• Energy Research

Purpose: Major seaports consist of several terminals with different functions. The different locations of terminals in relation to each other influences the organization of inter-terminal transportation as well as transports into the hinterland. The focus of this study is to understand how terminals are arranged in relation to each other to draw conclusions about the effect of the terminal locations on processes and trans-ports. Methodology: The paper provides a comprehensive overview for the locations of terminals and depots within a port. Based on this, a detailed analysis is carried out to develop a classification scheme for ports, which categorizes them according to their geographical characteristics. Findings: Based on the examples of characteristic ports and terminals, we provide findings regarding advantages as well as barriers to transport containers within ports. The aim is to determine the impact of geographical characteristics of ports for handling port-internal traffic. Originality: The existing literature provides an overview of ports and maritime net-works, as well as various port concepts. Furthermore, different approaches for the design of container transports between terminals are discussed. However, there is no overview of the geographical location of terminals and depots in ports and their impact on inter-terminal transportation.

Purpose: When container terminals are planned or converted, among others the most suitable container handling system needs to be selected and the appropriate terminal layout needs to be designed. These two planning activities are mutually dependent and affect the costs and future operational performance. This leads to the question of how to arrive at a (near-)optimal solution for given criteria. Methodology: A mapping review is conducted to investigate how the container handling system is selected and how the terminal layout is designed. Literature is examined regarding the employed methodology, the performance indicator(s) to optimize, and the way terminal layout and equipment selection have been jointly considered. Findings: Various methods have been used to assess a suitable container handling system and the appropriate layout. Commonly, mathematical optimization is used to arrive at a suggestion and simulation is the tool to evaluate proposed decisions. Aspects such as handling costs, travel distances, or ecological factors are sought to be optimized. Originality: Several literature reviews in the past years investigated approaches to the plethora of scheduling problems at container terminals. Here, the two strategic planning activities equipment selection and layout planning are presented in detail. This publication focuses on how the dependency of the two activities has been handled in literature.

Purpose: Currently floating offshore wind emerges as a new technology and thus making offshore windfarms in areas feasible where it was due to certain conditions (water depths, soil conditions) not feasible to install fixed offshore wind turbines. The installation process of floating offshore wind foundations is very different from fixed foundations and thus results in new installation processes. Methodology: In this literature review papers over the last ten years with focus on floating offshore installation logistics will be identified and sorted by relevance, year of publication and quality. The publications will also be grouped into the different foundation types Semi-floater, Spar buoy and Tension-leg. These groups will be subdivided further into costs, technical or processes related to logistics. Findings: The paper will show an overview of current processes and trends in installation logistics for floating offshore wind turbines. Currently the existing reviews lack for example scientific papers and supply chain requirements (Carbon Trust, 2015) or they are focused only on technical issues (Wang, et al., 2010). Originality: This paper is original in the sense that currently no complete, thorough and up-to-date literature review for the installation logistics and the supply chain of floating offshore wind exists.

Purpose: The focus of this publication is literature on the Stowage Planning Problem for small container vessels. The problem is important not only for safety reasons con-cerning stability, but also for enhancing efficiency, as restacking of containers is time consuming and therefore expensive. Small vessels are often competing with other modes of transportation. Optimization of loading operations keeps them competi-tive. Methodology: A systematic literature review taking into account journal articles, conference proceedings as well as book chapters has been conducted. The literature is analyzed and categorized to identify directions for further research. Findings: The problem has been researched extensively for large container vessels. The findings are not always applicable for small vessels. Publications focusing on those are still scarce, but the number has increased in recent years. Nevertheless, multiple new directions for further research are identified. Originality: An extensive literature review for the stowage planning problem with a focus on small container vessels has not been published to the authors' knowledge.

Purpose: A wide range of customer relationships, services and organizational inter-faces characterizes inland intermodal terminals, which are hubs of combined transport. The purposes of this paper are twofold. The first is to highlight challenges of small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) at the time of digitalization. Secondly, approaches to illustrate the IT and business landscape are presented. Methodology: This paper is based on a literature analysis as well as interviews and identifies aspects of SME- and branch-specific IT and business process landscapes of inland terminals. Moreover, approaches to visualize those landscapes are high-lighted and a distinction is made between different software map types. Findings: Inland intermodal terminals often use a variety of different small, some-times self-developed IT solutions. Findings show a lack of means of communications and IT equipment as well as the interlinking of systems, which lead to media breaks and inefficient information flow. Therefore, approaches to visualize relevant pro-cesses and their application landscapes are presented. Originality: Most literature focuses on larger terminals, which use terminal operat-ing systems (TOS) to manage and link computerized applications efficiently. Due to the effort required to adapt TOS to operational conditions as well as resulting costs, these are often not an option for small and medium-sized terminals. This paper pro-vides a basis for SMEs to systematically visualize and improve their IT and process landscape.

This volume contains research contributions by an international group of authors addressing innovative and technology-based approaches for logistics and sustainability. They present simulation studies, systems and models for optimizations and digitalized solutions with a focus on maritime as well port and city logistics. This volume, edited by Carlos Jahn, Wolfgang Kersten, and Christian Ringle, provides valuable insights into digital transformation in logistics with regard to: - City Logistics - HICL and Practice - Excellence in Logistics and Supply Chain Management - Maritime Logistics - Port Logistics - Sustainability

Purpose: The Arctic is of interest for many states and commercial organizations as it has a large undiscovered potential but very challenging climate and logistical condi-tions. Arctic maritime logistics need significant investments in infrastructure and is supposed to cause a minimal impact on the environment during port operations and cargo transit by creating efficient and safe supply chains. At the same time, ensuring the most efficient, reliable and safe functioning of supply chains is required. Methodology: The methodological basis of the paper is the analysis and structuring of existing publications on Arctic maritime logistics, a systematic review and formu-lation an applied system of relevant performance indicators related to Arctic supply chains (e.g. ice conditions, vessels and their parameters, the safe operation of float-ing production facilities and properties of ports). Findings: The result of this paper is a systematic overview of the current state of re-search on Arctic maritime logistics challenges and the influencing key performance indicators as well as approaches to assess the performance at all stages of the Arctic supply chain to facility and improve Arctic supply chains in the future. Originality: The originality of the study is defined by the scope of the review con-ducted. It is the first comprehensive overview over Arctic supply chains covering all relevant countries from a maritime logistics standpoint. The results of this paper cre-ate a solid foundation for further research in the area of developments of Arctic mar-itime logistics.

Maritime container terminals play an important role in global supply chains. In addition to the rapid handling of containers, the reduction of CO2 emissions is also increasingly crucial for terminal operators. This can be achieved by integrating renewable sources such as photovoltaic or wind energy. While energy supply and demand must be in balance, the amount of energy produced through renewable sources cannot be controlled as it depends exclusively on variable weather conditions. One option for efficient use of renewable energy sources is to modify energy consumption by intelligently controlling processes. This study aims to answer the question to what extent energy intensive consumption processes at container terminals can be adapted to a volatile energy supply. A discrete event simulation study is conducted to analyze handling processes by quay cranes as main energy consumers depending on the availability of photovoltaic energy. Therefore, the operating times of quay cranes are partially limited to daylight hours. Only a low number of quay cranes is deliberately deployed when a time window occurs between the predicted end of loading of the vessel and a departure time of the vessel determined by the tidal range. The simulation results show that by flexibly using certain quay cranes only during daylight hours the percentage of energy produced by renewable resources can be increased by up to 50%. As a result, handling-related CO2 emissions can be reduced. The study offers an approach to a sustainable energy supply on terminals by reconciling energy use and environmentally friendly generation.

Purpose: Truck appointment systems (TAS) are a widely used method to alleviate peaks in truck arrivals at container terminals in seaports and in the hinterland. One big advantage is the opportunity to reduce operation costs for the terminals and the truck queue length in front of the terminal gate. This study aims to analyze and classify different approaches used in science and industry to determine the quota of allowed trucks per time window. Methodology: A comprehensive systematic literature analysis is applied to identify the different approaches to determine the quota of time windows in science and in industry. Findings: The results of the study show that many approaches have been based on experience and are mostly used to improve individual terminals rather than the port as a whole. Methods used to improve and analyze interrelationships are mainly methods of mathematical optimization and simulation. Originality: The question under consideration was mostly only marginally considered in existing investigations, even though it has a major impact on the success of a TAS. Furthermore, only individual solutions have been examined so far and not the suitability of the approaches compared.