode manufacturing and covered variations in the coating, drying, and calendering processes. The key intermediate product and process parameters were used to predict two primary target variables: adhesion strength and discharge capacity at different C‐rates. To gain a better understanding of the analyzed interdependencies, explainable machine learning methods were adopted.

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    Batteries & Supercaps
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      Batteries & Supercaps
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    Authors: Jan Hagemeister; Florian J. Günter; Thomas Rinner; Franziska Zhu; +2 Authors

    In order to meet consumer demands for electric transportation, the energy density of lithium-ion batteries (LIB) must be improved. Therefore, a trend to increase the overall size of the individual cell and to decrease the share of inactive materials is needed. The process of electrolyte filling involves the injection of electrolyte liquid into the cell, as well as the absorption of the electrolyte into the pores of the electrodes and the separator, which is known as wetting. The trend towards larger-format LIB challenges the electrolyte filling due to an increase in wetting distance for the electrolyte as well as a decrease in the void volume of the cell. The optimization of the process via numerical simulation promises to reduce costs and ensure quality during battery production. The two models developed in this study are based on a commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) program to study the effect of process parameters, such as pressure and temperature, on the filling process. The results were verified with neutron radiography images of the dosing process and a feasibility study for a wetting simulation is shown. For all simulations, specific recommendations are provided to set up the electrolyte filling process, based on which factors generate the greatest improvement.

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    Batteries
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Jan Hagemeister; Florian J. Günter; Thomas Rinner; Franziska Zhu; +2 Authors

    In order to meet consumer demands for electric transportation, the energy density of lithium-ion batteries (LIB) must be improved. Therefore, a trend to increase the overall size of the individual cell and to decrease the share of inactive materials is needed. The process of electrolyte filling involves the injection of electrolyte liquid into the cell, as well as the absorption of the electrolyte into the pores of the electrodes and the separator, which is known as wetting. The trend towards larger-format LIB challenges the electrolyte filling due to an increase in wetting distance for the electrolyte as well as a decrease in the void volume of the cell. The optimization of the process via numerical simulation promises to reduce costs and ensure quality during battery production. The two models developed in this study are based on a commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) program to study the effect of process parameters, such as pressure and temperature, on the filling process. The results were verified with neutron radiography images of the dosing process and a feasibility study for a wetting simulation is shown. For all simulations, specific recommendations are provided to set up the electrolyte filling process, based on which factors generate the greatest improvement.

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    Batteries
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    Authors: Sandro Stock; Felix Diller; Jonas Böhm; Lucas Hille; +3 Authors

    Improving the energy density of lithium-ion batteries advances the use of novel electrode materials having a high specific capacity, such as nickel-rich cathodes and silicon-containing anodes. These materials exhibit a high level of gas evolution during formation, which poses a safety hazard during operation. Analyzing the gas volume and the gassing duration is thus crucial to assess material properties and determining suitable formation procedures. This paper presents a novel method for evaluating both gassing and swelling simultaneously to determine the operando gas evolution of pouch cells with volume resolutions below 1 μl. Dual 1D dilatometry is performed using a cell expansion bracket which applies a quasi-constant force on the cell, thus providing reproducible formation conditions. The method was validated using the immersion bath measurement method and NCM/graphite pouch cells were compared to high-energy NCA/silicon-graphite pouch cells. Silicon-containing cells exhibited gas evolution higher by a factor of seven over ten successive cycles, thus demonstrating the challenges of high-silicon anodes. The concurrent dilation analysis further revealed a constant thickness increase over the formation, indicating continuous SEI growth and lithium loss. Consequently, the method can be used to select an ideal degassing time and to adjust the formation protocols with respect to gas evolution.

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    Journal of The Electrochemical Society
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      Journal of The Electrochemical Society
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Sandro Stock; Felix Diller; Jonas Böhm; Lucas Hille; +3 Authors

    Improving the energy density of lithium-ion batteries advances the use of novel electrode materials having a high specific capacity, such as nickel-rich cathodes and silicon-containing anodes. These materials exhibit a high level of gas evolution during formation, which poses a safety hazard during operation. Analyzing the gas volume and the gassing duration is thus crucial to assess material properties and determining suitable formation procedures. This paper presents a novel method for evaluating both gassing and swelling simultaneously to determine the operando gas evolution of pouch cells with volume resolutions below 1 μl. Dual 1D dilatometry is performed using a cell expansion bracket which applies a quasi-constant force on the cell, thus providing reproducible formation conditions. The method was validated using the immersion bath measurement method and NCM/graphite pouch cells were compared to high-energy NCA/silicon-graphite pouch cells. Silicon-containing cells exhibited gas evolution higher by a factor of seven over ten successive cycles, thus demonstrating the challenges of high-silicon anodes. The concurrent dilation analysis further revealed a constant thickness increase over the formation, indicating continuous SEI growth and lithium loss. Consequently, the method can be used to select an ideal degassing time and to adjust the formation protocols with respect to gas evolution.

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    Journal of The Electrochemical Society
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      Journal of The Electrochemical Society
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    Authors: Célestine Singer; Lorenz Kopp; Milot Aruqaj; Rüdiger Daub;

    Sulfide‐based all‐solid‐state batteries are a promising future cell concept to enhance energy densities and create an advantage in safety aspects in comparison to conventional lithium–ion batteries. To guarantee a high performance of the cells, a pronounced interfacial contact between the single components and a homogeneous microstructure is essential to reduce ionic resistances and enhance mechanical stability. To produce sheets on a large scale, established processes such as mixing, coating, drying, and calendering can be applied. The drying process is the most energy consuming and cost‐intensive process with major influence on the component's microstructure and mechanical properties. As the latter is of particular importance for industry‐relevant manufacturing, this research study focuses on the influence of process and product parameters on prevailing microstructural phenomena and adhesion strength of sulfidic composite cathodes and separators. Results show that the microstructure is changed at temperatures above 50 °C, leading to a significant loss of adhesion strength.

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    Energy Technology
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      Energy Technology
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    Authors: Célestine Singer; Lorenz Kopp; Milot Aruqaj; Rüdiger Daub;

    Sulfide‐based all‐solid‐state batteries are a promising future cell concept to enhance energy densities and create an advantage in safety aspects in comparison to conventional lithium–ion batteries. To guarantee a high performance of the cells, a pronounced interfacial contact between the single components and a homogeneous microstructure is essential to reduce ionic resistances and enhance mechanical stability. To produce sheets on a large scale, established processes such as mixing, coating, drying, and calendering can be applied. The drying process is the most energy consuming and cost‐intensive process with major influence on the component's microstructure and mechanical properties. As the latter is of particular importance for industry‐relevant manufacturing, this research study focuses on the influence of process and product parameters on prevailing microstructural phenomena and adhesion strength of sulfidic composite cathodes and separators. Results show that the microstructure is changed at temperatures above 50 °C, leading to a significant loss of adhesion strength.

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    Energy Technology
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  • Authors: Töpper, Hans-Christoph; Lechner, Maximilian; Kupec, Moritz; Daub, Rüdiger;

    All-solid-state batteries possess multiple advantages compared to already established battery technologies. Therefore, they are emerging as promising candidates for the sustainable storage of energy and acceleration of electrification in multiple fields. Despite the rapidly growing interest and vast material and cell design research activities, all-solid-state batteries are still in their infancy stage. Both market entry and full exploitation of the storage potential now mainly depend on the development of production technology empowering the large-scale breakthrough. Thereby, the selection of suitable manufacturing routes and development of production processes resulting from the novel components and materials plays a key role. To provide a better understanding and a systematic approach for the analysis of all-solid-state battery production, a holistic Matlab-based SimEvents factory simulation model is presented in this work. It enables the modeling and simulation of all-solid-state battery production scenarios consisting of a certain material choice, process steps, sequence, process parameters, storage capacity, and boundary conditions such as throughput, downtime, and scrap rate. An algorithm automatically performs the evaluation and comparison of the scenarios regarding production-related KPIs such as ramp-up time, capacity utilization, circulating stock, and storage load. In addition, the highly complex and nonlinear dependencies specific for all-solid-state battery production, as well as bottlenecks between the processes, are quantified. As a result, the factory model enables the optimization of manufacturing routes and production processes depending on the product design at a very early stage and the low-level maturity of this new energy storage technology.

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  • Authors: Töpper, Hans-Christoph; Lechner, Maximilian; Kupec, Moritz; Daub, Rüdiger;

    All-solid-state batteries possess multiple advantages compared to already established battery technologies. Therefore, they are emerging as promising candidates for the sustainable storage of energy and acceleration of electrification in multiple fields. Despite the rapidly growing interest and vast material and cell design research activities, all-solid-state batteries are still in their infancy stage. Both market entry and full exploitation of the storage potential now mainly depend on the development of production technology empowering the large-scale breakthrough. Thereby, the selection of suitable manufacturing routes and development of production processes resulting from the novel components and materials plays a key role. To provide a better understanding and a systematic approach for the analysis of all-solid-state battery production, a holistic Matlab-based SimEvents factory simulation model is presented in this work. It enables the modeling and simulation of all-solid-state battery production scenarios consisting of a certain material choice, process steps, sequence, process parameters, storage capacity, and boundary conditions such as throughput, downtime, and scrap rate. An algorithm automatically performs the evaluation and comparison of the scenarios regarding production-related KPIs such as ramp-up time, capacity utilization, circulating stock, and storage load. In addition, the highly complex and nonlinear dependencies specific for all-solid-state battery production, as well as bottlenecks between the processes, are quantified. As a result, the factory model enables the optimization of manufacturing routes and production processes depending on the product design at a very early stage and the low-level maturity of this new energy storage technology.

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    Authors: Sajedeh Haghi; Josef Keilhofer; Nico Schwarz; Pengdan He; +1 Authors

    AbstractBattery cell production is a key contributor to achieving a net‐zero future. A comprehensive understanding of the various process steps and their interdependencies is essential for speeding up the commercialization of newly developed materials and optimizing production processes. While several approaches have been employed to analyze and understand the complexity of the process chain and its interdependencies – ranging from expert‐ and simulation‐based to data‐driven – the latter holds significant potential for real‐time application. This is particularly relevant for inline process control and optimization. To streamline the development and implementation of data‐driven models, a holistic framework that encompasses all necessary steps – from identification of relevant parameters and generation of data to development of models – is imperative. This article aims to address this objective by presenting a comprehensive and systematic methodology, demonstrated for efficient cross‐process analysis in electrode manufacturing. Through the combined utilization of design of experiments methods, data‐driven models, and explainable machine learning methods, the interdependencies between production parameters and the physical, mechanical, and electrochemical characteristics of the electrodes were uncovered. These actionable insights are essential for enabling informed decision‐making, facilitating the selection of appropriate process parameters, and ultimately optimizing the production process.

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    Batteries & Supercaps
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
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    MediaTUM
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      Batteries & Supercaps
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
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    Authors: Sajedeh Haghi; Josef Keilhofer; Nico Schwarz; Pengdan He; +1 Authors

    AbstractBattery cell production is a key contributor to achieving a net‐zero future. A comprehensive understanding of the various process steps and their interdependencies is essential for speeding up the commercialization of newly developed materials and optimizing production processes. While several approaches have been employed to analyze and understand the complexity of the process chain and its interdependencies – ranging from expert‐ and simulation‐based to data‐driven – the latter holds significant potential for real‐time application. This is particularly relevant for inline process control and optimization. To streamline the development and implementation of data‐driven models, a holistic framework that encompasses all necessary steps – from identification of relevant parameters and generation of data to development of models – is imperative. This article aims to address this objective by presenting a comprehensive and systematic methodology, demonstrated for efficient cross‐process analysis in electrode manufacturing. Through the combined utilization of design of experiments methods, data‐driven models, and explainable machine learning methods, the interdependencies between production parameters and the physical, mechanical, and electrochemical characteristics of the electrodes were uncovered. These actionable insights are essential for enabling informed decision‐making, facilitating the selection of appropriate process parameters, and ultimately optimizing the production process.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Batteries & Supercap...arrow_drop_down
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    Batteries & Supercaps
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    MediaTUM
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      Batteries & Supercaps
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Manuel Ank; Alessandro Sommer; Kareem Abo Gamra; Jan Schöberl; +12 Authors

    Battery research depends upon up-to-date information on the cell characteristics found in current electric vehicles, which is exacerbated by the deployment of novel formats and architectures. This necessitates open access to cell characterization data. Therefore, this study examines the architecture and performance of first-generation Tesla 4680 cells in detail, both by electrical characterization and thermal investigations at cell-level and by disassembling one cell down to the material level including a three-electrode analysis. The cell teardown reveals the complex cell architecture with electrode disks of hexagonal symmetry as well as an electrode winding consisting of a double-sided and homogeneously coated cathode and anode, two separators and no mandrel. A solvent-free anode fabrication and coating process can be derived. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy as well as differential voltage, incremental capacity and three-electrode analysis confirm a NMC811 cathode and a pure graphite anode without silicon. On cell-level, energy densities of 622.4 Wh/L and 232.5 Wh/kg were determined while characteristic state-of-charge dependencies regarding resistance and impedance behavior are revealed using hybrid pulse power characterization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. A comparatively high surface temperature of ∼70 °C is observed when charging at 2C without active cooling. All measurement data of this characterization study are provided as open source.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Journal of The Elect...arrow_drop_down
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    Journal of The Electrochemical Society
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      Journal of The Electrochemical Society
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Manuel Ank; Alessandro Sommer; Kareem Abo Gamra; Jan Schöberl; +12 Authors

    Battery research depends upon up-to-date information on the cell characteristics found in current electric vehicles, which is exacerbated by the deployment of novel formats and architectures. This necessitates open access to cell characterization data. Therefore, this study examines the architecture and performance of first-generation Tesla 4680 cells in detail, both by electrical characterization and thermal investigations at cell-level and by disassembling one cell down to the material level including a three-electrode analysis. The cell teardown reveals the complex cell architecture with electrode disks of hexagonal symmetry as well as an electrode winding consisting of a double-sided and homogeneously coated cathode and anode, two separators and no mandrel. A solvent-free anode fabrication and coating process can be derived. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy as well as differential voltage, incremental capacity and three-electrode analysis confirm a NMC811 cathode and a pure graphite anode without silicon. On cell-level, energy densities of 622.4 Wh/L and 232.5 Wh/kg were determined while characteristic state-of-charge dependencies regarding resistance and impedance behavior are revealed using hybrid pulse power characterization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. A comparatively high surface temperature of ∼70 °C is observed when charging at 2C without active cooling. All measurement data of this characterization study are provided as open source.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Journal of The Elect...arrow_drop_down
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    Journal of The Electrochemical Society
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      Journal of The Electrochemical Society
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