• Energy Research

The most serious challenge to the global facade is figuring out how to mitigate pollution levels without compromising agricultural productivity. The spillover effect of environmental change is predicted to be very high, although it will differ by region and crop. Considering this view, this study tries to address this issue by adopting comprehensive methodologies to assess the influence of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, agricultural labor, land, feeds, and fertilizers on agricultural productivity in Pakistan from 1961 to 2018. The autoregressive distributive lag (ARDL) and wavelet transform coherence (WTC) approaches are applied to estimate the long-run and short-run elasticity estimates. The empirical findings discover that CO2 emissions, agricultural land, labor, feed, and fertilizers exert high pressure on agricultural productivity which is backed up by the WTC findings. Furthermore, the gradual shift causality test results reveal the presence of a unidirectional causality relationship between all regressors and agriculture productivity, demonstrating that all the factors significantly influence agriculture productivity. Moreover, these findings are robust to different robustness tests that we perform to test the reliability/accuracy of our core results. From policy perspectives, regulations must be developed to explore a practicable expansion strategy that includes the use of efficient fertilizers and feed at optimal levels, as well as environmental protection through public-private investment in the agricultural sector.

The correlation between technological innovation, economic growth, renewable energy, and ecological footprint carries significant policy implications for environmental sustainability. Furthermore, financial inclusion can drastically affect the technology-climate nexus across different countries and its moderating impacts have received sufficient attention. To do this, this study examined how technological innovation, financial inclusion, economic growth, and renewable energy affected emerging economies' ecological footprint from 1990 to 2019. Additionally, this study also scrutinizes the moderating role of financial inclusion with other regressors on ecological footprint. To account for structural shifts, disguised cointegration, and numerous breaks in panel regression, this study applies advanced panel estimation methods for empirical analysis. The estimated outcomes exhibit that the influence of technical innovation, climate technologies, and renewable energy significantly reduces the ecological footprint levels. Besides, economic growth and financial inclusion significantly increase the ecological footprint levels in the emerging economies. Furthermore, the integration of innovative technology and renewable energy in emerging countries mitigates the adverse effects of financial inclusion by making it easier for creative technologies and reducing ecological footprints. These results show that emerging countries' innovative technology and renewable energy sources should be integrated with financial inclusion to enable long-term mitigation of environmental damages and sustainable growth. Based on these estimated findings, the research recommends that emerging economies should hasten technological innovations along with stronger financial development to curtail ecological concerns without hindering the pace of sustainable economic growth.

The global economies continue to observe a consistent increase in carbon emissions, making it problematic to achieve the Paris agreement goals on the environmental variations. To notify strategies, and mitigate carbon emissions, it is important to recognize the issues that affect on it. Considring this view, this study explores the impact of autocracy, democracy, and the globalization process on the carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions for 74 developing countries during the period from 1990 to 2016 by using the stochastic impacts by regression on population, affluence, and technology (STIRPAT) model framework. The results based on a robust system generalized method of moments (SYS‐GMM) indicate that autocracy, political globalization, economic growth, financial development, energy consumption, and gross fixed capital formation significantly enhance environmental degradation, while democracy, economic, social, and overall globalization significantly reduce it. Additionally, the results are robust to various robustness checks, which confirm the consistency of the findings. This study also offers various useful policy implications to the governments; regulatory authority and policymakers in general, and specifically analyzed developing countries for promoting environmental sustainability.

The study explores the association between economic complexity, globalization, renewable and non-renewable energy consumption on the ecological footprint in the case of India from 1990–2018. The autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) is applied to measure the long-run elasticity, while the vector error correction model (VECM) is applied to classify the causal path. The empirical findings demonstrate that economic complexity, globalization process, and renewable energy consumption play a dominant role in minimizing environmental degradation. In contrast, economic growth and non-renewable energy consumption are more responsible for increasing the pollution level in both the short and long run. Furthermore, the VECM outcomes disclose that there is long-run causality between ecological footprint and economic complexity. Moreover, the empirical outcomes are robust to various robustness checks performed for analysis to the consistency of our main results. The Indian government/policymakers should encourage a more environmentally friendly production process and eco-friendly technologies in exports to minimize environmental degradation.

The main purpose of this study is to explore the dynamic association between financial development, tourism, primary and renewable energy utilization, urbanization, and carbon emission by employing the longitudinal data of 52 countries from 1995 to 2017. Empirical results of panel pooled mean group-autoregressive distributive lag (PMG-ARDL) model reveal that financial development significantly improves the environmental quality in developed countries. However, it has a detrimental but insignificant effect on the environment in developing countries. In the case of developed countries, the profound tourism sector is more harmful to the environment due to a large number of tourist arrivals in contrast to the developing countries. There is a wide difference between developed and developing countries concerning industrial, regional, and economic structure, in the effect of financial and tourism development on carbon emission, but both urbanization and primary energy utilization promote carbon emissions. The utilization of renewable energy sources improves the environmental quality in both regions. Generally, it is suggested that investment in renewable energy resources in both regions affects pollution differently and still has the potential to accelerate environmental quality. Moreover, the panel causality test explores that there exists bidirectional causality between financial development, primary energy, and carbon emission in both regions, while a unidirectional causality is observed from urbanization to carbon emission in developed countries. In developing countries, it exists from tourism to carbon emission and carbon emission to renewable energy. Finally, from policy perspectives, the results of this research recommend developing the financial system, and more funds should be allocated in modern and eco-friendly energy projects and utilized energy-efficient technologies.