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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: orcid Li, Yang;
    Li, Yang
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Li, Yang in OpenAIRE
    Bu, Fanjin; Li, Yuanzheng; orcid Long, Chao;
    Long, Chao
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Long, Chao in OpenAIRE

    Multi-uncertainties from power sources and loads have brought significant challenges to the stable demand supply of various resources at islands. To address these challenges, a comprehensive scheduling framework is proposed by introducing a model-free deep reinforcement learning (DRL) approach based on modeling an island integrated energy system (IES). In response to the shortage of freshwater on islands, in addition to the introduction of seawater desalination systems, a transmission structure of "hydrothermal simultaneous transmission" (HST) is proposed. The essence of the IES scheduling problem is the optimal combination of each unit's output, which is a typical timing control problem and conforms to the Markov decision-making solution framework of deep reinforcement learning. Deep reinforcement learning adapts to various changes and timely adjusts strategies through the interaction of agents and the environment, avoiding complicated modeling and prediction of multi-uncertainties. The simulation results show that the proposed scheduling framework properly handles multi-uncertainties from power sources and loads, achieves a stable demand supply for various resources, and has better performance than other real-time scheduling methods, especially in terms of computational efficiency. In addition, the HST model constitutes an active exploration to improve the utilization efficiency of island freshwater. Accepted by Applied Energy

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Cranfield University...arrow_drop_down
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    Cranfield CERES
    Article . 2022
    License: CC BY NC ND
    Data sources: Cranfield CERES
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    Applied Energy
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Elsevier TDM
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    https://dx.doi.org/10.48550/ar...
    Article . 2022
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      Cranfield CERES
      Article . 2022
      License: CC BY NC ND
      Data sources: Cranfield CERES
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Applied Energy
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
      License: Elsevier TDM
      Data sources: Crossref
      https://dx.doi.org/10.48550/ar...
      Article . 2022
      License: CC BY NC ND
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: orcid Li, Yang;
    Li, Yang
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Li, Yang in OpenAIRE
    Bu, Fanjin; Li, Yuanzheng; orcid Long, Chao;
    Long, Chao
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Long, Chao in OpenAIRE

    Multi-uncertainties from power sources and loads have brought significant challenges to the stable demand supply of various resources at islands. To address these challenges, a comprehensive scheduling framework is proposed by introducing a model-free deep reinforcement learning (DRL) approach based on modeling an island integrated energy system (IES). In response to the shortage of freshwater on islands, in addition to the introduction of seawater desalination systems, a transmission structure of "hydrothermal simultaneous transmission" (HST) is proposed. The essence of the IES scheduling problem is the optimal combination of each unit's output, which is a typical timing control problem and conforms to the Markov decision-making solution framework of deep reinforcement learning. Deep reinforcement learning adapts to various changes and timely adjusts strategies through the interaction of agents and the environment, avoiding complicated modeling and prediction of multi-uncertainties. The simulation results show that the proposed scheduling framework properly handles multi-uncertainties from power sources and loads, achieves a stable demand supply for various resources, and has better performance than other real-time scheduling methods, especially in terms of computational efficiency. In addition, the HST model constitutes an active exploration to improve the utilization efficiency of island freshwater. Accepted by Applied Energy

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Cranfield University...arrow_drop_down
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    Cranfield CERES
    Article . 2022
    License: CC BY NC ND
    Data sources: Cranfield CERES
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Applied Energy
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Elsevier TDM
    Data sources: Crossref
    https://dx.doi.org/10.48550/ar...
    Article . 2022
    License: CC BY NC ND
    Data sources: Datacite
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      Cranfield CERES
      Article . 2022
      License: CC BY NC ND
      Data sources: Cranfield CERES
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Applied Energy
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
      License: Elsevier TDM
      Data sources: Crossref
      https://dx.doi.org/10.48550/ar...
      Article . 2022
      License: CC BY NC ND
      Data sources: Datacite
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: orcid Sereen Z. Althaher;
    Sereen Z. Althaher
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Sereen Z. Althaher in OpenAIRE
    orcid Sahban W. Alnaser;
    Sahban W. Alnaser
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Sahban W. Alnaser in OpenAIRE
    orcid Yue Zhou;
    Yue Zhou
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Yue Zhou in OpenAIRE
    orcid Chao Long;
    Chao Long
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Chao Long in OpenAIRE

    La formulation de la tarification dynamique est l'une des solutions émergentes pour guider la demande résidentielle pour les avantages du système d'alimentation en vrac.Toutefois, le calendrier de la demande résidentielle en réponse aux prix de l'énergie différenciés dans le temps pourrait provoquer des congestions dans les réseaux de distribution à la fois au prix le plus bas et aux intervalles de temps les plus élevés.Pour permettre l'adoption de la tarification dynamique, ce travail présente un nouveau cadre pour gérer les contraintes des réseaux de distribution basé sur le concept de système énergétique transactif (tes).Le cadre basé sur tes produit des incitations lors des problèmes de réseau pour débloquer la flexibilité des clients services pour reprogrammer les actifs contrôlables (par exemple, les batteries).En exécutant les systèmes de gestion de l'énergie domestique (HEMS), la flexibilité des clients pour modifier les horaires est quantifiée par rapport à un ensemble prédéfini d'incitations. Pour chaque incitation, les montants de changement de la demande nette par client sont agrégés et soumis par le biais d'agrégateurs au gestionnaire de réseau de distribution (DSO) sous la forme d'offres de production (réduction de la demande) et d'offres de demande (augmentation de la demande). Ces dernières sont cruciales pour répondre aux problèmes de réseau liés à la génération. Les courbes d'enchères en escalier des agrégateurs résultantes sont intégrées à un système avancé Modèle de flux de puissance optimal (OPF) pour identifier les offres réussies pour gérer les contraintes du réseau tout en minimisant les incitations versées aux agrégateurs. Cela permet de définir directement les incitations et les quantités sans itérations étendues entre le GRD et les agrégateurs. L'application du cadre à une alimentation urbaine de 11 kV montre son efficacité pour gérer les congestions. Cependant, les fortes variations des prix dynamiques augmentent les montants des incitations, en particulier lorsque des services de flexibilité sont demandés le soir et la nuit. La formulación de precios dinámicos es una de las soluciones emergentes para guiar la demanda residencial de los beneficios del sistema de energía a granel. Sin embargo, el programa de demanda residencial en respuesta a los precios de la energía diferenciados en el tiempo podría causar congestiones en las redes de distribución tanto en los intervalos de tiempo de precio más bajo como en los de precio más alto. Para permitir la adopción de precios dinámicos, este trabajo presenta un marco novedoso para gestionar las restricciones de las redes de distribución basado en el concepto de Sistema de Energía Transactiva (tes). El marco basado en tes produce incentivos durante los problemas de la red para desbloquear la flexibilidad de los clientes servicios para reprogramar activos controlables (por ejemplo, baterías). Al ejecutar los Sistemas de Gestión de Energía Doméstica (HEMS), la flexibilidad de los clientes para modificar los horarios se cuantifica frente a un conjunto predefinido de incentivos. Para cada incentivo, las cantidades de cambio de demanda neta por cliente se agregan y envían a través de agregadores al Operador del Sistema de Distribución (DSO) en forma de ofertas de generación (reducción de la demanda) y ofertas de demanda (aumento de la demanda). Estas últimas son cruciales para atender los problemas de red impulsados por la generación. Las curvas de licitación de escalera de los agregadores resultantes están integradas en un Modelo de flujo de energía óptimo (OPF) para identificar las ofertas exitosas para administrar las restricciones de la red y minimizar los incentivos pagados a los agregadores. Esto permite definir incentivos y cantidades directamente sin iteraciones extensas entre DSO y agregadores. La aplicación del marco a un alimentador urbano de 11kV muestra su efectividad para administrar las congestiones. Sin embargo, las variaciones en los precios dinámicos aumentan las cantidades de incentivos, particularmente cuando los servicios de flexibilidad se solicitan en intervalos de tiempo nocturnos y nocturnos. The formulation of dynamic pricing is one of the emerging solutions to guide residential demand for the benefits of the bulk power system.However, the schedule of residential demand in response to time-differentiated energy prices could cause congestions in distribution networks at both the lowest-price and highest-price time intervals.To enable the adoption of dynamic pricing, this work presents a novel framework to manage the constraints of distribution networks based on the concept of Transactive Energy System (TES).The TES-based framework produces incentives during network issues to unlock customers' flexibility services to reschedule controllable assets (e.g., batteries).By running Home Energy Management Systems (HEMS), the flexibility of customers to modify schedules are quantified against predefined set of incentives.For each incentive, the amounts of net-demand change per customer are aggregated and submitted through aggregators to the Distribution System Operator (DSO) in the forms of both generation offers (reducing demand) and demand offers (increasing demand).The latter are crucial to cater for generationdriven network issues.The resulting aggregators' staircase bidding curves are embedded to an advanced Optimal Power Flow (OPF) model to identify the successful offers to manage network constraints whilst minimizing incentives paid to aggregators.This allows defining incentives and quantities directly without extensive iterations between DSO and aggregators.The application of the framework to an urban 11kV feeder shows its effectiveness to manage congestions.However, the highly variations in dynamic prices increase the amounts of incentives particularly when flexibility services are requested at evening and night time intervals. تعد صياغة التسعير الديناميكي أحد الحلول الناشئة لتوجيه الطلب السكني على فوائد نظام الطاقة السائبة. ومع ذلك، يمكن أن يتسبب جدول الطلب السكني استجابةً لأسعار الطاقة المتباينة زمنيًا في حدوث ازدحام في شبكات التوزيع بأقل الأسعار وأعلاها على حد سواء. لتمكين اعتماد التسعير الديناميكي، يقدم هذا العمل إطارًا جديدًا لإدارة قيود شبكات التوزيع بناءً على مفهوم نظام الطاقة التفاعلي (TES). ينتج الإطار القائم على TES حوافز أثناء مشكلات الشبكة لفتح مرونة العملاء خدمات لإعادة جدولة الأصول التي يمكن التحكم فيها (على سبيل المثال، البطاريات). من خلال تشغيل أنظمة إدارة الطاقة المنزلية (HEMS)، يتم تحديد مرونة العملاء في تعديل الجداول الزمنية مقابل مجموعة محددة مسبقًا من الحوافز. لكل حافز، يتم تجميع مبالغ صافي تغيير الطلب لكل عميل وتقديمها من خلال المجمعين إلى مشغل نظام التوزيع (DSO) في أشكال كل من عروض الجيل (تقليل الطلب) وعروض الطلب (زيادة الطلب). هذه الأخيرة حاسمة لتلبية مشكلات الشبكة التي يحركها الجيل. يتم تضمين منحنيات مناقصات درج المجمعين الناتجة إلى نموذج تدفق الطاقة الأمثل (OPF) لتحديد العروض الناجحة لإدارة قيود الشبكة مع تقليل الحوافز المدفوعة للمجمعات. وهذا يسمح بتحديد الحوافز والكميات مباشرة دون تكرارات مكثفة بين DSO والمجمعات. يُظهر تطبيق الإطار على وحدة التغذية الحضرية 11 كيلو فولت فعاليته في إدارة الازدحام. ومع ذلك، فإن الاختلافات الكبيرة في الأسعار الديناميكية تزيد من كميات الحوافز خاصة عندما يتم طلب خدمات المرونة في فترات المساء والليل.

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    IEEE Access
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
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    IEEE Access
    Article . 2022
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    Cranfield CERES
    Article . 2022
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    https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/kw...
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      IEEE Access
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    Authors: orcid Sereen Z. Althaher;
    Sereen Z. Althaher
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    Sereen Z. Althaher in OpenAIRE
    orcid Sahban W. Alnaser;
    Sahban W. Alnaser
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    Sahban W. Alnaser in OpenAIRE
    orcid Yue Zhou;
    Yue Zhou
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    Yue Zhou in OpenAIRE
    orcid Chao Long;
    Chao Long
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    Chao Long in OpenAIRE

    La formulation de la tarification dynamique est l'une des solutions émergentes pour guider la demande résidentielle pour les avantages du système d'alimentation en vrac.Toutefois, le calendrier de la demande résidentielle en réponse aux prix de l'énergie différenciés dans le temps pourrait provoquer des congestions dans les réseaux de distribution à la fois au prix le plus bas et aux intervalles de temps les plus élevés.Pour permettre l'adoption de la tarification dynamique, ce travail présente un nouveau cadre pour gérer les contraintes des réseaux de distribution basé sur le concept de système énergétique transactif (tes).Le cadre basé sur tes produit des incitations lors des problèmes de réseau pour débloquer la flexibilité des clients services pour reprogrammer les actifs contrôlables (par exemple, les batteries).En exécutant les systèmes de gestion de l'énergie domestique (HEMS), la flexibilité des clients pour modifier les horaires est quantifiée par rapport à un ensemble prédéfini d'incitations. Pour chaque incitation, les montants de changement de la demande nette par client sont agrégés et soumis par le biais d'agrégateurs au gestionnaire de réseau de distribution (DSO) sous la forme d'offres de production (réduction de la demande) et d'offres de demande (augmentation de la demande). Ces dernières sont cruciales pour répondre aux problèmes de réseau liés à la génération. Les courbes d'enchères en escalier des agrégateurs résultantes sont intégrées à un système avancé Modèle de flux de puissance optimal (OPF) pour identifier les offres réussies pour gérer les contraintes du réseau tout en minimisant les incitations versées aux agrégateurs. Cela permet de définir directement les incitations et les quantités sans itérations étendues entre le GRD et les agrégateurs. L'application du cadre à une alimentation urbaine de 11 kV montre son efficacité pour gérer les congestions. Cependant, les fortes variations des prix dynamiques augmentent les montants des incitations, en particulier lorsque des services de flexibilité sont demandés le soir et la nuit. La formulación de precios dinámicos es una de las soluciones emergentes para guiar la demanda residencial de los beneficios del sistema de energía a granel. Sin embargo, el programa de demanda residencial en respuesta a los precios de la energía diferenciados en el tiempo podría causar congestiones en las redes de distribución tanto en los intervalos de tiempo de precio más bajo como en los de precio más alto. Para permitir la adopción de precios dinámicos, este trabajo presenta un marco novedoso para gestionar las restricciones de las redes de distribución basado en el concepto de Sistema de Energía Transactiva (tes). El marco basado en tes produce incentivos durante los problemas de la red para desbloquear la flexibilidad de los clientes servicios para reprogramar activos controlables (por ejemplo, baterías). Al ejecutar los Sistemas de Gestión de Energía Doméstica (HEMS), la flexibilidad de los clientes para modificar los horarios se cuantifica frente a un conjunto predefinido de incentivos. Para cada incentivo, las cantidades de cambio de demanda neta por cliente se agregan y envían a través de agregadores al Operador del Sistema de Distribución (DSO) en forma de ofertas de generación (reducción de la demanda) y ofertas de demanda (aumento de la demanda). Estas últimas son cruciales para atender los problemas de red impulsados por la generación. Las curvas de licitación de escalera de los agregadores resultantes están integradas en un Modelo de flujo de energía óptimo (OPF) para identificar las ofertas exitosas para administrar las restricciones de la red y minimizar los incentivos pagados a los agregadores. Esto permite definir incentivos y cantidades directamente sin iteraciones extensas entre DSO y agregadores. La aplicación del marco a un alimentador urbano de 11kV muestra su efectividad para administrar las congestiones. Sin embargo, las variaciones en los precios dinámicos aumentan las cantidades de incentivos, particularmente cuando los servicios de flexibilidad se solicitan en intervalos de tiempo nocturnos y nocturnos. The formulation of dynamic pricing is one of the emerging solutions to guide residential demand for the benefits of the bulk power system.However, the schedule of residential demand in response to time-differentiated energy prices could cause congestions in distribution networks at both the lowest-price and highest-price time intervals.To enable the adoption of dynamic pricing, this work presents a novel framework to manage the constraints of distribution networks based on the concept of Transactive Energy System (TES).The TES-based framework produces incentives during network issues to unlock customers' flexibility services to reschedule controllable assets (e.g., batteries).By running Home Energy Management Systems (HEMS), the flexibility of customers to modify schedules are quantified against predefined set of incentives.For each incentive, the amounts of net-demand change per customer are aggregated and submitted through aggregators to the Distribution System Operator (DSO) in the forms of both generation offers (reducing demand) and demand offers (increasing demand).The latter are crucial to cater for generationdriven network issues.The resulting aggregators' staircase bidding curves are embedded to an advanced Optimal Power Flow (OPF) model to identify the successful offers to manage network constraints whilst minimizing incentives paid to aggregators.This allows defining incentives and quantities directly without extensive iterations between DSO and aggregators.The application of the framework to an urban 11kV feeder shows its effectiveness to manage congestions.However, the highly variations in dynamic prices increase the amounts of incentives particularly when flexibility services are requested at evening and night time intervals. تعد صياغة التسعير الديناميكي أحد الحلول الناشئة لتوجيه الطلب السكني على فوائد نظام الطاقة السائبة. ومع ذلك، يمكن أن يتسبب جدول الطلب السكني استجابةً لأسعار الطاقة المتباينة زمنيًا في حدوث ازدحام في شبكات التوزيع بأقل الأسعار وأعلاها على حد سواء. لتمكين اعتماد التسعير الديناميكي، يقدم هذا العمل إطارًا جديدًا لإدارة قيود شبكات التوزيع بناءً على مفهوم نظام الطاقة التفاعلي (TES). ينتج الإطار القائم على TES حوافز أثناء مشكلات الشبكة لفتح مرونة العملاء خدمات لإعادة جدولة الأصول التي يمكن التحكم فيها (على سبيل المثال، البطاريات). من خلال تشغيل أنظمة إدارة الطاقة المنزلية (HEMS)، يتم تحديد مرونة العملاء في تعديل الجداول الزمنية مقابل مجموعة محددة مسبقًا من الحوافز. لكل حافز، يتم تجميع مبالغ صافي تغيير الطلب لكل عميل وتقديمها من خلال المجمعين إلى مشغل نظام التوزيع (DSO) في أشكال كل من عروض الجيل (تقليل الطلب) وعروض الطلب (زيادة الطلب). هذه الأخيرة حاسمة لتلبية مشكلات الشبكة التي يحركها الجيل. يتم تضمين منحنيات مناقصات درج المجمعين الناتجة إلى نموذج تدفق الطاقة الأمثل (OPF) لتحديد العروض الناجحة لإدارة قيود الشبكة مع تقليل الحوافز المدفوعة للمجمعات. وهذا يسمح بتحديد الحوافز والكميات مباشرة دون تكرارات مكثفة بين DSO والمجمعات. يُظهر تطبيق الإطار على وحدة التغذية الحضرية 11 كيلو فولت فعاليته في إدارة الازدحام. ومع ذلك، فإن الاختلافات الكبيرة في الأسعار الديناميكية تزيد من كميات الحوافز خاصة عندما يتم طلب خدمات المرونة في فترات المساء والليل.

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    IEEE Access
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    Authors: Chenghua Zhang; Jianzhong Wu; orcid Yue Zhou;
    Yue Zhou
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    Yue Zhou in OpenAIRE
    Meng Cheng; +1 Authors

    Peer-to-Peer (P2P) energy trading describes flexible energy trades between peers, where the excess energy from many small-scale Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) is traded among local customers. The feasibility of applying P2P energy trading to reduce costs for energy consumers, and to increase income for DER producers in a community microgrid was investigated. Three representative market paradigms were proposed, i.e. bill sharing, mid-market rate and an auction based pricing strategy. Each of them specified detailed business models, local energy exchange prices, as well as quantified individual customer's energy costs. An example of each methodology applied to a residential community microgrid with PV systems, validated the effectiveness of the proposed P2P trading mechanisms and identified the benefits.

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    Applied Energy
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    Authors: Chenghua Zhang; Jianzhong Wu; orcid Yue Zhou;
    Yue Zhou
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    Yue Zhou in OpenAIRE
    Meng Cheng; +1 Authors

    Peer-to-Peer (P2P) energy trading describes flexible energy trades between peers, where the excess energy from many small-scale Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) is traded among local customers. The feasibility of applying P2P energy trading to reduce costs for energy consumers, and to increase income for DER producers in a community microgrid was investigated. Three representative market paradigms were proposed, i.e. bill sharing, mid-market rate and an auction based pricing strategy. Each of them specified detailed business models, local energy exchange prices, as well as quantified individual customer's energy costs. An example of each methodology applied to a residential community microgrid with PV systems, validated the effectiveness of the proposed P2P trading mechanisms and identified the benefits.

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    Applied Energy
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    Authors: orcid Chao Long;
    Chao Long
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    Nicolas Jenkins; orcid Jianzhong Wu;
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    ABSTRACTThis paper presents an overview of the current status of the development of the smart grid in Great Britain (GB). The definition, policy and technical drivers, incentive mechanisms, technological focus, and the industry's progress in developing the smart grid are described. In particular, the Low Carbon Networks Fund and Electricity Network Innovation Competition projects, together with the rollout of smart metering, are detailed. A more observable, controllable, automated, and integrated electricity network will be supported by these investments in conjunction with smart meter installation. It is found that the focus has mainly been on distribution networks as well as on real-time flows of information and interaction between suppliers and consumers facilitated by improved information and communications technology, active power flow management, demand management, and energy storage. The learning from the GB smart grid initiatives will provide valuable guidelines for future smart grid development in GB and other countries.

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    Engineering
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    Authors: orcid Chao Long;
    Chao Long
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    Chao Long in OpenAIRE
    Nicolas Jenkins; orcid Jianzhong Wu;
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    Jianzhong Wu in OpenAIRE

    ABSTRACTThis paper presents an overview of the current status of the development of the smart grid in Great Britain (GB). The definition, policy and technical drivers, incentive mechanisms, technological focus, and the industry's progress in developing the smart grid are described. In particular, the Low Carbon Networks Fund and Electricity Network Innovation Competition projects, together with the rollout of smart metering, are detailed. A more observable, controllable, automated, and integrated electricity network will be supported by these investments in conjunction with smart meter installation. It is found that the focus has mainly been on distribution networks as well as on real-time flows of information and interaction between suppliers and consumers facilitated by improved information and communications technology, active power flow management, demand management, and energy storage. The learning from the GB smart grid initiatives will provide valuable guidelines for future smart grid development in GB and other countries.

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    Authors: orcid Chao Long;
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    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Chao Long in OpenAIRE
    orcid Nick Jenkins;
    Nick Jenkins
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    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Nick Jenkins in OpenAIRE
    Peter Burnap; Lee Thomas; +1 Authors

    An electricity supply smart contract was developed and demonstrated to perform pre-time-of-use price negotiation between demand and generation and posttime-of-use settlement and payment. The smart contract was demonstrated with 1000 loads/generators with usages simulated using lognormal probability distributions. It combines payment of deposit, negotiation of price based on estimates, settlement based on actual usage and enactment of payments using crypto-currency. The settlement procedure rewards customers that adjusted to balance the system. The smart contract was written in the Solidity programming language and implemented with a simulated Ethereum blockchain using testrpc and go-ethereum. In the example test case, a price was agreed, settled and payment enacted.

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    Authors: orcid Chao Long;
    Chao Long
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    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Chao Long in OpenAIRE
    orcid Nick Jenkins;
    Nick Jenkins
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Nick Jenkins in OpenAIRE
    Peter Burnap; Lee Thomas; +1 Authors

    An electricity supply smart contract was developed and demonstrated to perform pre-time-of-use price negotiation between demand and generation and posttime-of-use settlement and payment. The smart contract was demonstrated with 1000 loads/generators with usages simulated using lognormal probability distributions. It combines payment of deposit, negotiation of price based on estimates, settlement based on actual usage and enactment of payments using crypto-currency. The settlement procedure rewards customers that adjusted to balance the system. The smart contract was written in the Solidity programming language and implemented with a simulated Ethereum blockchain using testrpc and go-ethereum. In the example test case, a price was agreed, settled and payment enacted.

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    Authors: orcid Biao Xu;
    Biao Xu
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    Biao Xu in OpenAIRE
    orcid Wenpeng Luan;
    Wenpeng Luan
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    Wenpeng Luan in OpenAIRE
    orcid Bochao Zhao;
    Bochao Zhao
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    Bochao Zhao in OpenAIRE
    orcid Chao Long;
    Chao Long
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Chao Long in OpenAIRE
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao IEEE Transactions on...arrow_drop_down
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    IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid
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    The transition towards low-carbon energy systems requires increasing the contribution of residential Photovoltaic (PV) in the energy consumption needs (i.e., PV self-consumption). For this purpose, the adoption of PV self-consumption policies as alternatives to the current net-metering policy may support harnessing batteries to improve PV self-consumption. However, the technical impacts of PV policies on distribution networks have to be adequately assessed and mitigated. To do so, a two-stage planning framework is proposed. The first stage is an optimization approach that determines the best sizes of PV and batteries based on the adopted PV policy. The second stage assesses the impacts of the resulting sizes on distribution networks using Monte-Carlo simulations to cope with uncertainties in demand and generation. The framework is applied on real medium and low voltage distribution networks from the south of Jordan. For the net-metering, the results show that the uptake of residential PV penetration above 40% will result in voltage issues. It is also found that the adoption of batteries for the benefits of customers (i.e., reduce electricity bills) will not mitigate the PV impacts for PV penetration above 60%. Further, the results demonstrate the important role of distribution network operators to manage the uptake of batteries for the benefits of customers and distribution networks. Network operators can support customers to adopt larger sizes of batteries to achieve the desired PV self-consumption in return of controlling the batteries to solve network issues. This facilitates the uptake of 100% PV penetration and improves PV self-consumption to 50%.

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    The transition towards low-carbon energy systems requires increasing the contribution of residential Photovoltaic (PV) in the energy consumption needs (i.e., PV self-consumption). For this purpose, the adoption of PV self-consumption policies as alternatives to the current net-metering policy may support harnessing batteries to improve PV self-consumption. However, the technical impacts of PV policies on distribution networks have to be adequately assessed and mitigated. To do so, a two-stage planning framework is proposed. The first stage is an optimization approach that determines the best sizes of PV and batteries based on the adopted PV policy. The second stage assesses the impacts of the resulting sizes on distribution networks using Monte-Carlo simulations to cope with uncertainties in demand and generation. The framework is applied on real medium and low voltage distribution networks from the south of Jordan. For the net-metering, the results show that the uptake of residential PV penetration above 40% will result in voltage issues. It is also found that the adoption of batteries for the benefits of customers (i.e., reduce electricity bills) will not mitigate the PV impacts for PV penetration above 60%. Further, the results demonstrate the important role of distribution network operators to manage the uptake of batteries for the benefits of customers and distribution networks. Network operators can support customers to adopt larger sizes of batteries to achieve the desired PV self-consumption in return of controlling the batteries to solve network issues. This facilitates the uptake of 100% PV penetration and improves PV self-consumption to 50%.

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    Authors: Meng Cheng; orcid Chao Long;
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    To keep the real-time balance between electricity supply and demand, i.e. to guarantee the grid frequency within the allowable range, is becoming even challenging because the increasing penetration of renewable energy and decreasing capacity of conventional frequency-sensitive generators. Industrial heating loads are important demand-side resources that can contribute, but the control paradigm needs to be updated to be accommodated with the recent development of electricity markets especially frequency response markets. Accordingly, a decentralized control was proposed for industrial heating loads to provide multiple levels and types of primary frequency control service. Specifically, bitumen tanks and the Firm Frequency Response market in the Great Britain were studied as representatives. Simulation results verified the validity of the proposed control, with the normalized Root Mean Square Errors below 0.08 in all cases.

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    Authors: Meng Cheng; orcid Chao Long;
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    To keep the real-time balance between electricity supply and demand, i.e. to guarantee the grid frequency within the allowable range, is becoming even challenging because the increasing penetration of renewable energy and decreasing capacity of conventional frequency-sensitive generators. Industrial heating loads are important demand-side resources that can contribute, but the control paradigm needs to be updated to be accommodated with the recent development of electricity markets especially frequency response markets. Accordingly, a decentralized control was proposed for industrial heating loads to provide multiple levels and types of primary frequency control service. Specifically, bitumen tanks and the Firm Frequency Response market in the Great Britain were studied as representatives. Simulation results verified the validity of the proposed control, with the normalized Root Mean Square Errors below 0.08 in all cases.

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    Authors: orcid Chao Long;
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    Chao Long in OpenAIRE
    Yue Zhou; orcid Nick Jenkins;
    Nick Jenkins
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    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Nick Jenkins in OpenAIRE
    Jianzhong Wu;

    Abstract With the reduction of Feed-in Tariff support in many countries, self-consumption of distributed energy resources (DERs) is encouraged and energy sharing between neighbouring prosumers is becoming more attractive than the conventional peer-to-grid (P2G) trading. This work investigated a peer-to-peer (P2P) energy sharing method, allowing the surplus DERs to be shared between prosumers in a neighbourhood. An aggregated control of many small-scale batteries was adopted considering the energy requirement of the entire community. This method significantly reduces the amount of electricity fed back into the grid, allowing individual prosumers to obtain economic benefits. Results showed that, with a moderate proportion (e.g. 40%) of customers having individual photovoltaic (PV) systems, P2P energy sharing is able to reduce the energy cost of the community by 30%, compared to P2G trading.

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    Energy Procedia
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    Authors: orcid Chao Long;
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    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Chao Long in OpenAIRE
    Yue Zhou; orcid Nick Jenkins;
    Nick Jenkins
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Nick Jenkins in OpenAIRE
    Jianzhong Wu;

    Abstract With the reduction of Feed-in Tariff support in many countries, self-consumption of distributed energy resources (DERs) is encouraged and energy sharing between neighbouring prosumers is becoming more attractive than the conventional peer-to-grid (P2G) trading. This work investigated a peer-to-peer (P2P) energy sharing method, allowing the surplus DERs to be shared between prosumers in a neighbourhood. An aggregated control of many small-scale batteries was adopted considering the energy requirement of the entire community. This method significantly reduces the amount of electricity fed back into the grid, allowing individual prosumers to obtain economic benefits. Results showed that, with a moderate proportion (e.g. 40%) of customers having individual photovoltaic (PV) systems, P2P energy sharing is able to reduce the energy cost of the community by 30%, compared to P2G trading.

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    Authors: Han Fuchang; Peijie Lin; Yu Jinling; orcid Lijun Wu;
    Lijun Wu
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Lijun Wu in OpenAIRE
    +3 Authors

    With the exponential growth of global photovoltaic (PV) power capacity, it is essential to monitor, detect and diagnose the faults in PV arrays for optimal operation. This paper presents an improved rotation forest (RoF) algorithm classifiers ensemble hybridized with extreme learning machine (ELM) for fault diagnosis of PV arrays, which mainly consists of feature selection and classification. In the feature selection step, all the attributes are ranked by the ReliefF algorithm and the top-ranked attributes are chosen to create the new training data subset. In the classification step, the base classifier decision tree of the RoF is replaced by the extreme learning machine to form a new hybrid RoF-ELM ensemble classifier. In the RoF-ELM algorithm, the feature space is first split into several subspaces and the best number of feature subsets is found through the traversal search method. Then, the bootstrap algorithm is employed to carry out bootstrap resampling for each feature subspace, and the principal component analysis (PCA) is then used to transform the resampled samples. Finally, the ELM base classifier is exploited to build each classification model and the final decision is determined by the simple voting approach. By combining the RoF ensemble method with the ELM classifier, the proposed RoF-ELM algorithm not only overcomes the overfitting problem of the basic RoF algorithm, but also improves the generalization ability of the basic ELM. In order to experimentally verify the proposed approach, different types and levels of faults have been created in a laboratory small scale grid-connected PV power system to obtain the fault data samples. Experimental results demonstrate that the RoF-ELM can achieve higher diagnosis accuracy and reliability compared to the basic RoF and ELM algorithms.

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    Energy Procedia
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    Authors: Han Fuchang; Peijie Lin; Yu Jinling; orcid Lijun Wu;
    Lijun Wu
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Lijun Wu in OpenAIRE
    +3 Authors

    With the exponential growth of global photovoltaic (PV) power capacity, it is essential to monitor, detect and diagnose the faults in PV arrays for optimal operation. This paper presents an improved rotation forest (RoF) algorithm classifiers ensemble hybridized with extreme learning machine (ELM) for fault diagnosis of PV arrays, which mainly consists of feature selection and classification. In the feature selection step, all the attributes are ranked by the ReliefF algorithm and the top-ranked attributes are chosen to create the new training data subset. In the classification step, the base classifier decision tree of the RoF is replaced by the extreme learning machine to form a new hybrid RoF-ELM ensemble classifier. In the RoF-ELM algorithm, the feature space is first split into several subspaces and the best number of feature subsets is found through the traversal search method. Then, the bootstrap algorithm is employed to carry out bootstrap resampling for each feature subspace, and the principal component analysis (PCA) is then used to transform the resampled samples. Finally, the ELM base classifier is exploited to build each classification model and the final decision is determined by the simple voting approach. By combining the RoF ensemble method with the ELM classifier, the proposed RoF-ELM algorithm not only overcomes the overfitting problem of the basic RoF algorithm, but also improves the generalization ability of the basic ELM. In order to experimentally verify the proposed approach, different types and levels of faults have been created in a laboratory small scale grid-connected PV power system to obtain the fault data samples. Experimental results demonstrate that the RoF-ELM can achieve higher diagnosis accuracy and reliability compared to the basic RoF and ELM algorithms.

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