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  • Energy Research

  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Vivek Narisetty; Sanjay Nagarajan; Siddharth Gadkari; Vivek V. Ranade; +6 Authors

    Le pain est la deuxième denrée alimentaire la plus gaspillée au Royaume-Uni avec un gaspillage annuel de 292 000 tonnes. Dans le présent travail, les déchets de pain (BW) ont été utilisés pour la production fermentative d'éthanol par Saccharomyces cerevisiae KL17. La saccharification acide et enzymatique du BW a été réalisée, entraînant la libération de glucose la plus élevée de 75 et 97,9 g/L, soit 73,5 et 95,9% du rendement théorique, respectivement. Les sucres obtenus ont d'abord été fermentés en éthanol dans un ballon à secousses, puis mis à l'échelle dans un bioréacteur en mode batch et fed-batch. Dans le mode de culture fed-batch, les titres maximums en éthanol de 111,3, 106,9 et 114,9 g/L avec un rendement de conversion et une productivité de 0,48, 0,47 et 0,49 g/g et 3,1, 3,0 et 3,2 g/L.h ont été atteints à partir de glucose pur, d'hydrolysats acides riches en glucose et d'hydrolysats enzymatiques, respectivement. Pour améliorer davantage l'économie du processus, les résidus solides après hydrolyse acide (ABW) et enzymatique (EBW) de BW ainsi que les résidus de fermentation respectifs (FR) obtenus après la production d'éthanol ont été regroupés et soumis à une digestion anaérobie. Le résidu solide de ABW + FR et EBW + FR a donné un potentiel de méthanation biochimique (BMP) de 345 et 379 mL CH4/g VS, respectivement. L'évaluation du cycle de vie du processus a montré que les émissions totales pour la production d'éthanol à partir de BW étaient comparables aux émissions provenant de matières premières plus établies telles que la canne à sucre et les céréales de maïs et beaucoup plus faibles par rapport au blé et à la patate douce. Les travaux actuels démontrent que BW est une matière première prometteuse pour la production durable de biocarburants à l'aide d'une stratégie de bioraffinage circulaire. À la connaissance des auteurs, c'est la première fois qu'un tel système séquentiel a été étudié avec BW pour la production d'éthanol et de biométhane. D'autres travaux viseront la production d'éthanol à l'échelle pilote et le BMP sera accessible dans un digesteur anaérobie commercial. El pan es el segundo alimento más desperdiciado en el Reino Unido con un desperdicio anual de 292.000 toneladas. En el presente trabajo, Saccharomyces cerevisiae KL17 utilizó residuos de pan (BW) para la producción fermentativa de etanol. La sacarificación ácida y enzimática de BW se llevó a cabo dando como resultado la mayor liberación de glucosa de 75 y 97.9 g/L, que es 73.5 y 95.9% del rendimiento teórico, respectivamente. Los azúcares obtenidos se fermentaron en etanol inicialmente en un matraz de agitación, seguido de un aumento de escala en el biorreactor en modo por lotes y por lotes alimentados. En el modo de cultivo por lotes alimentados, las titulaciones máximas de etanol de 111.3, 106.9 y 114.9 g/L con rendimiento de conversión y productividad de 0.48, 0.47 y 0.49 g/g, y 3.1, 3.0 y 3.2 g/L.h se lograron a partir de glucosa pura, hidrolizados ácidos y enzimáticos ricos en glucosa, respectivamente. Además, para mejorar la economía del proceso, los residuos sólidos después de la hidrólisis ácida (ABW) y enzimática (EBW) de BW junto con los respectivos residuos de fermentación (FR) obtenidos después de la producción de etanol se agruparon y se sometieron a digestión anaeróbica. El residuo sólido de ABW + FR y EBW + FR produjo un potencial de metanización bioquímica (BMP) de 345 y 379 mL CH4/g VS, respectivamente. La evaluación del ciclo de vida del proceso mostró que las emisiones totales para la producción de etanol de BW eran comparables a las emisiones de materias primas más establecidas como la caña de azúcar y el grano de maíz y mucho menores en comparación con el trigo y la batata. El trabajo actual demuestra que el BW es una materia prima prometedora para la producción sostenible de biocombustibles con la ayuda de una estrategia circular de biorrefinado. Hasta donde saben los autores, esta es la primera vez que se ha investigado un sistema secuencial de este tipo con BW para la producción de etanol y biometano. Se trabajará más en la producción de etanol a escala piloto y se accederá a BMP en un digestor anaeróbico comercial. Bread is the second most wasted food in the UK with annual wastage of 292,000 tons. In the present work, bread waste (BW) was utilized for fermentative production of ethanol by Saccharomyces cerevisiae KL17. Acidic and enzymatic saccharification of BW was carried out resulting in the highest glucose release of 75 and 97.9 g/L which is 73.5 and 95.9% of theoretical yield, respectively. The obtained sugars were fermented into ethanol initially in shake flask followed by scale up in bioreactor in batch and fed-batch mode. In the fed-batch mode of cultivation, the maximum ethanol titers of 111.3, 106.9, and 114.9 g/L with conversion yield and productivity of 0.48, 0.47, and 0.49 g/g, and 3.1, 3.0, and 3.2 g/L.h was achieved from pure glucose, glucose-rich acidic and enzymatic hydrolysates, respectively. Further to improve the process economics, the solid residues after acidic (ABW) and enzymatic (EBW) hydrolysis of BW along with respective fermentation residues (FR) obtained after the ethanol production were pooled and subjected to anaerobic digestion. The solid residue from ABW + FR, and EBW + FR yielded a biochemical methanation potential (BMP) of 345 and 379 mL CH4/g VS, respectively. Life cycle assessment of the process showed that the total emissions for ethanol production from BW were comparable to the emissions from more established feedstocks such as sugarcane and maize grain and much lower when compared to wheat and sweet potato. The current work demonstrates BW as promising feedstock for sustainable biofuel production with the aid of circular biorefining strategy. To the authors knowledge, this is the first time, such a sequential system has been investigated with BW for ethanol and biomethane production. Further work will be aimed at ethanol production at pilot scale and BMP will be accessed in a commercial anaerobic digester. الخبز هو ثاني أكثر المواد الغذائية المهدرة في المملكة المتحدة مع هدر سنوي يبلغ 292000 طن. في العمل الحالي، تم استخدام نفايات الخبز (BW) للإنتاج التخميري للإيثانول بواسطة Sacaromyces cerevisiae KL17. تم إجراء التسكير الحمضي والإنزيمي للأسلحة البيولوجية مما أدى إلى أعلى إطلاق للجلوكوز يبلغ 75 و 97.9 جم/لتر وهو 73.5 و 95.9 ٪ من العائد النظري، على التوالي. تم تخمير السكريات التي تم الحصول عليها في الإيثانول في البداية في قارورة مخفوقة تليها زيادة في المفاعل الحيوي في وضع الدفعة والدفعة المغذية. في وضع الدفعات الغذائية للزراعة، تم تحقيق الحد الأقصى من تيترات الإيثانول 111.3 و 106.9 و 114.9 جم/لتر مع عائد تحويل وإنتاجية 0.48 و 0.47 و 0.49 جم/جم و 3.1 و 3.0 و 3.2 جم/لتر من الجلوكوز النقي والحمض الغني بالجلوكوز والحموض الأنزيمية، على التوالي. ولتحسين اقتصاديات العملية، تم تجميع المخلفات الصلبة بعد التحلل المائي الحمضي والإنزيمي للأسلحة البيولوجية جنبًا إلى جنب مع مخلفات التخمير ذات الصلة التي تم الحصول عليها بعد إنتاج الإيثانول وإخضاعها للهضم اللاهوائي. أسفرت المخلفات الصلبة من القنابل المضادة للدبابات + القنابل المقاومة للحريق، والقنابل المضادة للدبابات + القنابل المقاومة للحريق عن جهد ميثان كيميائي حيوي (BMP) قدره 345 و 379 مل من الميثان/جم مقابل، على التوالي. أظهر تقييم دورة حياة العملية أن إجمالي الانبعاثات لإنتاج الإيثانول من الأسلحة البيولوجية كانت قابلة للمقارنة مع الانبعاثات من المواد الأولية الأكثر رسوخًا مثل قصب السكر وحبوب الذرة وأقل بكثير بالمقارنة مع القمح والبطاطا الحلوة. يوضح العمل الحالي أن الأسلحة البيولوجية هي مادة وسيطة واعدة لإنتاج الوقود الحيوي المستدام بمساعدة استراتيجية التكرير الحيوي الدائرية. على حد علم المؤلفين، هذه هي المرة الأولى، وقد تم التحقيق في مثل هذا النظام المتسلسل مع الأسلحة البيولوجية لإنتاج الإيثانول والميثان الحيوي. سيهدف المزيد من العمل إلى إنتاج الإيثانول على نطاق تجريبي وسيتم الوصول إلى BMP في جهاز هضم لاهوائي تجاري.

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    Energy Conversion and Management
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
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    Cranfield CERES
    Article . 2022
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      Energy Conversion and Management
      Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
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      Cranfield CERES
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    Authors: Vivek Narisetty; Rylan Cox; Nicholas Willoughby; Emel Aktas; +4 Authors

    Food waste is a global problem, causing significant environmental harm and resulting in substantial economic losses globally.

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    CORE
    Article . 2021
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    Sustainable Energy & Fuels
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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    Sustainable Energy & Fuels
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    Cranfield CERES
    Article . 2021
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      CORE
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      Sustainable Energy & Fuels
      Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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      Cranfield CERES
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    Authors: Mathew, Gincy Marina; Raina, Diksha; Narisetty, Vivek; Kumar, Vinod; +5 Authors

    Mono alkyl fatty acid ester or methyl ethyl esters (biodiesel) are the promising alternative for fossil fuel or petroleum derived diesel with similar properties and could reduce the carbon foot print and the greenhouse gas emissions. Biodiesel can be produced from renewable and sustainable feedstocks like plant derived oils, and it is biodegradable and non-toxic to the ecosystem. The process for the biodiesel production is either through traditional chemical catalysts (Acid or Alkali Transesterification) or enzyme mediated transesterification, but as enzymes are natural catalysts with environmentally friendly working conditions, the process with enzymes are proposed to overcome the drawbacks of chemical synthesis. At present 95% of the biodiesel production is contributed by edible oils worldwide whereas recycled oils and animal fats contribute 10% and 6% respectively. Although every process has its own limitations, the enzyme efficiency, resistance to alcohols, and recovery rate are the crucial factors to be addressed. Without any benefit of doubt, production of biodiesel using renewable feedstocks and enzymes as the catalysts could be recommended for the commercial purpose, but further research on improving the efficiency could be an advantage.

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    Cranfield CERES
    Article . 2021
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    The Science of The Total Environment
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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      Cranfield CERES
      Article . 2021
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      The Science of The Total Environment
      Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Esther Oreoluwa Jokodola; Vivek Narisetty; Eulógio Castro; Sumit Durgapal; +6 Authors

    L'acide succinique (SA) est un produit chimique de plate-forme supérieure pouvant être obtenu à partir de la biomasse. La présente étude a évalué le potentiel d'Actinobacillus succinogenes pour la production d'AS en utilisant des fractions hémicellulosiques riches en xylose de deux matières premières lignocellulosiques importantes, les noyaux d'olives (OP) et la bagasse de canne à sucre (SCB) et les résultats ont été comparés au xylose pur. Les premières expériences ont été menées dans un ballon à secousses, suivies d'une culture par lots et par lots nourris dans un bioréacteur. Une séparation supplémentaire de la SA du bouillon fermenté a été réalisée en adaptant la méthode de cristallisation directe. Au cours de la culture en fed-batch, des titres maximum de SA de 36,7, 33,6 et 28,7 g/L ont été atteints sur des hydrolysats purs de xylose, OP et SCB, respectivement, avec un même rendement de conversion de 0,27 g/g. Le rendement de récupération de la SA accumulée sur les hydrolysats purs de xylose, OP et SCB était de 79,1, 76,5 et 75,2 %, respectivement. Les résultats obtenus sont d'une valeur substantielle et ouvrent la voie au développement de la biofabrication durable SA dans une bioraffinerie intégrée. El ácido succínico (SA) es un producto químico de plataforma superior que se puede obtener de la biomasa. El presente estudio evaluó el potencial de Actinobacillus succinogenes para la producción de SA utilizando fracciones hemicelulósicas ricas en xilosa de dos importantes materias primas lignocelulósicas, huesos de aceituna (OP) y bagazo de caña de azúcar (SCB) y los resultados se compararon con xilosa pura. Los experimentos iniciales se llevaron a cabo en un matraz de agitación seguido de cultivo por lotes y por lotes alimentados en un biorreactor. Se llevó a cabo una separación adicional de SA del caldo fermentado adaptando el método de cristalización directa. Durante el cultivo semicontinuo, se lograron títulos máximos de SA de 36.7, 33.6 y 28.7 g/L en hidrolizados de xilosa pura, OP y SCB, respectivamente, con el mismo rendimiento de conversión de 0.27 g/g. El rendimiento de recuperación de SA acumulado en los hidrolizados de xilosa pura, OP y SCB fue de 79.1, 76.5 y 75.2%, respectivamente. Los resultados obtenidos son de un valor sustancial y allanan el camino para el desarrollo de la biofabricación sostenible de SA en una biorrefinería integrada. Succinic acid (SA) is a top platform chemical obtainable from biomass. The current study evaluated the potential of Actinobacillus succinogenes for SA production using xylose-rich hemicellulosic fractions of two important lignocellulosic feedstocks, olive pits (OP) and sugarcane bagasse (SCB) and the results were compared with pure xylose. Initial experiments were conducted in shake flask followed by batch and fed-batch cultivation in bioreactor. Further separation of SA from the fermented broth was carried out by adapting direct crystallisation method. During fed-batch culture, maximum SA titers of 36.7, 33.6, and 28.7 g/L was achieved on pure xylose, OP and SCB hydrolysates, respectively, with same conversion yield of 0.27 g/g. The recovery yield of SA accumulated on pure xylose, OP and SCB hydrolysates was 79.1, 76.5, and 75.2%, respectively. The results obtained are of substantial value and pave the way for development of sustainable SA biomanufacturing in an integrated biorefinery. حمض السكسينيك (SA) هو مادة كيميائية أساسية يمكن الحصول عليها من الكتلة الحيوية. قيمت الدراسة الحالية إمكانات السكسينوجينات الشعاعية لإنتاج سا باستخدام كسور هيميسيلولوزية غنية بالزيلوز من اثنين من المواد الخام السليلوزية اللجينية الهامة، وحفر الزيتون (OP) وقصب قصب السكر (SCB) وتمت مقارنة النتائج مع الزيلوز النقي. أجريت التجارب الأولية في قارورة الهز متبوعة بزراعة الدفعات والدفعات في المفاعل الحيوي. تم إجراء مزيد من فصل SA عن المرق المخمر عن طريق تكييف طريقة التبلور المباشر. خلال مزرعة الدفعات المغذية، تم تحقيق الحد الأقصى من عيار SA البالغ 36.7 و 33.6 و 28.7 جم/لتر على الزيلوز النقي و OP و SCB hydrolysates، على التوالي، مع نفس عائد التحويل البالغ 0.27 جم/جم. كان عائد الاسترداد من SA المتراكم على الزيلوز النقي، OP و SCB hydrolysates 79.1 و 76.5 و 75.2 ٪ على التوالي. النتائج التي تم الحصول عليها ذات قيمة كبيرة وتمهد الطريق لتطوير التصنيع الحيوي المستدام في مصفاة حيوية متكاملة.

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    Bioresource Technology
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    Authors: Ashok Pandey; Salini Chandrasekharan Nair; Parameswaran Binod; Parameswaran Binod; +8 Authors

    Abstract Increase in concerns over greenhouse gas emissions and depletion of fossil fuels has led to the search for alternative strategies of energy. Rice straw mainly composed of cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin, is one of the surpluses available lignocellulosic biomass that can serve as a potential feedstock for the production of bio-butanol. One of the main challenges in the conversion of rice straw to bio-butanol is the development of an economically viable and eco-friendly pretreatment strategy for better hemicellulose and lignin removal as well as the development of hyper-productive and solvent-tolerant microbial strains for effective fermentation. This review focuses on the recent trends, challenges, and possibilities in the production of butanol utilizing rice straw.

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    Bioresource Technology Reports
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    Authors: Parameswaran Binod; Parameswaran Binod; Ashok Pandey; M. Kiran Kumar; +4 Authors

    Abstract Lignocellulosic biomass is considered to be a potential raw material for production of renewable fuels like bioethanol and biodiesel. Cellulose and hemicelluloses constitute major portion of the lignocellulosic biomass. Cellulose can be converted to glucose by hydrolysis and subsequently to ethanol by fermentation. The hemicellulosic portion mostly contains pentose sugars which cannot be utilized by many microorganisms for ethanol production. Acid pretreatment results in separation of a pentose-rich fraction which can be utilized for the production of various high value chemicals. The present study evaluates the utilization of pentose sugars as co-substrate, along with biodiesel industry-generated crude glycerol, for the production of 1,3-propanediol (1,3-PDO). Bioconversion of these low value byproducts into a high value chemical would be an economically advantageous strategy in terms of waste disposal for biorefineries. In this study, the production of 1,3-propanediol from the acid pretreated liquor obtained from rice straw was evaluated using Klebsiella pneumonia. Different carbon sources like pure hexose and pentose sugars, mixed pentose sugar containing acid pretreated liquor (APL) from rice straw and different concentrations of pentose sugars and acid pretreated liquor were evaluated. There is 65% increase in titers from 9.55 g/L to 15.75 g/L using APL as co-substrate. With addition of 0.5% (v/v) APL, 1,3-propanediol production reached 20.88 g/L with 0.69 g/g yield and 0.87 g/L/h productivity. The study comprehensively explains the behavior of Klebsiella pneumoniae strain utilizing pentose rich APL and crude glycerol which enroute to an integrated biorefinery approach.

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    Renewable Energy
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      Renewable Energy
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    Authors: Rendra Hakim Hafyan; Jasmithaa Mohanarajan; Manaal Uppal; Vinod Kumar; +4 Authors
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    Energy Conversion and Management
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    Authors: Siddharth Gadkari; Vivek Narisetty; Sunil K. Maity; Haresh Manyar; +4 Authors

    El bagazo de caña de azúcar (SCB) es un residuo agrícola significativo generado por los ingenios azucareros a base de cultivo de caña de azúcar. La valorización del SCB rico en carbohidratos brinda la oportunidad de mejorar la rentabilidad de los ingenios azucareros con la producción simultánea de productos químicos de valor agregado, como el 2,3-butanodiol (BDO). BDO es una plataforma química prospectiva con multitud de aplicaciones y un enorme potencial de derivados. Este trabajo presenta el análisis tecnoeconómico y de rentabilidad para la producción fermentativa de BDO utilizando 96 TM de SCB por día. El estudio considera la operación de la planta en cinco escenarios que representan la biorrefinería anexa a un ingenio azucarero, unidades centralizadas y descentralizadas, y la conversión de solo xilosa o carbohidratos totales de SCB. Con base en el análisis, el coste neto unitario de producción de BDO en los diferentes escenarios osciló entre 1,13 y 2,28 US$/kg, mientras que el precio mínimo de venta varió entre 1,86 y 3,99 US$/kg. Se demostró que el uso de la fracción de hemicelulosa sola daba como resultado una planta económicamente viable; sin embargo, esto dependía de la condición de que la planta se anexara a un molino de azúcar que pudiera suministrar servicios públicos y la materia prima sin costo. Se predijo que una instalación independiente donde se adquirieron la materia prima y los servicios públicos sería económicamente factible con un valor actual neto de aproximadamente 72 millones de dólares estadounidenses, cuando se utilizaron fracciones de hemicelulosa y celulosa de SCB para la producción de BDO. También se realizó un análisis de sensibilidad para resaltar algunos parámetros clave que afectan la economía de la planta. La bagasse de canne à sucre (BSC) est un résidu agricole important généré par les sucreries à base de canne à sucre. La valorisation des SCB riches en glucides offre la possibilité d'améliorer la rentabilité des sucreries avec la production simultanée de produits chimiques à valeur ajoutée, tels que le 2,3-butanediol (BDO). BDO est une plate-forme chimique potentielle avec une multitude d'applications et un énorme potentiel de dérivés. Ce travail présente l'analyse technico-économique et de rentabilité pour la production fermentaire de BDO utilisant 96 MT de SCB par jour. L'étude considère le fonctionnement de l'usine dans cinq scénarios représentant la bioraffinerie annexée à une sucrerie, des unités centralisées et décentralisées, et la conversion uniquement du xylose ou des glucides totaux de SCB. Sur la base de l'analyse, le coût de production unitaire net de BDO dans les différents scénarios variait de 1,13 à 2,28 USD/kg, tandis que le prix de vente minimum variait de 1,86 à 3,99 USD/kg. Il a été démontré que l'utilisation de la fraction d'hémicellulose seule aboutissait à une usine économiquement viable ; cependant, cela dépendait de la condition que l'usine soit annexée à une sucrerie qui pourrait fournir gratuitement les services publics et la matière première. Une installation autonome où les matières premières et les services publics ont été achetés a été prévue pour être économiquement réalisable avec une valeur actuelle nette d'environ 72 millions de dollars américains, lorsque les fractions d'hémicellulose et de cellulose de SCB ont été utilisées pour la production de BDO. Une analyse de sensibilité a également été menée pour mettre en évidence certains paramètres clés affectant l'économie de l'usine. Sugarcane bagasse (SCB) is a significant agricultural residue generated by sugar mills based on sugarcane crop. Valorizing carbohydrate-rich SCB provides an opportunity to improve the profitability of sugar mills with simultaneous production of value-added chemicals, such as 2,3-butanediol (BDO). BDO is a prospective platform chemical with multitude of applications and huge derivative potential. This work presents the techno-economic and profitability analysis for fermentative production of BDO utilizing 96 MT of SCB per day. The study considers plant operation in five scenarios representing the biorefinery annexed to a sugar mill, centralized and decentralized units, and conversion of only xylose or total carbohydrates of SCB. Based on the analysis, the net unit production cost of BDO in the different scenarios ranged from 1.13 to 2.28 US$/kg, while the minimum selling price varied from 1.86 to 3.99 US$/kg. Use of the hemicellulose fraction alone was shown to result in an economically viable plant; however, this was dependent on the condition that the plant would be annexed to a sugar mill which could supply utilities and the feedstock free of cost. A standalone facility where the feedstock and utilities were procured was predicted to be economically feasible with a net present value of about 72 million US$, when both hemicellulose and cellulose fractions of SCB were utilized for BDO production. Sensitivity analysis was also conducted to highlight some key parameters affecting plant economics. قصب السكر (SCB) هو بقايا زراعية كبيرة تنتجها مصانع السكر القائمة على محصول قصب السكر. يوفر تثمين سكب الغنية بالكربوهيدرات فرصة لتحسين ربحية مصانع السكر مع الإنتاج المتزامن للمواد الكيميائية ذات القيمة المضافة، مثل 2،3 -بيوتانيديول (بدو). BDO هي مادة كيميائية منصة محتملة مع العديد من التطبيقات وإمكانات مشتقة ضخمة. يقدم هذا العمل التحليل الفني والاقتصادي وتحليل الربحية للإنتاج المتخمر لـ BDO باستخدام 96 طن متري من SCB يوميًا. تنظر الدراسة في تشغيل المصنع في خمسة سيناريوهات تمثل المصفاة الحيوية الملحقة بمطحنة السكر، والوحدات المركزية واللامركزية، وتحويل الزيلوز فقط أو إجمالي الكربوهيدرات من بنك ستاندرد تشارترد. بناءً على التحليل، تراوح صافي تكلفة إنتاج الوحدة من BDO في السيناريوهات المختلفة من 1.13 إلى 2.28 دولار أمريكي/كجم، في حين تراوح الحد الأدنى لسعر البيع من 1.86 إلى 3.99 دولار أمريكي/كجم. وقد تبين أن استخدام جزء هيميسليلوز وحده يؤدي إلى مصنع قابل للتطبيق اقتصاديًا ؛ ومع ذلك، كان هذا يعتمد على شرط أن يتم ضم المصنع إلى مطحنة السكر التي يمكن أن توفر المرافق والمواد الخام مجانًا. كان من المتوقع أن يكون المرفق المستقل حيث تم شراء المواد الخام والمرافق مجديًا اقتصاديًا بقيمة حالية صافية تبلغ حوالي 72 مليون دولار أمريكي، عندما تم استخدام كل من هيميسليلوز وكسور السليلوز من بنك ستاندرد تشارترد لإنتاج BDO. كما تم إجراء تحليل الحساسية لتسليط الضوء على بعض المعلمات الرئيسية التي تؤثر على اقتصاديات النبات.

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    Authors: Vivek Narisetty; Rylan Cox; Rajesh Bommareddy; Deepti Agrawal; +8 Authors

    Biologists and engineers are making tremendous efforts in contributing to a sustainable and green society.

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    Cranfield CERES
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Reshmy R.; Vivek Narisetty; Ayon Tarafdar; Neena Bachan; +10 Authors
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    BioEnergy Research
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Vivek Narisetty; Sanjay Nagarajan; Siddharth Gadkari; Vivek V. Ranade; +6 Authors

    Le pain est la deuxième denrée alimentaire la plus gaspillée au Royaume-Uni avec un gaspillage annuel de 292 000 tonnes. Dans le présent travail, les déchets de pain (BW) ont été utilisés pour la production fermentative d'éthanol par Saccharomyces cerevisiae KL17. La saccharification acide et enzymatique du BW a été réalisée, entraînant la libération de glucose la plus élevée de 75 et 97,9 g/L, soit 73,5 et 95,9% du rendement théorique, respectivement. Les sucres obtenus ont d'abord été fermentés en éthanol dans un ballon à secousses, puis mis à l'échelle dans un bioréacteur en mode batch et fed-batch. Dans le mode de culture fed-batch, les titres maximums en éthanol de 111,3, 106,9 et 114,9 g/L avec un rendement de conversion et une productivité de 0,48, 0,47 et 0,49 g/g et 3,1, 3,0 et 3,2 g/L.h ont été atteints à partir de glucose pur, d'hydrolysats acides riches en glucose et d'hydrolysats enzymatiques, respectivement. Pour améliorer davantage l'économie du processus, les résidus solides après hydrolyse acide (ABW) et enzymatique (EBW) de BW ainsi que les résidus de fermentation respectifs (FR) obtenus après la production d'éthanol ont été regroupés et soumis à une digestion anaérobie. Le résidu solide de ABW + FR et EBW + FR a donné un potentiel de méthanation biochimique (BMP) de 345 et 379 mL CH4/g VS, respectivement. L'évaluation du cycle de vie du processus a montré que les émissions totales pour la production d'éthanol à partir de BW étaient comparables aux émissions provenant de matières premières plus établies telles que la canne à sucre et les céréales de maïs et beaucoup plus faibles par rapport au blé et à la patate douce. Les travaux actuels démontrent que BW est une matière première prometteuse pour la production durable de biocarburants à l'aide d'une stratégie de bioraffinage circulaire. À la connaissance des auteurs, c'est la première fois qu'un tel système séquentiel a été étudié avec BW pour la production d'éthanol et de biométhane. D'autres travaux viseront la production d'éthanol à l'échelle pilote et le BMP sera accessible dans un digesteur anaérobie commercial. El pan es el segundo alimento más desperdiciado en el Reino Unido con un desperdicio anual de 292.000 toneladas. En el presente trabajo, Saccharomyces cerevisiae KL17 utilizó residuos de pan (BW) para la producción fermentativa de etanol. La sacarificación ácida y enzimática de BW se llevó a cabo dando como resultado la mayor liberación de glucosa de 75 y 97.9 g/L, que es 73.5 y 95.9% del rendimiento teórico, respectivamente. Los azúcares obtenidos se fermentaron en etanol inicialmente en un matraz de agitación, seguido de un aumento de escala en el biorreactor en modo por lotes y por lotes alimentados. En el modo de cultivo por lotes alimentados, las titulaciones máximas de etanol de 111.3, 106.9 y 114.9 g/L con rendimiento de conversión y productividad de 0.48, 0.47 y 0.49 g/g, y 3.1, 3.0 y 3.2 g/L.h se lograron a partir de glucosa pura, hidrolizados ácidos y enzimáticos ricos en glucosa, respectivamente. Además, para mejorar la economía del proceso, los residuos sólidos después de la hidrólisis ácida (ABW) y enzimática (EBW) de BW junto con los respectivos residuos de fermentación (FR) obtenidos después de la producción de etanol se agruparon y se sometieron a digestión anaeróbica. El residuo sólido de ABW + FR y EBW + FR produjo un potencial de metanización bioquímica (BMP) de 345 y 379 mL CH4/g VS, respectivamente. La evaluación del ciclo de vida del proceso mostró que las emisiones totales para la producción de etanol de BW eran comparables a las emisiones de materias primas más establecidas como la caña de azúcar y el grano de maíz y mucho menores en comparación con el trigo y la batata. El trabajo actual demuestra que el BW es una materia prima prometedora para la producción sostenible de biocombustibles con la ayuda de una estrategia circular de biorrefinado. Hasta donde saben los autores, esta es la primera vez que se ha investigado un sistema secuencial de este tipo con BW para la producción de etanol y biometano. Se trabajará más en la producción de etanol a escala piloto y se accederá a BMP en un digestor anaeróbico comercial. Bread is the second most wasted food in the UK with annual wastage of 292,000 tons. In the present work, bread waste (BW) was utilized for fermentative production of ethanol by Saccharomyces cerevisiae KL17. Acidic and enzymatic saccharification of BW was carried out resulting in the highest glucose release of 75 and 97.9 g/L which is 73.5 and 95.9% of theoretical yield, respectively. The obtained sugars were fermented into ethanol initially in shake flask followed by scale up in bioreactor in batch and fed-batch mode. In the fed-batch mode of cultivation, the maximum ethanol titers of 111.3, 106.9, and 114.9 g/L with conversion yield and productivity of 0.48, 0.47, and 0.49 g/g, and 3.1, 3.0, and 3.2 g/L.h was achieved from pure glucose, glucose-rich acidic and enzymatic hydrolysates, respectively. Further to improve the process economics, the solid residues after acidic (ABW) and enzymatic (EBW) hydrolysis of BW along with respective fermentation residues (FR) obtained after the ethanol production were pooled and subjected to anaerobic digestion. The solid residue from ABW + FR, and EBW + FR yielded a biochemical methanation potential (BMP) of 345 and 379 mL CH4/g VS, respectively. Life cycle assessment of the process showed that the total emissions for ethanol production from BW were comparable to the emissions from more established feedstocks such as sugarcane and maize grain and much lower when compared to wheat and sweet potato. The current work demonstrates BW as promising feedstock for sustainable biofuel production with the aid of circular biorefining strategy. To the authors knowledge, this is the first time, such a sequential system has been investigated with BW for ethanol and biomethane production. Further work will be aimed at ethanol production at pilot scale and BMP will be accessed in a commercial anaerobic digester. الخبز هو ثاني أكثر المواد الغذائية المهدرة في المملكة المتحدة مع هدر سنوي يبلغ 292000 طن. في العمل الحالي، تم استخدام نفايات الخبز (BW) للإنتاج التخميري للإيثانول بواسطة Sacaromyces cerevisiae KL17. تم إجراء التسكير الحمضي والإنزيمي للأسلحة البيولوجية مما أدى إلى أعلى إطلاق للجلوكوز يبلغ 75 و 97.9 جم/لتر وهو 73.5 و 95.9 ٪ من العائد النظري، على التوالي. تم تخمير السكريات التي تم الحصول عليها في الإيثانول في البداية في قارورة مخفوقة تليها زيادة في المفاعل الحيوي في وضع الدفعة والدفعة المغذية. في وضع الدفعات الغذائية للزراعة، تم تحقيق الحد الأقصى من تيترات الإيثانول 111.3 و 106.9 و 114.9 جم/لتر مع عائد تحويل وإنتاجية 0.48 و 0.47 و 0.49 جم/جم و 3.1 و 3.0 و 3.2 جم/لتر من الجلوكوز النقي والحمض الغني بالجلوكوز والحموض الأنزيمية، على التوالي. ولتحسين اقتصاديات العملية، تم تجميع المخلفات الصلبة بعد التحلل المائي الحمضي والإنزيمي للأسلحة البيولوجية جنبًا إلى جنب مع مخلفات التخمير ذات الصلة التي تم الحصول عليها بعد إنتاج الإيثانول وإخضاعها للهضم اللاهوائي. أسفرت المخلفات الصلبة من القنابل المضادة للدبابات + القنابل المقاومة للحريق، والقنابل المضادة للدبابات + القنابل المقاومة للحريق عن جهد ميثان كيميائي حيوي (BMP) قدره 345 و 379 مل من الميثان/جم مقابل، على التوالي. أظهر تقييم دورة حياة العملية أن إجمالي الانبعاثات لإنتاج الإيثانول من الأسلحة البيولوجية كانت قابلة للمقارنة مع الانبعاثات من المواد الأولية الأكثر رسوخًا مثل قصب السكر وحبوب الذرة وأقل بكثير بالمقارنة مع القمح والبطاطا الحلوة. يوضح العمل الحالي أن الأسلحة البيولوجية هي مادة وسيطة واعدة لإنتاج الوقود الحيوي المستدام بمساعدة استراتيجية التكرير الحيوي الدائرية. على حد علم المؤلفين، هذه هي المرة الأولى، وقد تم التحقيق في مثل هذا النظام المتسلسل مع الأسلحة البيولوجية لإنتاج الإيثانول والميثان الحيوي. سيهدف المزيد من العمل إلى إنتاج الإيثانول على نطاق تجريبي وسيتم الوصول إلى BMP في جهاز هضم لاهوائي تجاري.

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    Energy Conversion and Management
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    Authors: Vivek Narisetty; Rylan Cox; Nicholas Willoughby; Emel Aktas; +4 Authors

    Food waste is a global problem, causing significant environmental harm and resulting in substantial economic losses globally.

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    Sustainable Energy & Fuels
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    Cranfield CERES
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    Authors: Mathew, Gincy Marina; Raina, Diksha; Narisetty, Vivek; Kumar, Vinod; +5 Authors

    Mono alkyl fatty acid ester or methyl ethyl esters (biodiesel) are the promising alternative for fossil fuel or petroleum derived diesel with similar properties and could reduce the carbon foot print and the greenhouse gas emissions. Biodiesel can be produced from renewable and sustainable feedstocks like plant derived oils, and it is biodegradable and non-toxic to the ecosystem. The process for the biodiesel production is either through traditional chemical catalysts (Acid or Alkali Transesterification) or enzyme mediated transesterification, but as enzymes are natural catalysts with environmentally friendly working conditions, the process with enzymes are proposed to overcome the drawbacks of chemical synthesis. At present 95% of the biodiesel production is contributed by edible oils worldwide whereas recycled oils and animal fats contribute 10% and 6% respectively. Although every process has its own limitations, the enzyme efficiency, resistance to alcohols, and recovery rate are the crucial factors to be addressed. Without any benefit of doubt, production of biodiesel using renewable feedstocks and enzymes as the catalysts could be recommended for the commercial purpose, but further research on improving the efficiency could be an advantage.

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    Cranfield CERES
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    The Science of The Total Environment
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      The Science of The Total Environment
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    Authors: Esther Oreoluwa Jokodola; Vivek Narisetty; Eulógio Castro; Sumit Durgapal; +6 Authors

    L'acide succinique (SA) est un produit chimique de plate-forme supérieure pouvant être obtenu à partir de la biomasse. La présente étude a évalué le potentiel d'Actinobacillus succinogenes pour la production d'AS en utilisant des fractions hémicellulosiques riches en xylose de deux matières premières lignocellulosiques importantes, les noyaux d'olives (OP) et la bagasse de canne à sucre (SCB) et les résultats ont été comparés au xylose pur. Les premières expériences ont été menées dans un ballon à secousses, suivies d'une culture par lots et par lots nourris dans un bioréacteur. Une séparation supplémentaire de la SA du bouillon fermenté a été réalisée en adaptant la méthode de cristallisation directe. Au cours de la culture en fed-batch, des titres maximum de SA de 36,7, 33,6 et 28,7 g/L ont été atteints sur des hydrolysats purs de xylose, OP et SCB, respectivement, avec un même rendement de conversion de 0,27 g/g. Le rendement de récupération de la SA accumulée sur les hydrolysats purs de xylose, OP et SCB était de 79,1, 76,5 et 75,2 %, respectivement. Les résultats obtenus sont d'une valeur substantielle et ouvrent la voie au développement de la biofabrication durable SA dans une bioraffinerie intégrée. El ácido succínico (SA) es un producto químico de plataforma superior que se puede obtener de la biomasa. El presente estudio evaluó el potencial de Actinobacillus succinogenes para la producción de SA utilizando fracciones hemicelulósicas ricas en xilosa de dos importantes materias primas lignocelulósicas, huesos de aceituna (OP) y bagazo de caña de azúcar (SCB) y los resultados se compararon con xilosa pura. Los experimentos iniciales se llevaron a cabo en un matraz de agitación seguido de cultivo por lotes y por lotes alimentados en un biorreactor. Se llevó a cabo una separación adicional de SA del caldo fermentado adaptando el método de cristalización directa. Durante el cultivo semicontinuo, se lograron títulos máximos de SA de 36.7, 33.6 y 28.7 g/L en hidrolizados de xilosa pura, OP y SCB, respectivamente, con el mismo rendimiento de conversión de 0.27 g/g. El rendimiento de recuperación de SA acumulado en los hidrolizados de xilosa pura, OP y SCB fue de 79.1, 76.5 y 75.2%, respectivamente. Los resultados obtenidos son de un valor sustancial y allanan el camino para el desarrollo de la biofabricación sostenible de SA en una biorrefinería integrada. Succinic acid (SA) is a top platform chemical obtainable from biomass. The current study evaluated the potential of Actinobacillus succinogenes for SA production using xylose-rich hemicellulosic fractions of two important lignocellulosic feedstocks, olive pits (OP) and sugarcane bagasse (SCB) and the results were compared with pure xylose. Initial experiments were conducted in shake flask followed by batch and fed-batch cultivation in bioreactor. Further separation of SA from the fermented broth was carried out by adapting direct crystallisation method. During fed-batch culture, maximum SA titers of 36.7, 33.6, and 28.7 g/L was achieved on pure xylose, OP and SCB hydrolysates, respectively, with same conversion yield of 0.27 g/g. The recovery yield of SA accumulated on pure xylose, OP and SCB hydrolysates was 79.1, 76.5, and 75.2%, respectively. The results obtained are of substantial value and pave the way for development of sustainable SA biomanufacturing in an integrated biorefinery. حمض السكسينيك (SA) هو مادة كيميائية أساسية يمكن الحصول عليها من الكتلة الحيوية. قيمت الدراسة الحالية إمكانات السكسينوجينات الشعاعية لإنتاج سا باستخدام كسور هيميسيلولوزية غنية بالزيلوز من اثنين من المواد الخام السليلوزية اللجينية الهامة، وحفر الزيتون (OP) وقصب قصب السكر (SCB) وتمت مقارنة النتائج مع الزيلوز النقي. أجريت التجارب الأولية في قارورة الهز متبوعة بزراعة الدفعات والدفعات في المفاعل الحيوي. تم إجراء مزيد من فصل SA عن المرق المخمر عن طريق تكييف طريقة التبلور المباشر. خلال مزرعة الدفعات المغذية، تم تحقيق الحد الأقصى من عيار SA البالغ 36.7 و 33.6 و 28.7 جم/لتر على الزيلوز النقي و OP و SCB hydrolysates، على التوالي، مع نفس عائد التحويل البالغ 0.27 جم/جم. كان عائد الاسترداد من SA المتراكم على الزيلوز النقي، OP و SCB hydrolysates 79.1 و 76.5 و 75.2 ٪ على التوالي. النتائج التي تم الحصول عليها ذات قيمة كبيرة وتمهد الطريق لتطوير التصنيع الحيوي المستدام في مصفاة حيوية متكاملة.

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    Bioresource Technology
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    Authors: Ashok Pandey; Salini Chandrasekharan Nair; Parameswaran Binod; Parameswaran Binod; +8 Authors

    Abstract Increase in concerns over greenhouse gas emissions and depletion of fossil fuels has led to the search for alternative strategies of energy. Rice straw mainly composed of cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin, is one of the surpluses available lignocellulosic biomass that can serve as a potential feedstock for the production of bio-butanol. One of the main challenges in the conversion of rice straw to bio-butanol is the development of an economically viable and eco-friendly pretreatment strategy for better hemicellulose and lignin removal as well as the development of hyper-productive and solvent-tolerant microbial strains for effective fermentation. This review focuses on the recent trends, challenges, and possibilities in the production of butanol utilizing rice straw.

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    Bioresource Technology Reports
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    Authors: Parameswaran Binod; Parameswaran Binod; Ashok Pandey; M. Kiran Kumar; +4 Authors

    Abstract Lignocellulosic biomass is considered to be a potential raw material for production of renewable fuels like bioethanol and biodiesel. Cellulose and hemicelluloses constitute major portion of the lignocellulosic biomass. Cellulose can be converted to glucose by hydrolysis and subsequently to ethanol by fermentation. The hemicellulosic portion mostly contains pentose sugars which cannot be utilized by many microorganisms for ethanol production. Acid pretreatment results in separation of a pentose-rich fraction which can be utilized for the production of various high value chemicals. The present study evaluates the utilization of pentose sugars as co-substrate, along with biodiesel industry-generated crude glycerol, for the production of 1,3-propanediol (1,3-PDO). Bioconversion of these low value byproducts into a high value chemical would be an economically advantageous strategy in terms of waste disposal for biorefineries. In this study, the production of 1,3-propanediol from the acid pretreated liquor obtained from rice straw was evaluated using Klebsiella pneumonia. Different carbon sources like pure hexose and pentose sugars, mixed pentose sugar containing acid pretreated liquor (APL) from rice straw and different concentrations of pentose sugars and acid pretreated liquor were evaluated. There is 65% increase in titers from 9.55 g/L to 15.75 g/L using APL as co-substrate. With addition of 0.5% (v/v) APL, 1,3-propanediol production reached 20.88 g/L with 0.69 g/g yield and 0.87 g/L/h productivity. The study comprehensively explains the behavior of Klebsiella pneumoniae strain utilizing pentose rich APL and crude glycerol which enroute to an integrated biorefinery approach.

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    Renewable Energy
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      Renewable Energy
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    Authors: Rendra Hakim Hafyan; Jasmithaa Mohanarajan; Manaal Uppal; Vinod Kumar; +4 Authors
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    Energy Conversion and Management
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    Authors: Siddharth Gadkari; Vivek Narisetty; Sunil K. Maity; Haresh Manyar; +4 Authors

    El bagazo de caña de azúcar (SCB) es un residuo agrícola significativo generado por los ingenios azucareros a base de cultivo de caña de azúcar. La valorización del SCB rico en carbohidratos brinda la oportunidad de mejorar la rentabilidad de los ingenios azucareros con la producción simultánea de productos químicos de valor agregado, como el 2,3-butanodiol (BDO). BDO es una plataforma química prospectiva con multitud de aplicaciones y un enorme potencial de derivados. Este trabajo presenta el análisis tecnoeconómico y de rentabilidad para la producción fermentativa de BDO utilizando 96 TM de SCB por día. El estudio considera la operación de la planta en cinco escenarios que representan la biorrefinería anexa a un ingenio azucarero, unidades centralizadas y descentralizadas, y la conversión de solo xilosa o carbohidratos totales de SCB. Con base en el análisis, el coste neto unitario de producción de BDO en los diferentes escenarios osciló entre 1,13 y 2,28 US$/kg, mientras que el precio mínimo de venta varió entre 1,86 y 3,99 US$/kg. Se demostró que el uso de la fracción de hemicelulosa sola daba como resultado una planta económicamente viable; sin embargo, esto dependía de la condición de que la planta se anexara a un molino de azúcar que pudiera suministrar servicios públicos y la materia prima sin costo. Se predijo que una instalación independiente donde se adquirieron la materia prima y los servicios públicos sería económicamente factible con un valor actual neto de aproximadamente 72 millones de dólares estadounidenses, cuando se utilizaron fracciones de hemicelulosa y celulosa de SCB para la producción de BDO. También se realizó un análisis de sensibilidad para resaltar algunos parámetros clave que afectan la economía de la planta. La bagasse de canne à sucre (BSC) est un résidu agricole important généré par les sucreries à base de canne à sucre. La valorisation des SCB riches en glucides offre la possibilité d'améliorer la rentabilité des sucreries avec la production simultanée de produits chimiques à valeur ajoutée, tels que le 2,3-butanediol (BDO). BDO est une plate-forme chimique potentielle avec une multitude d'applications et un énorme potentiel de dérivés. Ce travail présente l'analyse technico-économique et de rentabilité pour la production fermentaire de BDO utilisant 96 MT de SCB par jour. L'étude considère le fonctionnement de l'usine dans cinq scénarios représentant la bioraffinerie annexée à une sucrerie, des unités centralisées et décentralisées, et la conversion uniquement du xylose ou des glucides totaux de SCB. Sur la base de l'analyse, le coût de production unitaire net de BDO dans les différents scénarios variait de 1,13 à 2,28 USD/kg, tandis que le prix de vente minimum variait de 1,86 à 3,99 USD/kg. Il a été démontré que l'utilisation de la fraction d'hémicellulose seule aboutissait à une usine économiquement viable ; cependant, cela dépendait de la condition que l'usine soit annexée à une sucrerie qui pourrait fournir gratuitement les services publics et la matière première. Une installation autonome où les matières premières et les services publics ont été achetés a été prévue pour être économiquement réalisable avec une valeur actuelle nette d'environ 72 millions de dollars américains, lorsque les fractions d'hémicellulose et de cellulose de SCB ont été utilisées pour la production de BDO. Une analyse de sensibilité a également été menée pour mettre en évidence certains paramètres clés affectant l'économie de l'usine. Sugarcane bagasse (SCB) is a significant agricultural residue generated by sugar mills based on sugarcane crop. Valorizing carbohydrate-rich SCB provides an opportunity to improve the profitability of sugar mills with simultaneous production of value-added chemicals, such as 2,3-butanediol (BDO). BDO is a prospective platform chemical with multitude of applications and huge derivative potential. This work presents the techno-economic and profitability analysis for fermentative production of BDO utilizing 96 MT of SCB per day. The study considers plant operation in five scenarios representing the biorefinery annexed to a sugar mill, centralized and decentralized units, and conversion of only xylose or total carbohydrates of SCB. Based on the analysis, the net unit production cost of BDO in the different scenarios ranged from 1.13 to 2.28 US$/kg, while the minimum selling price varied from 1.86 to 3.99 US$/kg. Use of the hemicellulose fraction alone was shown to result in an economically viable plant; however, this was dependent on the condition that the plant would be annexed to a sugar mill which could supply utilities and the feedstock free of cost. A standalone facility where the feedstock and utilities were procured was predicted to be economically feasible with a net present value of about 72 million US$, when both hemicellulose and cellulose fractions of SCB were utilized for BDO production. Sensitivity analysis was also conducted to highlight some key parameters affecting plant economics. قصب السكر (SCB) هو بقايا زراعية كبيرة تنتجها مصانع السكر القائمة على محصول قصب السكر. يوفر تثمين سكب الغنية بالكربوهيدرات فرصة لتحسين ربحية مصانع السكر مع الإنتاج المتزامن للمواد الكيميائية ذات القيمة المضافة، مثل 2،3 -بيوتانيديول (بدو). BDO هي مادة كيميائية منصة محتملة مع العديد من التطبيقات وإمكانات مشتقة ضخمة. يقدم هذا العمل التحليل الفني والاقتصادي وتحليل الربحية للإنتاج المتخمر لـ BDO باستخدام 96 طن متري من SCB يوميًا. تنظر الدراسة في تشغيل المصنع في خمسة سيناريوهات تمثل المصفاة الحيوية الملحقة بمطحنة السكر، والوحدات المركزية واللامركزية، وتحويل الزيلوز فقط أو إجمالي الكربوهيدرات من بنك ستاندرد تشارترد. بناءً على التحليل، تراوح صافي تكلفة إنتاج الوحدة من BDO في السيناريوهات المختلفة من 1.13 إلى 2.28 دولار أمريكي/كجم، في حين تراوح الحد الأدنى لسعر البيع من 1.86 إلى 3.99 دولار أمريكي/كجم. وقد تبين أن استخدام جزء هيميسليلوز وحده يؤدي إلى مصنع قابل للتطبيق اقتصاديًا ؛ ومع ذلك، كان هذا يعتمد على شرط أن يتم ضم المصنع إلى مطحنة السكر التي يمكن أن توفر المرافق والمواد الخام مجانًا. كان من المتوقع أن يكون المرفق المستقل حيث تم شراء المواد الخام والمرافق مجديًا اقتصاديًا بقيمة حالية صافية تبلغ حوالي 72 مليون دولار أمريكي، عندما تم استخدام كل من هيميسليلوز وكسور السليلوز من بنك ستاندرد تشارترد لإنتاج BDO. كما تم إجراء تحليل الحساسية لتسليط الضوء على بعض المعلمات الرئيسية التي تؤثر على اقتصاديات النبات.

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    Biologists and engineers are making tremendous efforts in contributing to a sustainable and green society.

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