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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Lindsay C. Stringer; Nadine Methner; Harrhy James; Russell M. Wise; +11 Authors

    Les processus de développement et l'action sur le changement climatique sont étroitement liés. Cela est reconnu par le Groupe d'experts intergouvernemental sur l'évolution du climat (GIEC) dans son cinquième rapport d'évaluation, qui rend compte des voies de développement résilientes au climat, comprises comme des trajectoires de développement vers le développement durable qui incluent l'adaptation et l'atténuation. Le sixième rapport d'évaluation à venir consacre un chapitre aux voies de développement résilientes au climat. Dans ce contexte, cet article demande quelles avancées conceptuelles et empiriques sur les voies de développement résilientes au climat ont été réalisées depuis le cinquième rapport d'évaluation. À travers une revue de la littérature, cet article analyse les objectifs et les approches pour un développement résilient au climat les voies, et discute de ce que les progrès conceptuels ont et pourraient encore être faits.Nous trouvons peu de preuves d'un développement de concept dédié.Nous observons plutôt une ambiguïté conceptuelle.La littérature a montré quatre groupes d'approches non exclusifs : (a) orientés vers l'action climatique, (b) orientés vers l'apprentissage social et la co-création, (c) orientés vers l'intégration et (d) orientés vers la transformation.Nous recommandons d'opérationnaliser les voies de développement résilientes au climat en tant que processus de consolidation de l'action climatique et des décisions de développement vers le développement durable à long terme.Ce processus nécessite un engagement explicite avec les aspirations des acteurs et la connexion des développements passés avec les aspirations et les compréhensions futures de risque. Travailler avec de multiples voies nous permet d'intégrer la flexibilité, l'anticipation et l'apprentissage dans la planification. Une plus grande attention est nécessaire sur les questions liées à la justice et à l'équité, car les voies de développement résilientes au climat impliqueront inévitablement des compromis. La justification du concept de voies de développement résilientes au climat a le potentiel de relier le climat et les perspectives de développement, qui pourraient autrement rester séparées dans la politique, la pratique et la science du développement et du climat. Los procesos de desarrollo y la acción sobre el cambio climático están estrechamente interrelacionados. Esto es reconocido por el Grupo Intergubernamental de Expertos sobre el Cambio Climático (IPCC) en su quinto informe de evaluación, que informa sobre las vías de desarrollo resilientes al clima, entendidas como trayectorias de desarrollo hacia el desarrollo sostenible que incluyen la adaptación y la mitigación. El próximo sexto informe de evaluación dedica un capítulo a las vías de desarrollo resilientes al clima. En este contexto, este documento pregunta qué avances conceptuales y empíricos sobre las vías de desarrollo resilientes al clima se realizaron desde el quinto informe de evaluación. A través de una revisión de la literatura, este documento analiza los objetivos y enfoques para el desarrollo resiliente al clima vías, y discute qué avances conceptuales se han logrado y aún podrían lograrse. Encontramos poca evidencia de desarrollo de conceptos dedicados. Más bien, observamos ambigüedad conceptual. La literatura mostró cuatro grupos de enfoques no exclusivos: (a) orientados a la acción climática, (b) orientados al aprendizaje social y la co-creación, (c) orientados a la integración y (d) orientados a la transformación. Recomendamos poner en práctica vías de desarrollo resilientes al clima como el proceso de consolidación de la acción climática y las decisiones de desarrollo hacia el desarrollo sostenible a largo plazo. Este proceso requiere un compromiso explícito con las aspiraciones de los actores y conectar los desarrollos pasados con las aspiraciones y entendimientos futuros de riesgo. Trabajar con múltiples vías nos permite integrar la flexibilidad, la anticipación y el aprendizaje en la planificación. Se necesita un mayor enfoque en los temas relacionados con la justicia y la equidad, ya que las vías de desarrollo resilientes al clima inevitablemente implicarán compensaciones. Sustentar el concepto de vías de desarrollo resilientes al clima tiene el potencial de unir las perspectivas climáticas y de desarrollo, que de otro modo podrían permanecer separadas en la política, la práctica y la ciencia climáticas y de desarrollo. Development processes and action on climate change are closely interlinked.This is recognised by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in its fifth assessment report, which reports on climate-resilient pathways, understood as development trajectories towards sustainable development which include adaptation and mitigation.The upcoming sixth assessment report dedicates a chapter to climate resilient development pathways.In this context, this paper asks what conceptual and empirical advances on climate resilient development pathways were made since the fifth assessment report.Through a literature review, this paper analyses goals and approaches for climate resilient development pathways, and discusses what conceptual advances have and could still be made.We find little evidence of dedicated concept development.Rather, we observe conceptual ambiguity.Literature showed four non-exclusive clusters of approaches: (a) climate action oriented, (b) social-learning and co-creation oriented, (c) mainstreaming oriented and (d) transformation oriented.We recommend operationalising climate resilient development pathways as the process of consolidating climate action and development decisions towards long-term sustainable development.This process requires explicit engagement with aspirations of actors, and connecting past developments with future aspirations and understandings of risk.Working with multiple pathways allows us to embed flexibility, anticipation and learning in planning.A greater focus is needed on issues linked to justice and equity as climate resilient development pathways will inevitably involve trade-offs.Substantiating the concept of climate resilient development pathways has the potential to bridge climate and development perspectives, which may otherwise remain separated in development and climate policy, practice and science. ترتبط عمليات التنمية والإجراءات المتعلقة بتغير المناخ ارتباطًا وثيقًا. هذا معترف به من قبل الفريق الحكومي الدولي المعني بتغير المناخ (IPCC) في تقريره التقييمي الخامس، الذي يقدم تقارير عن مسارات القدرة على التكيف مع المناخ، والتي تُفهم على أنها مسارات التنمية نحو التنمية المستدامة التي تشمل التكيف والتخفيف. يخصص تقرير التقييم السادس القادم فصلًا لمسارات التنمية القادرة على التكيف مع المناخ. في هذا السياق، تسأل هذه الورقة عن التقدم المفاهيمي والتجريبي الذي تم إحرازه في مسارات التنمية القادرة على التكيف مع المناخ منذ تقرير التقييم الخامس. من خلال مراجعة الأدبيات، تحلل هذه الورقة الأهداف والنهج الخاصة بالتنمية القادرة على التكيف مع المناخ المسارات، ويناقش التقدم المفاهيمي الذي يمكن إحرازه. نجد القليل من الأدلة على تطوير مفهوم مخصص. بدلاً من ذلك، نلاحظ الغموض المفاهيمي. أظهرت الأدبيات أربع مجموعات غير حصرية من النهج: (أ) موجهة نحو العمل المناخي، (ب) موجهة نحو التعلم الاجتماعي والإبداع المشترك، (ج) موجهة نحو التعميم و (د) موجهة نحو التحول. نوصي بتفعيل مسارات التنمية المرنة للمناخ كعملية لتوحيد العمل المناخي وقرارات التنمية نحو التنمية المستدامة طويلة الأجل. تتطلب هذه العملية مشاركة صريحة مع تطلعات الجهات الفاعلة، وربط التطورات السابقة بالتطلعات والتفاهمات المستقبلية من المخاطر. يسمح لنا العمل مع مسارات متعددة بتضمين المرونة والتوقع والتعلم في التخطيط. هناك حاجة إلى مزيد من التركيز على القضايا المرتبطة بالعدالة والإنصاف لأن مسارات التنمية المرنة للمناخ ستشمل حتماً المقايضات. إن دعم مفهوم مسارات التنمية المرنة للمناخ لديه القدرة على سد آفاق المناخ والتنمية، والتي قد تظل منفصلة في سياسة التنمية والمناخ والممارسة والعلوم.

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    Environmental Science & Policy
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Crossref
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    Environmental Science & Policy
    Article
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    Research@WUR
    Article . 2021
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Research@WUR
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    Research@WUR
    Other literature type . 2021
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    Wageningen Staff Publications
    Article . 2021
    License: CC BY
    https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/ya...
    Other literature type . 2021
    Data sources: Datacite
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      Environmental Science & Policy
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      Environmental Science & Policy
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      Research@WUR
      Article . 2021
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      Other literature type . 2021
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      Wageningen Staff Publications
      Article . 2021
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    Authors: Thomas Rudel; Sabine Douxchamps; Sabine Douxchamps; Michael Peters; +21 Authors

    Livestock are critical for incomes, livelihoods, nutrition and ecosystems management throughout the global South. Livestock production and the consumption of livestock-based foods such as meat, cheese, and milk is, however, under global scrutiny for its contribution to global warming, deforestation, biodiversity loss, water use, pollution, and land/soil degradation. This paper argues that, although the environmental footprint of livestock production presents a real threat to planetary sustainability, also in the global south, this is highly contextual. Under certain context-specific management regimes livestock can deliver multiple benefits for people and planet. We provide evidence that a move toward sustainable intensification of livestock production is possible and could mitigate negative environmental impacts and even provide critical ecosystem services, such as improved soil health, carbon sequestration, and enhanced biodiversity on farms. The use of cultivated forages, many improved through selection or breeding and including grasses, legumes and trees, in integrated crop-tree-livestock systems is proposed as a stepping stone toward agroecological transformation. We introduce cultivated forages, explain their multi-functionality and provide an overview of where and to what extent the forages have been applied and how this has benefited people and the planet alike. We then examine their potential to contribute to the 13 principles of agroecology and find that integrating cultivated forages in mixed crop-tree-livestock systems follows a wide range of agroecological principles and increases the sustainability of livestock production across the globe. More research is, however, needed at the food system scale to fully understand the role of forages in the sociological and process aspects of agroecology. We make the case for further genetic improvement of cultivated forages and strong multi-disciplinary systems research to strengthen our understanding of the multidimensional impacts of forages and for managing agro-environmental trade-offs. We finish with a call for action, for the agroecological and livestock research and development communities to improve communication and join hands for a sustainable agri-food system transformation.

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    Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Crossref
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    Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems
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    Research Collection
    Article . 2021
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Datacite
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    Research@WUR
    Article . 2021
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    Research@WUR
    Other literature type . 2021
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    Research Collection
    Article . 2021
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    Wageningen Staff Publications
    Article . 2021
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    https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/q2...
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      Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems
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      Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems
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      Research Collection
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      Wageningen Staff Publications
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/q2...
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    Authors: Quiros F. Carlos; Rufino Mariana Cristina; Rufino Mariana Cristina; Kristjanson Patti; +10 Authors

    BackgroundWhat are the key factors that contribute to household-level food security? What lessons can we learn from food secure households? What agricultural options and management strategies are likely to benefit female-headed households in particular? This paper addresses these questions using a unique dataset of 600 households that allows us to explore a wide range of indicators capturing different aspects of performance and well-being for different types of households—female-headed, male-headed, food secure, food insecure—and assess livelihoods options and strategies and how they influence food security. The analysis is based on a detailed farm household survey carried out in three sites in Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania.ResultsOur results suggest that food insecurity may not be more severe for female-headed households than male-headed households. We found that food secure farming households have a wider variety of crops on their farms and are more market oriented than are the food insecure. More domestic assets do not make female-headed households more food secure. For the other categories of assets (livestock, transport, and productive), we did not find evidence of a correlation with food security. Different livelihood portfolios are being pursued by male versus female-headed households, with female-headed households less likely to grow high-value crops and more likely to have a less diversified crop portfolio.ConclusionsThese findings help identify local, national and regional policies and actions for enhancing food security of female-headed as well as male-headed households. These include interventions that improve households’ access to information, e.g., though innovative communication and knowledge-sharing efforts and support aimed at enhancing women’s and men’s agricultural market opportunities.

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    Agriculture & Food Security
    Article . 2015 . Peer-reviewed
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    Agriculture & Food Security
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    Research@WUR
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    Other literature type . 2015
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    Wageningen Staff Publications
    Article . 2015
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      Agriculture & Food Security
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      Other literature type . 2015
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      Wageningen Staff Publications
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    Authors: Idupulapati M. Rao; Michael Peters; Aracely Castro; Rainer Schultze‐Kraft; +37 Authors

    Comme la demande mondiale de produits d'élevage (tels que la viande, le lait et les œufs) devrait doubler d'ici 2050, les augmentations nécessaires de la production future doivent être conciliées avec les impacts environnementaux négatifs causés par l'élevage. Cet article décrit le concept LivestockPlus et démontre comment l'ensemencement de fourrages améliorés peut conduire à l'intensification durable des systèmes mixtes cultures-forages-élevage-arbres dans les tropiques en produisant de multiples avantages sociaux, économiques et environnementaux. L'intensification durable améliore non seulement la productivité des systèmes à base de fourrage tropical, mais réduit également l'empreinte écologique de la production animale et génère une diversité de services écosystémiques (SE) tels que l'amélioration de la qualité des sols et la réduction de l'érosion, de la sédimentation et des émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES). L'intégration de fourrages améliorés à base d'herbe et de légumineuses dans des systèmes de production mixtes (cultures-élevage, arbres-élevage, cultures-arbres-élevage) peut restaurer les terres dégradées et améliorer la résilience du système à la sécheresse et à l'engorgement associé au changement climatique. Lorsqu'ils sont correctement gérés, les fourrages tropicaux accumulent de grandes quantités de carbone dans le sol, fixent l'azote atmosphérique (légumineuses), inhibent la nitrification dans le sol et réduisent les émissions d'oxyde nitreux (graminées) et réduisent les émissions de GES par unité de produit d'élevage. Le concept LivestockPlus est défini comme l'intensification durable des systèmes à base de fourrage, qui repose sur 3 processus d'intensification interdépendants : l'intensification génétique - le développement et l'utilisation de cultivars supérieurs d'herbe et de légumineuses pour augmenter la productivité du bétail ; l'intensification écologique - le développement et l'application de meilleures pratiques de gestion des ressources agricoles et naturelles ; et l'intensification socio-économique - l'amélioration des institutions et des politiques locales et nationales, qui permettent d'affiner les technologies et de soutenir leur utilisation durable. L'augmentation de la productivité animale nécessitera des efforts coordonnés pour élaborer des politiques de soutien du gouvernement, des organisations non gouvernementales et du secteur privé qui favorisent les investissements et une rémunération équitable sur le marché pour les produits et les SE fournis. Des efforts efficaces de recherche pour le développement qui promeuvent les avantages agricoles et environnementaux des systèmes à base de fourrage peuvent contribuer à la mise en œuvre de LivestockPlus dans divers contextes géographiques, politiques et socio-économiques.Mots clés : éco-efficacité, avantages environnementaux, élevage et environnement, agriculture mixte, pâturages, petits exploitants.DOI :10.17138/TGFT (3)59-82 Dado que se espera que la demanda mundial de productos ganaderos (como carne, leche y huevos) se duplique para 2050, los aumentos necesarios para la producción futura deben conciliarse con los impactos ambientales negativos que causa el ganado. Este documento describe el concepto de LivestockPlus y demuestra cómo la siembra de forrajes mejorados puede conducir a la intensificación sostenible de los sistemas mixtos de cultivos, forraje, ganado y árboles en los trópicos al producir múltiples beneficios sociales, económicos y ambientales. La intensificación sostenible no solo mejora la productividad de los sistemas basados en forraje tropical, sino que también reduce la huella ecológica de la producción ganadera y genera una diversidad de servicios ecosistémicos (ES), como la mejora de la calidad del suelo y la reducción de la erosión, la sedimentación y las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI). La integración de forrajes mejorados de pastos y leguminosas en sistemas de producción mixtos (cultivo-ganado, árbol-ganado, cultivo-árbol-ganado) puede restaurar las tierras degradadas y mejorar la resistencia del sistema a la sequía y el anegamiento asociados con el cambio climático. Cuando los forrajes tropicales se gestionan adecuadamente, acumulan grandes cantidades de carbono en el suelo, fijan el nitrógeno atmosférico (legumbres), inhiben la nitrificación en el suelo y reducen las emisiones de óxido nitroso (gramíneas), y reducen las emisiones de GEI por unidad de producto ganadero. El concepto LivestockPlus se define como la intensificación sostenible de los sistemas basados en forrajes, que se basa en 3 procesos de intensificación interrelacionados: intensificación genética: el desarrollo y uso de cultivares superiores de gramíneas y leguminosas para aumentar la productividad del ganado; intensificación ecológica: el desarrollo y la aplicación de prácticas mejoradas de gestión de granjas y recursos naturales; e intensificación socioeconómica: la mejora de las instituciones y políticas locales y nacionales, que permiten el perfeccionamiento de las tecnologías y apoyan su uso duradero. El aumento de la productividad ganadera requerirá esfuerzos coordinados para desarrollar políticas de apoyo gubernamentales, de organizaciones no gubernamentales y del sector privado que fomenten las inversiones y una compensación justa del mercado tanto para los productos como para los ES proporcionados. Los esfuerzos efectivos de investigación para el desarrollo que promueven los beneficios agrícolas y ambientales de los sistemas basados en forraje pueden contribuir a la implementación de LivestockPlus en una variedad de contextos geográficos, políticos y socioeconómicos. Palabras clave: Ecoeficiencia, beneficios ambientales, ganado y medio ambiente, agricultura mixta, pastos, pequeños agricultores. DOI:10.17138/TGFT (3)59-82 As global demand for livestock products (such as meat, milk and eggs) is expected to double by 2050, necessary increases to future production must be reconciled with negative environmental impacts that livestock cause. This paper describes the LivestockPlus concept and demonstrates how the sowing of improved forages can lead to the sustainable intensification of mixed crop-forage-livestock-tree systems in the tropics by producing multiple social, economic and environmental benefits. Sustainable intensification not only improves the productivity of tropical forage-based systems but also reduces the ecological footprint of livestock production and generates a diversity of ecosystem services (ES) such as improved soil quality and reduced erosion, sedimentation and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Integrating improved grass and legume forages into mixed production systems (crop-livestock, tree-livestock, crop-tree-livestock) can restore degraded lands and enhance system resilience to drought and waterlogging associated with climate change. When properly managed tropical forages accumulate large amounts of carbon in soil, fix atmospheric nitrogen (legumes), inhibit nitrification in soil and reduce nitrous oxide emissions (grasses), and reduce GHG emissions per unit livestock product.The LivestockPlus concept is defined as the sustainable intensification of forage-based systems, which is based on 3 interrelated intensification processes: genetic intensification - the development and use of superior grass and legume cultivars for increased livestock productivity; ecological intensification - the development and application of improved farm and natural resource management practices; and socio-economic intensification - the improvement of local and national institutions and policies, which enable refinements of technologies and support their enduring use. Increases in livestock productivity will require coordinated efforts to develop supportive government, non-government organization and private sector policies that foster investments and fair market compensation for both the products and ES provided. Effective research-for-development efforts that promote agricultural and environmental benefits of forage-based systems can contribute towards implemention of LivestockPlus across a variety of geographic, political and socio-economic contexts.Keywords: Eco-efficiency, environmental benefits, livestock and environment, mixed farming, pastures, smallholders.DOI: 10.17138/TGFT(3)59-82 نظرًا لأنه من المتوقع أن يتضاعف الطلب العالمي على المنتجات الحيوانية (مثل اللحوم والحليب والبيض) بحلول عام 2050، يجب التوفيق بين الزيادات اللازمة للإنتاج المستقبلي والآثار البيئية السلبية التي تسببها الثروة الحيوانية. تصف هذه الورقة مفهوم LivestockPlus وتوضح كيف يمكن أن يؤدي زرع الأعلاف المحسنة إلى التكثيف المستدام لأنظمة زراعة المحاصيل المختلطة في المناطق الاستوائية من خلال إنتاج فوائد اجتماعية واقتصادية وبيئية متعددة. لا يؤدي التكثيف المستدام إلى تحسين إنتاجية النظم القائمة على الأعلاف الاستوائية فحسب، بل يقلل أيضًا من البصمة البيئية للإنتاج الحيواني ويولد مجموعة متنوعة من خدمات النظم الإيكولوجية مثل تحسين جودة التربة وتقليل التعرية والترسيب وانبعاثات غازات الدفيئة. يمكن أن يؤدي دمج الأعلاف العشبية والبقولية المحسنة في أنظمة الإنتاج المختلطة (المحاصيل والماشية، والأشجار والماشية، والمحاصيل والماشية) إلى استعادة الأراضي المتدهورة وتعزيز مرونة النظام في مواجهة الجفاف والتشبع بالمياه المرتبطين بتغير المناخ. عندما تتراكم الأعلاف الاستوائية المدارة بشكل صحيح كميات كبيرة من الكربون في التربة، وتصلح النيتروجين في الغلاف الجوي (البقوليات)، وتمنع النترجة في التربة وتقلل من انبعاثات أكسيد النيتروز (الأعشاب)، وتقلل من انبعاثات غازات الدفيئة لكل وحدة من المنتجات الحيوانية. يتم تعريف مفهوم LivestockPlus على أنه التكثيف المستدام للأنظمة القائمة على الأعلاف، والتي تستند إلى 3 عمليات تكثيف مترابطة: التكثيف الجيني - تطوير واستخدام أصناف متفوقة من العشب والبقول لزيادة إنتاجية الثروة الحيوانية ؛ التكثيف البيئي - تطوير وتطبيق ممارسات محسنة لإدارة المزارع والموارد الطبيعية ؛ والتكثيف الاجتماعي والاقتصادي - تحسين المؤسسات والسياسات المحلية والوطنية، والتي تمكن من تحسين التقنيات ودعم استخدامها الدائم. ستتطلب الزيادات في إنتاجية الثروة الحيوانية جهودًا منسقة لتطوير سياسات داعمة للحكومة والمنظمات غير الحكومية والقطاع الخاص تعزز الاستثمارات وتعويضات السوق العادلة لكل من المنتجات والخدمات البيئية والاجتماعية المقدمة. يمكن أن تساهم جهود البحث من أجل التنمية الفعالة التي تعزز الفوائد الزراعية والبيئية للأنظمة القائمة على الأعلاف في تنفيذ LivestockPlus عبر مجموعة متنوعة من السياقات الجغرافية والسياسية والاجتماعية والاقتصادية. الكلمات الرئيسية: الكفاءة البيئية، الفوائد البيئية، الثروة الحيوانية والبيئة، الزراعة المختلطة، المراعي، أصحاب الحيازات الصغيرة. DOI: 10.17138/TGFT (3)59-82

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    Tropical Grasslands-Forrajes Tropicales
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    Tropical Grasslands-Forrajes Tropicales
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    Authors: Lyda Hok; Chau T. M. Long; Birthe K. Paul; Sabine Douxchamps; +7 Authors

    CONTEXT The Greater Mekong Subregion has been undergoing rapid agricultural transformation over the last decades, as traditional diverse subsistence-oriented agriculture is evolving towards intensified commercial production systems. Negative environmental impacts often include deforestation, nutrient pollution, and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. OBJECTIVE This study aims to explore the potential of crop-livestock integration to mitigate trade-offs between economic and environmental impacts of smallholder farming systems at different stages of agricultural transition and degrees of agricultural diversity across the Greater Mekong Subregion. METHODS We chose a ‘middle ground’ between detailed modeling of few, representative farming systems and modeling of large household populations. 24 low and high diversity farms were selected in Laos (Xieng Khouang province), Cambodia (Ratanakiri province) and Vietnam (Central Highlands) from a survey dataset of 1300 households. These farming systems were simulated with the whole-farm bio-economic and multi-objective optimization model FarmDESIGN, calculating operating profit, GHG emissions and nitrogen (N) balance. Two optimizations (‘business as usual’ vs. ‘crop-livestock integration’) were performed, generating ‘solution spaces’ or alternative configurations aiming to maximize profitability, keep farm N balanced and minimize GHG emissions. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Agricultural systems across the sites differed in their production orientation and management practices, representing various stages of agricultural transition. Nitrogen balances varied between sites, being negative in Ratanakiri (average − 20.5 kg N ha−1 y−1) and Xieng Khouang (−36.5 kg N ha−1 y−1) and positive in the Central Highlands (73 kg N ha−1 y−1). Negative balances point to unsustainable mining of nutrients due to sale of cash crops without sufficient inputs, and positive balances to the risk of environmental contamination. Total GHG emissions ranged from 0.52–8.12 t CO2e ha−1 and were not significantly impacted by stage of agricultural transformation or agricultural diversity. GHG sources in Ratanakiri and Xieng Khouang were determined by crop residue burning while in Central Highlands fertilizer and livestock were main emitters. High diversity farms obtained higher operating profits (10,379 USD y−1) than low diversity farms (4584 USD y−1). Crop-livestock integration, a combination of measures including introduction of improved forages grasses, manure recycling and residue feeding, and reduction of residue burning, resulted in larger ‘solution spaces’, thus providing farmers with more options to mitigate agro-environmental trade-offs. SIGNIFICANCE These findings underline the potential of crop-livestock integration to support sustainable intensification pathways in the Greater Mekong region. Public and private investment in further research and extension is needed to develop and scal Agricultural Systems, 195 ISSN:0308-521X

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    Agricultural Systems
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      Agricultural Systems
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    Authors: Sabine Douxchamps; Ashly Arevalo; Kien Tri Nguyen; Nghia Dai Tran; +3 Authors

    Increases in pig farm densities have caused great pressures on waste management systems and produce massive manure and urine quantities in Vietnam. This study aimed to identify the role and contributions of biogas digesters to better manage the sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from pig wastes for different types of pig farms in the north of Vietnam. Four provinces, namely Thanh Hoa, Phu Tho, Thai Binh, Vinh Phuc, were identified. A total of 24 farms were purposively selected including 16 small-size farms and 8 larger-size farms. The findings showed that GHG emissions from small-size farms (154.8 t CO2-eq.yr-1) did not significantly differ from the amounts measured in larger-size farms (139.1 t CO2-eq.yr-1) in the four surveyed provinces. The sampling position did not significantly affect the GHG emission rates, with 173.9 t CO2-eq.yr-1 inside piggeries and 120.8 t CO2-eq.yr-1 outside the outlet of the biogas digesters (p-value=0.09). N2O emissions require further measurements at different farm sizes and sites. These results confirmed that the pig waste management of biogas digesters for both small-size and larger-size pig farms is not completely efficient and that efforts need to be invested in to mitigate GHG emissions in pig production. Reducing pig density per piggery is highly recommended. The application of other alternative aerobic or anaerobic digestion technologies like vermicompost, effective microorganisms, and composting should also be encouraged and promoted.

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    Vietnam Journal of Agricultural Sciences
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      Vietnam Journal of Agricultural Sciences
      Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: Crossref
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      Vietnam Journal of Agricultural Sciences
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: C.A. Epper; Astrid Oberson; Sabine Douxchamps; Dharani Dhar Burra; +8 Authors

    South East Asia's agricultural landscape is rapidly transitioning from subsistence to intensive and market-oriented production, often with negative impacts on soil fertility. Ensuring that this transition is conducted in a sustainable way is critical, especially for the poorest who rely exclusively on natural resources that are of limited quality and quantity. This study aims to evaluate sustainable intensification options for smallholder ethnic minority farmers of the Lao uplands. Following a systematic selection of case study crop-livestock farms with different degrees of diversification and market orientation, we adopted a detailed nutrient flow approach to quantify nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) balances at farm level using a whole farm modelling tool. This was then used to simulate alternative sustainable intensification options relative to the baseline and their impact on farm performance and N and P cycling. Irrespective of the intensification level, nutrient balances were negative on all farms, with net nutrient removal between −34 and −130 kg N ha−1y−1 and between −9 and −20 kg P ha−1y−1. The positive effect of the sustainable intensification options on selected system performance variables was up to 15 times higher when its baseline value was low, i.e. when potential for improvement was high. Compared to the baseline (rice and maize monocropping systems), fallow plots during the dry season and low level of residues recycling, all intensification options increased land productivity and N balance by at least 12% on each farm, whereas the P balances were negatively impacted. The positive effects on the N balances might not be sufficient to reverse nutrient depletion, and additional nutrient inputs would be necessary. Four management principles are key to ensure a smooth transition from subsistence to intensive production: no residue burning, stay diverse, integrate livestock and use small amounts of P mineral fertilizer. If combined with efficient and integrative agricultural extension, seed systems and market development, these basic principles could be the key success factor for a sustainable development of the Lao uplands.

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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Research@WUR
    Article . 2020
    Data sources: Research@WUR
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Research@WUR
    Other literature type . 2020
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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Agricultural Systems
    Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Elsevier TDM
    Data sources: Crossref
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ CGIAR CGSpace (Consu...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Research@WUR
      Article . 2020
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Research@WUR
      Other literature type . 2020
      Data sources: Research@WUR
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Agricultural Systems
      Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
      License: Elsevier TDM
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Rigolot, Cyrille; de Voil, P.; Douxchamps, S.; Prestwidge, D.; +6 Authors

    Smallholder crop–livestock farming systems have an important role to play for food security in Sub-Saharan Africa, but they have to cope with the effects of climate variability and change. In this study, we test the impacts of different interventions in two contrasting mixed farms in Northern Burkina Faso against the background of plausible current and future climate scenarios. For this purpose, we developed a dynamic farm-household modeling framework around existing tools: crop and animal production models APSIM and LivSim, the household model IAT and the climate generator Marksim. The two farms (a small and a larger) were selected and parameterized based on information collected in a household survey. Tested interventions included different crop fertilization and animal supplementation levels, mulching with crop residues and an alternative livestock feeding strategy. Baseline (2013) and a 2050 projection based on IPCC RCP 8.5 describe two climate scenarios (90 years) for comparison. The maximum level of inputs increases farm energy production by + 90% and + 76% compared to the baseline for the small and the larger farm, respectively. Input levels maximizing net incomes are moderate, though higher than those currently used in both farms. The inter-annual distributions of net income show that the use of external inputs increases both upside and downside risks, i.e. the probability of getting both very high and very low results. This is because the interventions are more effective at increasing the highest yields in good years than at preventing the low production levels of some years. The 2050 climate scenario has a negative impact on energy production and potential income, especially for the scenarios with high input levels. Downside risks could partly explain why farmers do not currently use optimal input levels, and the results suggest that these constraints could intensify with climate change.

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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Agricultural Systems
    Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Elsevier TDM
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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    HAL INRAE
    Article . 2017
    Data sources: HAL INRAE
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ CGIAR CGSpace (Consu...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Agricultural Systems
      Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
      License: Elsevier TDM
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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      Article . 2017
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8 Research products
  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Lindsay C. Stringer; Nadine Methner; Harrhy James; Russell M. Wise; +11 Authors

    Les processus de développement et l'action sur le changement climatique sont étroitement liés. Cela est reconnu par le Groupe d'experts intergouvernemental sur l'évolution du climat (GIEC) dans son cinquième rapport d'évaluation, qui rend compte des voies de développement résilientes au climat, comprises comme des trajectoires de développement vers le développement durable qui incluent l'adaptation et l'atténuation. Le sixième rapport d'évaluation à venir consacre un chapitre aux voies de développement résilientes au climat. Dans ce contexte, cet article demande quelles avancées conceptuelles et empiriques sur les voies de développement résilientes au climat ont été réalisées depuis le cinquième rapport d'évaluation. À travers une revue de la littérature, cet article analyse les objectifs et les approches pour un développement résilient au climat les voies, et discute de ce que les progrès conceptuels ont et pourraient encore être faits.Nous trouvons peu de preuves d'un développement de concept dédié.Nous observons plutôt une ambiguïté conceptuelle.La littérature a montré quatre groupes d'approches non exclusifs : (a) orientés vers l'action climatique, (b) orientés vers l'apprentissage social et la co-création, (c) orientés vers l'intégration et (d) orientés vers la transformation.Nous recommandons d'opérationnaliser les voies de développement résilientes au climat en tant que processus de consolidation de l'action climatique et des décisions de développement vers le développement durable à long terme.Ce processus nécessite un engagement explicite avec les aspirations des acteurs et la connexion des développements passés avec les aspirations et les compréhensions futures de risque. Travailler avec de multiples voies nous permet d'intégrer la flexibilité, l'anticipation et l'apprentissage dans la planification. Une plus grande attention est nécessaire sur les questions liées à la justice et à l'équité, car les voies de développement résilientes au climat impliqueront inévitablement des compromis. La justification du concept de voies de développement résilientes au climat a le potentiel de relier le climat et les perspectives de développement, qui pourraient autrement rester séparées dans la politique, la pratique et la science du développement et du climat. Los procesos de desarrollo y la acción sobre el cambio climático están estrechamente interrelacionados. Esto es reconocido por el Grupo Intergubernamental de Expertos sobre el Cambio Climático (IPCC) en su quinto informe de evaluación, que informa sobre las vías de desarrollo resilientes al clima, entendidas como trayectorias de desarrollo hacia el desarrollo sostenible que incluyen la adaptación y la mitigación. El próximo sexto informe de evaluación dedica un capítulo a las vías de desarrollo resilientes al clima. En este contexto, este documento pregunta qué avances conceptuales y empíricos sobre las vías de desarrollo resilientes al clima se realizaron desde el quinto informe de evaluación. A través de una revisión de la literatura, este documento analiza los objetivos y enfoques para el desarrollo resiliente al clima vías, y discute qué avances conceptuales se han logrado y aún podrían lograrse. Encontramos poca evidencia de desarrollo de conceptos dedicados. Más bien, observamos ambigüedad conceptual. La literatura mostró cuatro grupos de enfoques no exclusivos: (a) orientados a la acción climática, (b) orientados al aprendizaje social y la co-creación, (c) orientados a la integración y (d) orientados a la transformación. Recomendamos poner en práctica vías de desarrollo resilientes al clima como el proceso de consolidación de la acción climática y las decisiones de desarrollo hacia el desarrollo sostenible a largo plazo. Este proceso requiere un compromiso explícito con las aspiraciones de los actores y conectar los desarrollos pasados con las aspiraciones y entendimientos futuros de riesgo. Trabajar con múltiples vías nos permite integrar la flexibilidad, la anticipación y el aprendizaje en la planificación. Se necesita un mayor enfoque en los temas relacionados con la justicia y la equidad, ya que las vías de desarrollo resilientes al clima inevitablemente implicarán compensaciones. Sustentar el concepto de vías de desarrollo resilientes al clima tiene el potencial de unir las perspectivas climáticas y de desarrollo, que de otro modo podrían permanecer separadas en la política, la práctica y la ciencia climáticas y de desarrollo. Development processes and action on climate change are closely interlinked.This is recognised by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in its fifth assessment report, which reports on climate-resilient pathways, understood as development trajectories towards sustainable development which include adaptation and mitigation.The upcoming sixth assessment report dedicates a chapter to climate resilient development pathways.In this context, this paper asks what conceptual and empirical advances on climate resilient development pathways were made since the fifth assessment report.Through a literature review, this paper analyses goals and approaches for climate resilient development pathways, and discusses what conceptual advances have and could still be made.We find little evidence of dedicated concept development.Rather, we observe conceptual ambiguity.Literature showed four non-exclusive clusters of approaches: (a) climate action oriented, (b) social-learning and co-creation oriented, (c) mainstreaming oriented and (d) transformation oriented.We recommend operationalising climate resilient development pathways as the process of consolidating climate action and development decisions towards long-term sustainable development.This process requires explicit engagement with aspirations of actors, and connecting past developments with future aspirations and understandings of risk.Working with multiple pathways allows us to embed flexibility, anticipation and learning in planning.A greater focus is needed on issues linked to justice and equity as climate resilient development pathways will inevitably involve trade-offs.Substantiating the concept of climate resilient development pathways has the potential to bridge climate and development perspectives, which may otherwise remain separated in development and climate policy, practice and science. ترتبط عمليات التنمية والإجراءات المتعلقة بتغير المناخ ارتباطًا وثيقًا. هذا معترف به من قبل الفريق الحكومي الدولي المعني بتغير المناخ (IPCC) في تقريره التقييمي الخامس، الذي يقدم تقارير عن مسارات القدرة على التكيف مع المناخ، والتي تُفهم على أنها مسارات التنمية نحو التنمية المستدامة التي تشمل التكيف والتخفيف. يخصص تقرير التقييم السادس القادم فصلًا لمسارات التنمية القادرة على التكيف مع المناخ. في هذا السياق، تسأل هذه الورقة عن التقدم المفاهيمي والتجريبي الذي تم إحرازه في مسارات التنمية القادرة على التكيف مع المناخ منذ تقرير التقييم الخامس. من خلال مراجعة الأدبيات، تحلل هذه الورقة الأهداف والنهج الخاصة بالتنمية القادرة على التكيف مع المناخ المسارات، ويناقش التقدم المفاهيمي الذي يمكن إحرازه. نجد القليل من الأدلة على تطوير مفهوم مخصص. بدلاً من ذلك، نلاحظ الغموض المفاهيمي. أظهرت الأدبيات أربع مجموعات غير حصرية من النهج: (أ) موجهة نحو العمل المناخي، (ب) موجهة نحو التعلم الاجتماعي والإبداع المشترك، (ج) موجهة نحو التعميم و (د) موجهة نحو التحول. نوصي بتفعيل مسارات التنمية المرنة للمناخ كعملية لتوحيد العمل المناخي وقرارات التنمية نحو التنمية المستدامة طويلة الأجل. تتطلب هذه العملية مشاركة صريحة مع تطلعات الجهات الفاعلة، وربط التطورات السابقة بالتطلعات والتفاهمات المستقبلية من المخاطر. يسمح لنا العمل مع مسارات متعددة بتضمين المرونة والتوقع والتعلم في التخطيط. هناك حاجة إلى مزيد من التركيز على القضايا المرتبطة بالعدالة والإنصاف لأن مسارات التنمية المرنة للمناخ ستشمل حتماً المقايضات. إن دعم مفهوم مسارات التنمية المرنة للمناخ لديه القدرة على سد آفاق المناخ والتنمية، والتي قد تظل منفصلة في سياسة التنمية والمناخ والممارسة والعلوم.

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    Environmental Science & Policy
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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    Environmental Science & Policy
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    Wageningen Staff Publications
    Article . 2021
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      Wageningen Staff Publications
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    Authors: Thomas Rudel; Sabine Douxchamps; Sabine Douxchamps; Michael Peters; +21 Authors

    Livestock are critical for incomes, livelihoods, nutrition and ecosystems management throughout the global South. Livestock production and the consumption of livestock-based foods such as meat, cheese, and milk is, however, under global scrutiny for its contribution to global warming, deforestation, biodiversity loss, water use, pollution, and land/soil degradation. This paper argues that, although the environmental footprint of livestock production presents a real threat to planetary sustainability, also in the global south, this is highly contextual. Under certain context-specific management regimes livestock can deliver multiple benefits for people and planet. We provide evidence that a move toward sustainable intensification of livestock production is possible and could mitigate negative environmental impacts and even provide critical ecosystem services, such as improved soil health, carbon sequestration, and enhanced biodiversity on farms. The use of cultivated forages, many improved through selection or breeding and including grasses, legumes and trees, in integrated crop-tree-livestock systems is proposed as a stepping stone toward agroecological transformation. We introduce cultivated forages, explain their multi-functionality and provide an overview of where and to what extent the forages have been applied and how this has benefited people and the planet alike. We then examine their potential to contribute to the 13 principles of agroecology and find that integrating cultivated forages in mixed crop-tree-livestock systems follows a wide range of agroecological principles and increases the sustainability of livestock production across the globe. More research is, however, needed at the food system scale to fully understand the role of forages in the sociological and process aspects of agroecology. We make the case for further genetic improvement of cultivated forages and strong multi-disciplinary systems research to strengthen our understanding of the multidimensional impacts of forages and for managing agro-environmental trade-offs. We finish with a call for action, for the agroecological and livestock research and development communities to improve communication and join hands for a sustainable agri-food system transformation.

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    Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Crossref
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    Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems
    Article
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    Research Collection
    Article . 2021
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    Research@WUR
    Article . 2021
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    Research Collection
    Article . 2021
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    Wageningen Staff Publications
    Article . 2021
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    https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/q2...
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      Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems
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      Article . 2021
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      Wageningen Staff Publications
      Article . 2021
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    Authors: Quiros F. Carlos; Rufino Mariana Cristina; Rufino Mariana Cristina; Kristjanson Patti; +10 Authors

    BackgroundWhat are the key factors that contribute to household-level food security? What lessons can we learn from food secure households? What agricultural options and management strategies are likely to benefit female-headed households in particular? This paper addresses these questions using a unique dataset of 600 households that allows us to explore a wide range of indicators capturing different aspects of performance and well-being for different types of households—female-headed, male-headed, food secure, food insecure—and assess livelihoods options and strategies and how they influence food security. The analysis is based on a detailed farm household survey carried out in three sites in Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania.ResultsOur results suggest that food insecurity may not be more severe for female-headed households than male-headed households. We found that food secure farming households have a wider variety of crops on their farms and are more market oriented than are the food insecure. More domestic assets do not make female-headed households more food secure. For the other categories of assets (livestock, transport, and productive), we did not find evidence of a correlation with food security. Different livelihood portfolios are being pursued by male versus female-headed households, with female-headed households less likely to grow high-value crops and more likely to have a less diversified crop portfolio.ConclusionsThese findings help identify local, national and regional policies and actions for enhancing food security of female-headed as well as male-headed households. These include interventions that improve households’ access to information, e.g., though innovative communication and knowledge-sharing efforts and support aimed at enhancing women’s and men’s agricultural market opportunities.

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    Agriculture & Food Security
    Article . 2015 . Peer-reviewed
    Data sources: Crossref
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    Agriculture & Food Security
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    Authors: Idupulapati M. Rao; Michael Peters; Aracely Castro; Rainer Schultze‐Kraft; +37 Authors

    Comme la demande mondiale de produits d'élevage (tels que la viande, le lait et les œufs) devrait doubler d'ici 2050, les augmentations nécessaires de la production future doivent être conciliées avec les impacts environnementaux négatifs causés par l'élevage. Cet article décrit le concept LivestockPlus et démontre comment l'ensemencement de fourrages améliorés peut conduire à l'intensification durable des systèmes mixtes cultures-forages-élevage-arbres dans les tropiques en produisant de multiples avantages sociaux, économiques et environnementaux. L'intensification durable améliore non seulement la productivité des systèmes à base de fourrage tropical, mais réduit également l'empreinte écologique de la production animale et génère une diversité de services écosystémiques (SE) tels que l'amélioration de la qualité des sols et la réduction de l'érosion, de la sédimentation et des émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES). L'intégration de fourrages améliorés à base d'herbe et de légumineuses dans des systèmes de production mixtes (cultures-élevage, arbres-élevage, cultures-arbres-élevage) peut restaurer les terres dégradées et améliorer la résilience du système à la sécheresse et à l'engorgement associé au changement climatique. Lorsqu'ils sont correctement gérés, les fourrages tropicaux accumulent de grandes quantités de carbone dans le sol, fixent l'azote atmosphérique (légumineuses), inhibent la nitrification dans le sol et réduisent les émissions d'oxyde nitreux (graminées) et réduisent les émissions de GES par unité de produit d'élevage. Le concept LivestockPlus est défini comme l'intensification durable des systèmes à base de fourrage, qui repose sur 3 processus d'intensification interdépendants : l'intensification génétique - le développement et l'utilisation de cultivars supérieurs d'herbe et de légumineuses pour augmenter la productivité du bétail ; l'intensification écologique - le développement et l'application de meilleures pratiques de gestion des ressources agricoles et naturelles ; et l'intensification socio-économique - l'amélioration des institutions et des politiques locales et nationales, qui permettent d'affiner les technologies et de soutenir leur utilisation durable. L'augmentation de la productivité animale nécessitera des efforts coordonnés pour élaborer des politiques de soutien du gouvernement, des organisations non gouvernementales et du secteur privé qui favorisent les investissements et une rémunération équitable sur le marché pour les produits et les SE fournis. Des efforts efficaces de recherche pour le développement qui promeuvent les avantages agricoles et environnementaux des systèmes à base de fourrage peuvent contribuer à la mise en œuvre de LivestockPlus dans divers contextes géographiques, politiques et socio-économiques.Mots clés : éco-efficacité, avantages environnementaux, élevage et environnement, agriculture mixte, pâturages, petits exploitants.DOI :10.17138/TGFT (3)59-82 Dado que se espera que la demanda mundial de productos ganaderos (como carne, leche y huevos) se duplique para 2050, los aumentos necesarios para la producción futura deben conciliarse con los impactos ambientales negativos que causa el ganado. Este documento describe el concepto de LivestockPlus y demuestra cómo la siembra de forrajes mejorados puede conducir a la intensificación sostenible de los sistemas mixtos de cultivos, forraje, ganado y árboles en los trópicos al producir múltiples beneficios sociales, económicos y ambientales. La intensificación sostenible no solo mejora la productividad de los sistemas basados en forraje tropical, sino que también reduce la huella ecológica de la producción ganadera y genera una diversidad de servicios ecosistémicos (ES), como la mejora de la calidad del suelo y la reducción de la erosión, la sedimentación y las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI). La integración de forrajes mejorados de pastos y leguminosas en sistemas de producción mixtos (cultivo-ganado, árbol-ganado, cultivo-árbol-ganado) puede restaurar las tierras degradadas y mejorar la resistencia del sistema a la sequía y el anegamiento asociados con el cambio climático. Cuando los forrajes tropicales se gestionan adecuadamente, acumulan grandes cantidades de carbono en el suelo, fijan el nitrógeno atmosférico (legumbres), inhiben la nitrificación en el suelo y reducen las emisiones de óxido nitroso (gramíneas), y reducen las emisiones de GEI por unidad de producto ganadero. El concepto LivestockPlus se define como la intensificación sostenible de los sistemas basados en forrajes, que se basa en 3 procesos de intensificación interrelacionados: intensificación genética: el desarrollo y uso de cultivares superiores de gramíneas y leguminosas para aumentar la productividad del ganado; intensificación ecológica: el desarrollo y la aplicación de prácticas mejoradas de gestión de granjas y recursos naturales; e intensificación socioeconómica: la mejora de las instituciones y políticas locales y nacionales, que permiten el perfeccionamiento de las tecnologías y apoyan su uso duradero. El aumento de la productividad ganadera requerirá esfuerzos coordinados para desarrollar políticas de apoyo gubernamentales, de organizaciones no gubernamentales y del sector privado que fomenten las inversiones y una compensación justa del mercado tanto para los productos como para los ES proporcionados. Los esfuerzos efectivos de investigación para el desarrollo que promueven los beneficios agrícolas y ambientales de los sistemas basados en forraje pueden contribuir a la implementación de LivestockPlus en una variedad de contextos geográficos, políticos y socioeconómicos. Palabras clave: Ecoeficiencia, beneficios ambientales, ganado y medio ambiente, agricultura mixta, pastos, pequeños agricultores. DOI:10.17138/TGFT (3)59-82 As global demand for livestock products (such as meat, milk and eggs) is expected to double by 2050, necessary increases to future production must be reconciled with negative environmental impacts that livestock cause. This paper describes the LivestockPlus concept and demonstrates how the sowing of improved forages can lead to the sustainable intensification of mixed crop-forage-livestock-tree systems in the tropics by producing multiple social, economic and environmental benefits. Sustainable intensification not only improves the productivity of tropical forage-based systems but also reduces the ecological footprint of livestock production and generates a diversity of ecosystem services (ES) such as improved soil quality and reduced erosion, sedimentation and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Integrating improved grass and legume forages into mixed production systems (crop-livestock, tree-livestock, crop-tree-livestock) can restore degraded lands and enhance system resilience to drought and waterlogging associated with climate change. When properly managed tropical forages accumulate large amounts of carbon in soil, fix atmospheric nitrogen (legumes), inhibit nitrification in soil and reduce nitrous oxide emissions (grasses), and reduce GHG emissions per unit livestock product.The LivestockPlus concept is defined as the sustainable intensification of forage-based systems, which is based on 3 interrelated intensification processes: genetic intensification - the development and use of superior grass and legume cultivars for increased livestock productivity; ecological intensification - the development and application of improved farm and natural resource management practices; and socio-economic intensification - the improvement of local and national institutions and policies, which enable refinements of technologies and support their enduring use. Increases in livestock productivity will require coordinated efforts to develop supportive government, non-government organization and private sector policies that foster investments and fair market compensation for both the products and ES provided. Effective research-for-development efforts that promote agricultural and environmental benefits of forage-based systems can contribute towards implemention of LivestockPlus across a variety of geographic, political and socio-economic contexts.Keywords: Eco-efficiency, environmental benefits, livestock and environment, mixed farming, pastures, smallholders.DOI: 10.17138/TGFT(3)59-82 نظرًا لأنه من المتوقع أن يتضاعف الطلب العالمي على المنتجات الحيوانية (مثل اللحوم والحليب والبيض) بحلول عام 2050، يجب التوفيق بين الزيادات اللازمة للإنتاج المستقبلي والآثار البيئية السلبية التي تسببها الثروة الحيوانية. تصف هذه الورقة مفهوم LivestockPlus وتوضح كيف يمكن أن يؤدي زرع الأعلاف المحسنة إلى التكثيف المستدام لأنظمة زراعة المحاصيل المختلطة في المناطق الاستوائية من خلال إنتاج فوائد اجتماعية واقتصادية وبيئية متعددة. لا يؤدي التكثيف المستدام إلى تحسين إنتاجية النظم القائمة على الأعلاف الاستوائية فحسب، بل يقلل أيضًا من البصمة البيئية للإنتاج الحيواني ويولد مجموعة متنوعة من خدمات النظم الإيكولوجية مثل تحسين جودة التربة وتقليل التعرية والترسيب وانبعاثات غازات الدفيئة. يمكن أن يؤدي دمج الأعلاف العشبية والبقولية المحسنة في أنظمة الإنتاج المختلطة (المحاصيل والماشية، والأشجار والماشية، والمحاصيل والماشية) إلى استعادة الأراضي المتدهورة وتعزيز مرونة النظام في مواجهة الجفاف والتشبع بالمياه المرتبطين بتغير المناخ. عندما تتراكم الأعلاف الاستوائية المدارة بشكل صحيح كميات كبيرة من الكربون في التربة، وتصلح النيتروجين في الغلاف الجوي (البقوليات)، وتمنع النترجة في التربة وتقلل من انبعاثات أكسيد النيتروز (الأعشاب)، وتقلل من انبعاثات غازات الدفيئة لكل وحدة من المنتجات الحيوانية. يتم تعريف مفهوم LivestockPlus على أنه التكثيف المستدام للأنظمة القائمة على الأعلاف، والتي تستند إلى 3 عمليات تكثيف مترابطة: التكثيف الجيني - تطوير واستخدام أصناف متفوقة من العشب والبقول لزيادة إنتاجية الثروة الحيوانية ؛ التكثيف البيئي - تطوير وتطبيق ممارسات محسنة لإدارة المزارع والموارد الطبيعية ؛ والتكثيف الاجتماعي والاقتصادي - تحسين المؤسسات والسياسات المحلية والوطنية، والتي تمكن من تحسين التقنيات ودعم استخدامها الدائم. ستتطلب الزيادات في إنتاجية الثروة الحيوانية جهودًا منسقة لتطوير سياسات داعمة للحكومة والمنظمات غير الحكومية والقطاع الخاص تعزز الاستثمارات وتعويضات السوق العادلة لكل من المنتجات والخدمات البيئية والاجتماعية المقدمة. يمكن أن تساهم جهود البحث من أجل التنمية الفعالة التي تعزز الفوائد الزراعية والبيئية للأنظمة القائمة على الأعلاف في تنفيذ LivestockPlus عبر مجموعة متنوعة من السياقات الجغرافية والسياسية والاجتماعية والاقتصادية. الكلمات الرئيسية: الكفاءة البيئية، الفوائد البيئية، الثروة الحيوانية والبيئة، الزراعة المختلطة، المراعي، أصحاب الحيازات الصغيرة. DOI: 10.17138/TGFT (3)59-82

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      Research@WUR
      Article . 2015
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      Other literature type . 2015
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      Wageningen Staff Publications
      Article . 2015
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      ResearchGate Data
      External research report . 2015
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/sf...
      Other literature type . 2015
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/8p...
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    Authors: Lyda Hok; Chau T. M. Long; Birthe K. Paul; Sabine Douxchamps; +7 Authors

    CONTEXT The Greater Mekong Subregion has been undergoing rapid agricultural transformation over the last decades, as traditional diverse subsistence-oriented agriculture is evolving towards intensified commercial production systems. Negative environmental impacts often include deforestation, nutrient pollution, and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. OBJECTIVE This study aims to explore the potential of crop-livestock integration to mitigate trade-offs between economic and environmental impacts of smallholder farming systems at different stages of agricultural transition and degrees of agricultural diversity across the Greater Mekong Subregion. METHODS We chose a ‘middle ground’ between detailed modeling of few, representative farming systems and modeling of large household populations. 24 low and high diversity farms were selected in Laos (Xieng Khouang province), Cambodia (Ratanakiri province) and Vietnam (Central Highlands) from a survey dataset of 1300 households. These farming systems were simulated with the whole-farm bio-economic and multi-objective optimization model FarmDESIGN, calculating operating profit, GHG emissions and nitrogen (N) balance. Two optimizations (‘business as usual’ vs. ‘crop-livestock integration’) were performed, generating ‘solution spaces’ or alternative configurations aiming to maximize profitability, keep farm N balanced and minimize GHG emissions. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Agricultural systems across the sites differed in their production orientation and management practices, representing various stages of agricultural transition. Nitrogen balances varied between sites, being negative in Ratanakiri (average − 20.5 kg N ha−1 y−1) and Xieng Khouang (−36.5 kg N ha−1 y−1) and positive in the Central Highlands (73 kg N ha−1 y−1). Negative balances point to unsustainable mining of nutrients due to sale of cash crops without sufficient inputs, and positive balances to the risk of environmental contamination. Total GHG emissions ranged from 0.52–8.12 t CO2e ha−1 and were not significantly impacted by stage of agricultural transformation or agricultural diversity. GHG sources in Ratanakiri and Xieng Khouang were determined by crop residue burning while in Central Highlands fertilizer and livestock were main emitters. High diversity farms obtained higher operating profits (10,379 USD y−1) than low diversity farms (4584 USD y−1). Crop-livestock integration, a combination of measures including introduction of improved forages grasses, manure recycling and residue feeding, and reduction of residue burning, resulted in larger ‘solution spaces’, thus providing farmers with more options to mitigate agro-environmental trade-offs. SIGNIFICANCE These findings underline the potential of crop-livestock integration to support sustainable intensification pathways in the Greater Mekong region. Public and private investment in further research and extension is needed to develop and scal Agricultural Systems, 195 ISSN:0308-521X

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    Agricultural Systems
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      Agricultural Systems
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    Authors: Sabine Douxchamps; Ashly Arevalo; Kien Tri Nguyen; Nghia Dai Tran; +3 Authors

    Increases in pig farm densities have caused great pressures on waste management systems and produce massive manure and urine quantities in Vietnam. This study aimed to identify the role and contributions of biogas digesters to better manage the sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from pig wastes for different types of pig farms in the north of Vietnam. Four provinces, namely Thanh Hoa, Phu Tho, Thai Binh, Vinh Phuc, were identified. A total of 24 farms were purposively selected including 16 small-size farms and 8 larger-size farms. The findings showed that GHG emissions from small-size farms (154.8 t CO2-eq.yr-1) did not significantly differ from the amounts measured in larger-size farms (139.1 t CO2-eq.yr-1) in the four surveyed provinces. The sampling position did not significantly affect the GHG emission rates, with 173.9 t CO2-eq.yr-1 inside piggeries and 120.8 t CO2-eq.yr-1 outside the outlet of the biogas digesters (p-value=0.09). N2O emissions require further measurements at different farm sizes and sites. These results confirmed that the pig waste management of biogas digesters for both small-size and larger-size pig farms is not completely efficient and that efforts need to be invested in to mitigate GHG emissions in pig production. Reducing pig density per piggery is highly recommended. The application of other alternative aerobic or anaerobic digestion technologies like vermicompost, effective microorganisms, and composting should also be encouraged and promoted.

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    Vietnam Journal of Agricultural Sciences
    Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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    Vietnam Journal of Agricultural Sciences
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      Vietnam Journal of Agricultural Sciences
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    Authors: C.A. Epper; Astrid Oberson; Sabine Douxchamps; Dharani Dhar Burra; +8 Authors

    South East Asia's agricultural landscape is rapidly transitioning from subsistence to intensive and market-oriented production, often with negative impacts on soil fertility. Ensuring that this transition is conducted in a sustainable way is critical, especially for the poorest who rely exclusively on natural resources that are of limited quality and quantity. This study aims to evaluate sustainable intensification options for smallholder ethnic minority farmers of the Lao uplands. Following a systematic selection of case study crop-livestock farms with different degrees of diversification and market orientation, we adopted a detailed nutrient flow approach to quantify nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) balances at farm level using a whole farm modelling tool. This was then used to simulate alternative sustainable intensification options relative to the baseline and their impact on farm performance and N and P cycling. Irrespective of the intensification level, nutrient balances were negative on all farms, with net nutrient removal between −34 and −130 kg N ha−1y−1 and between −9 and −20 kg P ha−1y−1. The positive effect of the sustainable intensification options on selected system performance variables was up to 15 times higher when its baseline value was low, i.e. when potential for improvement was high. Compared to the baseline (rice and maize monocropping systems), fallow plots during the dry season and low level of residues recycling, all intensification options increased land productivity and N balance by at least 12% on each farm, whereas the P balances were negatively impacted. The positive effects on the N balances might not be sufficient to reverse nutrient depletion, and additional nutrient inputs would be necessary. Four management principles are key to ensure a smooth transition from subsistence to intensive production: no residue burning, stay diverse, integrate livestock and use small amounts of P mineral fertilizer. If combined with efficient and integrative agricultural extension, seed systems and market development, these basic principles could be the key success factor for a sustainable development of the Lao uplands.

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    Research@WUR
    Article . 2020
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    Agricultural Systems
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      Agricultural Systems
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    Authors: Rigolot, Cyrille; de Voil, P.; Douxchamps, S.; Prestwidge, D.; +6 Authors

    Smallholder crop–livestock farming systems have an important role to play for food security in Sub-Saharan Africa, but they have to cope with the effects of climate variability and change. In this study, we test the impacts of different interventions in two contrasting mixed farms in Northern Burkina Faso against the background of plausible current and future climate scenarios. For this purpose, we developed a dynamic farm-household modeling framework around existing tools: crop and animal production models APSIM and LivSim, the household model IAT and the climate generator Marksim. The two farms (a small and a larger) were selected and parameterized based on information collected in a household survey. Tested interventions included different crop fertilization and animal supplementation levels, mulching with crop residues and an alternative livestock feeding strategy. Baseline (2013) and a 2050 projection based on IPCC RCP 8.5 describe two climate scenarios (90 years) for comparison. The maximum level of inputs increases farm energy production by + 90% and + 76% compared to the baseline for the small and the larger farm, respectively. Input levels maximizing net incomes are moderate, though higher than those currently used in both farms. The inter-annual distributions of net income show that the use of external inputs increases both upside and downside risks, i.e. the probability of getting both very high and very low results. This is because the interventions are more effective at increasing the highest yields in good years than at preventing the low production levels of some years. The 2050 climate scenario has a negative impact on energy production and potential income, especially for the scenarios with high input levels. Downside risks could partly explain why farmers do not currently use optimal input levels, and the results suggest that these constraints could intensify with climate change.

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    Agricultural Systems
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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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    Article . 2017
    Data sources: HAL INRAE
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ CGIAR CGSpace (Consu...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Agricultural Systems
      Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
      License: Elsevier TDM
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      HAL INRAE
      Article . 2017
      Data sources: HAL INRAE
      addClaim

      This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.

      You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.
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